...Unit 2 task 1 – Know the body’s response to acute exercise Grading criteria – P1, M1 Musculoskeletal response to exercise Your skeletal system responds to acute exercise just like your muscles. High intensity physical activity can reduce the risk of bone loss. Regular exercise may provide long-term benefits, especially for skeletal systems in children and young adults. http://www.livestrong.com/article/359456-your-skeletal-systems-response-to-exercise/ Your skeletal system responds to exercise by taking in more calcium. Osteoblasts are cells that bring calcium into bones, they slow down and transport less calcium from your blood to your bones during inactivity, but when exercising it has the opposite effect and increases osteoblastic activity. Exercise that require force through a particular bone strengthens that bone. Myoglobin releases its stored oxygen to use in aerobic respiration. During exercise oxygen is diffused into the muscles from the capillaries more quickly due to the decreased oxygen concentration in the muscles. Exercise helps you increase the density and strength of your bones this enables us to maintain muscle strength, coordination, and balance, which helps to prevent falls and related fractures later in life. Muscles and tendons becomes more pliable when they are warm, this helps reduce the risk of injury, and this is because during acute exercise the muscles contract quicker. These fast muscle contractions generate heat, which makes the muscles more...
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...muscles are used for inhalation and the external intercostal is used during exhalation. Breathing out is easier since both gravity pulling the ribs down and the elasticity of the lungs aid to collapse the lungs and squeeze air out. Humans generally breathe with the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles only, it is only when exercising that we use other muscles. During exercise, it is very significant that your breathing rate is matched to your activity because during exercise you will need extra oxygen; therefore, the body makes the lungs take in more ait to supply. Breathing in; Inhalation * When you inhale, your diaphragm tightens and moves downwards. This therefore increases the space in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand. Breathing out; Exhalation * When you exhale, your diaphragm relaxes and moves upward into the chest cavity. The intercostal muscles between the ribs also relax to reduce the space in the chest cavity. The structure of the Respiratory System As shown in the below diagram, the human respiratory system contains the; nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli which together forms the lungs. Preliminary cleaning takes place in the nose where air is; cleaned, warmed and...
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...Definition: Tachypnea is the medical term for an increase in the rate of respiration. The normal respiratory rate is between 12 to 20 for adults. Anything over that is considered tachypnea. Also known as rapid breathing, tachypnea is common in people who have emphysema, are trying to "blow off" excess carbon dioxide which is a waste product of metabolism which has built up in their blood due to inadequate expulsion of inhaled air. Tachypnea is commonly associated with dyspnoea, or shortness of breath and are common symptoms of emphysema (COPD) Tachypnea (WHO) i. New-born to 2 months old: 60 breaths per minute ii. Infant 2 months old to 1 year old: 50 breaths per minute iii. Preschool Children 1 year old to 5 years old: 40...
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...Rebecca Rhods GE 259: Anatomy and Physiology Unit 5 Case study 1: Cari’s Story Dr. Lok July 21, 2015 A.) How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx spread into her sinuses? The infection could spread into her sinuses since the sinuses are drainage area for the nasal passages. B.) What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. A cough reflex clears sputum and irritants that are in the pharynx and nasal passages. The process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs is there is cilia in her trachea that is moving the mucus up from her lungs. When the mucus becomes abundant this triggers the cough reflex. C.) Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and particulate matter? In the terminal bronchioles and alveoli there are macrophages, these would normally protect Cari’s lungs from infectious bacteria and particulate matter. D.) How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? Cari’s airway would be affected by excess mucus and fluid buildup because the build up would cause resistance in her lungs due to the small diameter of space that is available. This buildup of fluid would cause some of the alveoli to be under water where they are not able to function properly. There will also be more friction due to the buildup of fluid. E.) How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand...
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...happens an exhalation pushes the glottis open and air is sent through the respiratory passages. Because of the mucus buildup in Cari’s lungs, her cough reflex. C. Alveolar macrophage are the structures found in the terminal bronchioles and would normally protects Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter. They hang around the alveoli and dust particles where the debris is collected. Since Cari is a smoker, the cilia in her respiratory passages became paralyzed and excess amounts of mucus were secreted; then, macrophages are sent to her lungs and goes in the mucus instead of fighting off the pathogens. D. The resistance of Cari’s airways would be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lungs because she would have problems getting the adequate amount of oxygen; the pressure of fluid and mucus buildup in her lungs won’t allow her lungs to expand in order to get the adequate amount of oxygen that her body needs. E. Cari’s lung compliance would be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia because she would have to use more effort for the get oxygen; the fluid buildup will cause increased airway resistance due to obstruction or collapse of airways. F. Fluid in Cari’s lungs would affect her total lung capacity by narrowing the airway in which will increases resistance so that pressure can’t maintain the airflow. G. By the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate, it will alter her minute ventilation because of the shallow breathes;...
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...-Access patients nares and ears for skin breakdown and may need to pad cannula where its sits on the ears -Watch for complications -Periodically check o2 delivery device to ensure that the prescribed concentration is being delivered -Monitor the effectives of 02 therapy( pulse ox, ABG’s) to evaluate patient response to therapy -Observe for signs of o2-induced hypoventilation because this occurs with carbon dioxide nacrosis -Position to minimize respirator efforts ( HOB elevate and provide overbed table for patient to lean on) -The person with COPD who retains CO2 should be treated with low rates of 02 with careful monitoring of ABG’s to avoid hypercarbia. 3. What are nursing management issues related to obstructive disorders? Assessment- Subjective health information past health history and medications, functional health patterns, general objective data with integumentary, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal and diagnostic findings. * Objective- Debilitation, restlessness, assumption of upright position, cyanosis, pallor, poor skin turger, thin...
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...assessing an individual’s breathing. Some of these can be measured quantitatively such as respiratory rate, depth and rhythm and pulse oximetry. While others are more qualitative such as the assessment of the patient’s cough, colour and level of pain. These observational skills when used with interview and listening skills assist the nurse in gaining the patient’s history and what is normal for them. Breathing is the activity of living which involves moving air in to and out of the lungs. The act of breathing is usually subconscious, meaning we are not normally aware of it, and is important for the function of our other activities of living and the functioning of the body systems (Holland et al, 2008 and Marieb & Hoehn, 2010). When assessing an individual’s breathing the first thing the nurse will do is assess respiratory rate. This involves counting the number of complete breaths the patient takes in one (1) minute. The therapeutic range of respiration rate will be different for each stage of life. For example, a child aged 10 respiration rate should be within14-26 breaths per minute (Bonafide et al 2013) whereas an adult should be within the range of 12-20 breaths per minute (Crisp & Taylor 2009). The nurse should take care to ensure the patient is unaware of this assessment as they may alter their rate of breathing. (Crisp & Taylor, 2009). When assessing the respiratory rate, the nurse should also be assessing the rhythm and depth of breathing. Depth of breathing...
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...several strategies that can effectively reduce the risk of SIDS. One of the methods being used is by using apnea monitor. Apnea is the most common form of different types of sleep-related breathing disorders. It is characterized by repetitive cessations of respiratory flow during sleep, which occurs due to a collapse of the upper respiratory airway. The purpose of this research is to study how the apnea monitor works. INTRODUCTION Apnea monitors is a device that detect the cessation of breathing (apnea) in infants and adults who are at risk of respiratory failure. Apnea monitor use the application of magnetic flux to detect if the patient are still breathing or not. This device is used to prevent SIDS and apnea. SIDS is the sudden and unexplained death of an infant who is younger than 1 year old. Apneas are defined as pauses in breathing of more than 10 seconds while asleep. These occur at regular intervals throughout the night. The subject is rarely aware of their difficulty breathing even upon awakening, and the condition may go undetected for years until noticed by someone else. Sleep apnea (SA) in the form of Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is becoming the most common respiratory disorder during sleep, which is characterized by cessations of airflow to the lungs. These cessations in breathing must last more than 10 seconds to be considered an apnea event. Apnea events may occur 5 to 30 times an hour and...
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...that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing? A cough reflex clears up sputum from the nasal passages and pharynx. In the trachea there are cilia that move mucus up from the lungs. The mucus causes the cough reflex. C. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? Inside the terminal bronchioles and alveoli there are macrophages that would protect Cari’s lungs. D. How would the resistance of Cari’s airway be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lungs? Due to the buildup of excess mucus and fluid in Cari’s lungs, she would have a difficult time with her breathing since the alveoli could not function properly since they would be submerged under fluid. E. How would Cari’s lungs compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? Her lung compliance will increase from trying to force the gases into and out of the alveoli. The fluid that is in her lungs is pneumonia. F. How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total lung capacity? The fluid in her lungs affect her total lung capacity by decreasing the amount of air into them since there is fluid buildup. G. How does the elevation of Cari’s respiratory rate alter her minute ventilation? Cari’s minute ventilation would rise. Minute ventilation is determined by multiplying the total volume by respiratory rate. H. Normal...
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...as a pneumothorax and how this injury can affect the normal functions of the cardiac and respiratory systems. It also looks into how kinetic energy from a car accident aided these injuries. Secondly, the paper looked into the use of an under water sealed drain (UWSD) and how it can prevent the development of a tension pneumothorax. Furthermore, it also discusses two medications Leigh has been prescribed and are linked to his injuries with a rationale and pharmacology explained. Lastly, the paper will explore one sign and symptom and why they manifest in conjunction with his pneumothorax. The human lungs are two paired...
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...Cari’s Story A. How could an infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx spread into her sinuses? -The pharynx and nasal passages are connected to one another, which allows pathogens and infections to travel back and forth to one another. The sinuses are a drainage area for nasal passages, so that is a good place for infections to occur. B. What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. -The cough reflex is known to clear sputum and anything that may irritating the nasal passages and pharynx. The trachea is known to have cilia that is moving mucus up from the lungs. When there is a lot of mucus built up, it triggers the cough reflex. C. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? -Some structures that may be found are macrophages. These macrophages would protect her lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter. They are also known to remove dust particles and other types of debris from the alveolar spaces. D. How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? -Well first of all Cari already has excess mucus and fluid buildup in her lungs, so this would cause an airways obstruction and pressure on the lung. She would not be able to take in enough oxygen. E. How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be...
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...Cigarettes have been a main issue in this country for years. It is currently the leading preventable death in the US. The components that are in cigarettes have led to the cause of several different diseases. It has an effect on three main components in the body. The first part of the body that it affects is the respiratory system. The second part of the body it affects is blood. The last part of the body it affects is the organs in the body. The respiratory system is a vital part of the human body. It allows the body to take oxygen in to the system and allow a person to breath. Cigarettes contain a component called hydrogen cyanide. This has toxic effects on the cilia of the bronchial tubes. The cilia are responsible for filtering and cleaning of the lungs (knowledgebase-script.com). There is also tar in cigarette smoke that gets deposited in to the respiratory tract and the lungs which turns them black. The cellular respiration in the respiratory system is also affected. Cellular respiration is what turns oxygen in to carbon monoxide. With the smoking of cigarettes it raises the carbon monoxide in the body and lowers its ability to use the oxygen the body needs. The blood is a vital fluid of the body. Cigarettes have caused a direct problem with the blood which causes several diseases. Oxygen that the body needs is transported in by hemoglobin. When smoke is inhaled it brings in a level of carbon monoxide that is even higher that what cars output. With this level of...
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...ischaemia. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 3. Administer medications- Morphin (normally 2.5-5mg) & anginine 600mcg (given every five minutes; maximum 3 tablets in order to relieve/prevent pain & ischemia to decrease anxiety & cardiac workload. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 4. 12-lead ECG & monitor in order to check hypotension & bradycardia, which may lead to hypoperfusion. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. Ineffective tissue perfusion 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 1. Monitor vital signs (Hourly) and saturation oxygen to determine baseline and ongoing change. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 2. Administer oxygen by Hudson’s mask (6-10L/min) and monitor the effectiveness to increase oxygenation of myocardial tissue and prevent further ischaemia. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. 3. Monitor respiratory status for sysptoms of heart failure to maintain appropriate levels of oxygenation & Observe for signs of pulmonary oedema. 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. CORONARY ANGIOGRAM 5 Nursing responsibilities and rationale pre angiogram 5 CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT 6 Definition (3marks) 6 ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY 7 Nursing Responsibilities 7 APTT. (3marks) 7 WOUND MANAGEMENT 8 DISCUSS MOIST WOUND –HEALING ENVIRONMENT 8 DEFINE 5 DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXUDATES 9 NEUROVASCULAR...
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...oxygen-delivery devices that can be used to administer oxygen. To determine which device is the proper one to uses depends on the severity of hypoxia and any other respiratory diseases. The patient’s age, level of consciousness, presence of artificial airway, and environment also come into play. One of these devices mentioned above is a “simple mask.” A simple mask is normally used for patients that require a moderate flow rate for a short amount of time. Its components are, a plastic mask that fits snug around the patient’s mouth and nose. The mask has holes in it on each side that are used for exhalation and also for air entrainment if the flow rate is too low. An adjustable...
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...HUMIDIFICATION Claudine Billau The formation of a tracheostomy significantly alters the patient’s respiratory physiology. In bypassing the upper respiratory tract, the patient is more susceptible to changes in humidity and there is a consequential change in the function of the respiratory mucosa. Understanding these changes is fundamental to managing these patients effectively (see Chapter 1, Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract). NORMAL MECHANISM OF HUMIDIFICATION The upper respiratory system: the nose, pharynx, larynx and the trachea (Fig. 1), normally provides an effective system for conditioning inspired gases. As well as acting as a filter for foreign particles and microbes, the upper airway also warms and humidifies inspired gases so that the gas travelling beyond the carina enters the lower airways and the alveoli at body temperature and fully saturated with water vapour.1 As inspired air enters the upper airway and passes over the nasal turbinates and conchae, gas flow becomes turbulent. This leads to an increase in the number of gas molecules coming into contact with the nasal mucosa. The nasal mucosa is highly vascular and is kept moist by a combination of secretions from mucous glands and direct transudation of fluid through cell walls.1,2 The secreted mucus is hydroscopic and its viscosity varies depending on its glycoprotein content.2,3 The turbulent gas flow results in an increasing efficiency in the warming and conditioning of inspired...
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