...Metabolic rate is said to be determined by body size and often the temperature of the organism. Often there is one generic slope that scientists associate with the slope in oxygen consumption and metabolic rate, but their has been speculation on whether that number changes with body size and what type of organism it is. The resting metabolic scaling exponent for mammals and many other species is usually .75. Over the years many different studies have been done finding different scaling exponents. Although almost every scaling exponent for resting metabolic rate found if from .6-.8. The scaling exponent of .75 has ben shown in homeotherms by the physiological flow rates varying with body mass (F.P. Zanotto, 2004). Significant heterogeneity...
Words: 450 - Pages: 2
...results of energy balance the Douglas Bag Method would be applied. The Douglas Bag method is very popular and broadly used to measure energy expenditure. It collects expired air and oxygen intake from the human body during physical activity. Babasaheb B. Desai (2000) MRC (2013) Douglas bag procedure is an accurate method, but on the other hand is likely to measurement error resulting from conditions such as the maintenance status of the equipment . Introduction Energy is known to be the source of life, being laid out to help support with all metabolic duties for example with growth, reproduction/ muscular movements and also chemical mixture by living organisms of different metabolites. Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2005) Energy is comes from the foods we consume. Although foods carries various number of nutrients, energy is supplied by proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Vitamins and minerals in foods, although vital for normal metabolic activities, it does not contribute calories to our diets. With each gram of protein or carbohydrate we take contributes four calories of energy. Energy is essentially needed for breath, blood circulation, digestion of food and various types of physical endorsements. Energy is required to carry on with body activity such as heart beating, breathing and also other vital duty which retain us to be active. (Webb 2002) Methods The Douglas bags first needed to be emptied and then the tap had to be joined to the...
Words: 1499 - Pages: 6
...Contents 1. Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pg. 2 2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pg. 2 3. Aims………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pg. 2 4. Tables…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...Pg. 3 5. Training Day Schedule and Menu Plan…………………………………………………………..Pg. 4 6. Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….Pg. 5,6,7 7. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………Pg. 7 8. References……………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pg. 8 9. Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Pg. 9,10 1. Abstract. Soccer players during training and match-play perform intermittent work demanding high metabolic rates to be sustained. Players require a diet that provides sufficient macro and micro nutrients, as well as fluid intakes, to allow them to meet the demands of the sport. As well as providing a daily balanced diet, strategic intake of carbohydrate and protein before and after training sessions can optimise performance and recovery. As each player is unique so will requirements need to be tailored to the individual to manipulate and match energy intakes with expenditure. 2. Introduction There is consensus in scientific literature that athletic performance and recovery after exercise are enhanced by optimal nutrition. (Bean, 2009). What an athlete chooses to eat and drink will have direct influence on health, body composition and weight, substrates for fuel during exercise, recovery...
Words: 2931 - Pages: 12
...Course: Bio 102 Instructor: Marina Yoffe Assignment: Lab report (Introduction and discussion) Introduction The way in which different organisms acquire oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide has truly evolved. The exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen is essential for the survival of organisms that need to produce the energy molecule ATP through the process of cellular respiration. Respiration (breathing) is the way organisms exchange gases with their environment (White and Campo 2004). During cellular respiration organisms break down energy rich macromolecules such as starch to make ATP in a chemical reaction where oxygen and water is involved (Ege R. and A. Krogh 1914).The use of oxygen is very important; therefore the efficient acquisition of oxygen is very necessary for an animal’s survival. Depending on what type of organism is involved, our sources of oxygen are different and occur through diffusion. Terrestrial animals obtain oxygen through the air while organisms living in water depend on the oxygen from the water. Unlike terrestrial animals, the amount of oxygen for animals living in water is limited based on the amount of oxygen that has dissolved in the water. Since an adequate amount of oxygen is necessary, animals developed respiratory organs to help them ventilate and obtain as much oxygen from their respected sources as possible (W.C and R. Oesting 1934). One organism that has developed an efficient way of acquiring oxygen is fish. Fish use a counter-current exchange...
Words: 1449 - Pages: 6
...EXPH 2490 Body Composition/Weight Management Worksheet Participant Profile Moderately Active 25 year old male Height: 5 feet 7 inches Current Body Fat: 25% Target Body Fat: 20% Weight: 180lbs 1) Calculate Fat Free Mass and Fat Mass. Calculate their new Target BW at 20% BF (see body comp lab) 2) Calculate Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) RMR (kcal) = 370 + (21.6 x FFM kg) 3) Calculate total energy expenditure based on RMR, activity level, and thermic effect of food. 4) Calculate the number of pounds of fat mass the individual must lose to obtain their desired Target Body Fat level. 5) How many total kcals will they need to lose to obtain their new Target Body Fat level (assuming all weight loss is from fat)? How many kcal per week must they be below energy balance to lose the body fat in 10 weeks? 6) This individual desires to add cycling 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week to help increase his energy expenditure and weight loss. Calculate the NET (Gross –rest) kcal/min expenditure, and total expenditure from this activity. Cycle ergometer RPM: 70 rev/min Resistance: 2kg ml/kg/min= 1.8 (kgm/min)/BW(kg) + 3.5 + 3.5 7) If the individual begins exercising 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week (question 6) on top of their current moderate activity levels, how many total kcals does he have to cut from his weekly diet to meet the desired weekly kcal deficit? What about his daily...
Words: 253 - Pages: 2
...this class and the few weeks that encompassed this learning process, we have learned several different conceptual applications for the integration of algorithms within the infrastructure of a company. The idea of using an algorithm or a program to influence or benefit our daily lives is an obvious choice for an application. We cannot use a program to cure cancer, diabetes or other wide ranging diseases, but we can use it to help with weight management, the mastery of which can lead to several different areas of improvement. By creating a program that will aid in the eradication of obesity, we can go a long way towards improving the mass health of the worldwide human population. The obesity rate in America has become an epidemic. According to Forecasting Obesity in America, obesity rates in America could be up as high as 86.3 percent by 2030 and in 40 years every single American could be overweight (Bialik, 2008). Those numbers may be a bit outlandish, but they are not far off given the current state of our nation. With that said, weight management boils down to a simple question of "Are we taking in fewer calories than we are burning?" and “Are we truly taking action to manage our weight?” We need to figure out a way to let individuals see the true results of their daily calorie intake and help he or she see exactly what affect it is having on their overall health. By helping individuals see those results we can hopefully help to reduce the number of obese people in this...
Words: 2321 - Pages: 10
...to execute accurately, and provide customized results, the user will be required to input personal data to include gender, age, weight, and height. This additional information is essential to determine the user’s default caloric burn rate, otherwise known as the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The BMR and the calories burned as a result of physical activity will be calculated against the intake of calories to determine the overall success for the user. As the program is executed it must: * Record user name, age, height, weight to enable more accurate calculations * Record the users specific caloric values entered for each meal * Record the user activity and caloric burn values for that activity * Calculate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) for the individual * Subtotal the total caloric values for the day * Combine the physical activity and the BMR to determine overall caloric burn for the day * Display a daily summary for the user to outline level of success OVERVIEW This program was developed to provide the user a tool to monitor and calculate a caloric surplus or deficit for the day for an individual user. What makes this program different from many others is the additional step of determining the basal metabolic rate...
Words: 1524 - Pages: 7
...Energy Conservation * Mammals need to expend a lot of energy to maintain a constant body temp * This is particularly problematic for small animals with high metabolic rates as they use more energy * Webb 1982’s hibernation theory of sleep: Sleep serves the purpose of providing a period of enforced inactivity thus conserving energy, which would be more efficiently spent at other times (e.g. during the day when it’s easier to find more food) Supported by: * Rechstaffen (1974): * Found -ve correlation between the metabolic rate of animals and amount of sleep they have So supporting Webb’s theory that animals need to sleep to avoid depleting all their energy and dying BUT: * These studies=criticised as being correlational -Does not necessarily provide a cause and effect between sleep and metabolism -It doesn’t necessarily mean sleep=a consequence of a high metabolism when it could be the other way around -E.g. sloth is a large animal, has low metabolic rate, yet it sleeps for 20 hours a day Suggesting there are extraneous variables which are not taken into account, therefore lessening the internal validity of these studies P2: + Capellini et al (2008) in a study: -Found that smaller animals with higher metabolic rates -Sleep less than larger animals with lower metabolic rates -Therefore contradicting Webb’s theory...
Words: 840 - Pages: 4
...Physiology: Activity 1: Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 6 out of 6 questions correctly. 1. Which of the following statements about metabolism is false? You correctly answered: d. All of the energy from metabolism is ultimately stored in the chemical bonds of ATP. 2. Thyroxine is You correctly answered: c. the most important hormone for maintaining the metabolic rate and body temperature. 3. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is You correctly answered: b. produced in the pituitary gland. 4. An injection of TSH to an otherwise normal animal will cause which of the following? You correctly answered: d. goiter development 5. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is You correctly answered: a. secreted by the hypothalamus. 6. Which of the following statements is true? You correctly answered: b. The hypothalamus primarily secretes tropic hormones that stimulate the secretion of other hormones. 01/13/14 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: Make a prediction about the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the remaining rats compared with the BMR of the normal rat you just measured. Your answer : c. The BMR of both remaining rats will be lower than the normal rat's BMR. Predict Question 2: What do you think will happen after you inject thyroxine into the three rats? Your answer : d. The normal rat will become hyperthyroidic but will not develop a goiter. Predict Question 3: What do you think will happen...
Words: 2329 - Pages: 10
...the cell molecules until it is needed. The cells conserve its resources by producing only what is needed. When the cell molecules give up this energy to be used it is referred to as metabolism. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (11th Edition) defines metabolism as the process by which the substance of plants and animals incidental to life is built up and broken down. Metabolism differs from that of plants to that of animals, more specifically humans. In order for scientists to accurately evaluate human metabolism they needed to develop a benchmark for their testing. In the early 20th century studies were conducted on the human basal metabolism rate of which the result was the basal energy expenditure (BEE). The BEE was the standard or control that is used to measure other people’s metabolism rates (Frankenfield, Muth, Rowe). By establishing a standard it was now easier to determine what diseases affected metabolism and how the doctors and scientists could begin treating the patients. There are a few major contributing factors in humans that have been proven to slow down metabolism. Hereditary genetics is one of those factors. Not everyone is gifted with fantastic genes and a metabolism. It is true that, as humans, we get our genetic...
Words: 420 - Pages: 2
...Interval Running INTRO: Not many training breakthroughs attract attention unless they produce unbelievable results. Wouldn’t you all agree?? Well I’m here to tell you that Interval Training is one of those methods. Today I will talk about what IT is, some of the great benefits and finally, how to get started, in hopes that you will want to try IT as part of your fitness plan and healthy lifestyle or at least arouse your curiosity about this training method. TOPIC 1: What is Interval Training? Interval training has been shown to be THE most effective cardiovascular training method for improving cardiovascular endurance, sport-specific performance, boosting metabolic rate, and best of all, burning fat! It is a form of cardio-respiratory Training involving a combination of high intensity work and low intensity work OR rest in repeated successions. In other words, a high intensity activity is followed by a low intensity one, or by rest, allowing the body to recover its energy systems faster for the next high intensity activity. This also allows the body to…. TOPIC 2: Benefits of Interval Training Interval training is awesome for fat burning and aerobic conditioning but let’s have a look at 3 more benefits and reasons to use interval training for your cardio workouts. (1) IT Has a wide variety of programs and methods. Because of its versatility, IT offers 1000s of different program variations. This is especially great for those looking for variety and change. Almost all...
Words: 322 - Pages: 2
...ages. It is estimated that as many as ten to thirty million people suffer It is a life changing condition that can affect a person’s quality of life and can become life threatening. There are multiple symptoms associated with hypothyroidism; the five symptoms that will be discussed are fatigue, weight gain, low body temperature, higher cholesterol, and hair loss. To better understand, one must first understand the thyroid. The thyroid is a small butterfly shaped gland which is located in the neck. The thyroid produces a hormone which affects metabolism, growth, and development. The thyroid produces two main hormones called T3 and T4. These hormones travel in the blood to different parts of the body. The thyroid hormone controls the rate of many activities in your body. These activities include how fast you burn calories and how fast your heart beats. All of these characteristics make up the body’s metabolism. A thyroid that functions properly will produce the right amounts of hormones needed to keep your body’s metabolism in balance. An underactive thyroid can have significant effects on individuals. Many of the core symptoms can mimic psychological disorders or typical symptoms of aging. However, over time, hypothyroidism can lead to more serious conditions such as heart attack and diabetes. Since the thyroid affects many functions of the body the symptoms can be numerous and vary greatly Individuals that experience thyroid-related fatigue cannot sustain energy for...
Words: 906 - Pages: 4
...When you consume basically the same number of calories as you expend, your body weight remains relatively stable. If you want to gain weight, you must manipulate this balance between calories expended. Gaining Weight Some people have difficulty in gaining weight. This can be result of a higher-than-normal basal metabolic rate or higher physical activity level. When weight gain is a goal, the focus is on gaining muscle and not fat weight. To do this in a healthy way, you should consume more frequent meals with healthy snacks. For example, in addition to three main meals, consume three snacks per day. Consuming about 300 to 500 calories per day more would result in about a 1 pound (0.45 kg) per week weight gain. Healthy snacks include yogurt, peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, cereal with milk, fruit smoothies and turkey sandwiches. It is also important to continue to exercise to ensure that the weight gain is mostly muscle. In particular, resistance training will be an important factor for building muscle. Although it will take some time, the slower the weight gain, the more likely it will be to be muscle gain not fat or water gain. Losing Weight Weight loss is a more common goal than weight gain. Losing weight involves a negative energy balance. This can be achieved by increasing exercises and decreasing caloric intake. Determining Calorie Needs: What is Calorie? A calorie is defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree...
Words: 483 - Pages: 2
...A planned nutritional meal plan is one of the most important aspects of any body composition change. Please see the nutrition section[->0] to learn about protein[->1], carbohydrates[->2] and fats[->3]. The bottom line is to make sure to get 6 small meals during the day all having protein, veggies and fruit. Carbohydrates and protein during and after a workout for muscle recovery. This is needed for increasing muscle mass which will help with your basal metabolic rate (BMR). All routines benefit from changing the sets, weight and reps week to week. This will help prevent a plateau. An example is: Week 1: 6-8 reps 4 sets- Muscle Mass Week 2: 12-15 reps 3-4 sets - Definition Week 3: 1-3 reps 5 sets - Power Week 4: 8-10 reps Author Pasta Fitness Level Intermediate Type Muscular Definition Days in Plan 5 Days[->4] Rest Between Sets: 1:00-1:30 minutes Duration 85 Min per session DAY 1 Day 1 - Cardio[->5] 1. Treadmill[->6] Duration:|40 Min|Intensity:|65% | Day 1 - Upper Body[->7] 1. Arnold Press[->8] Sets:|2|Reps:|12| |||| 2. Ball Incline Dumbbell Press[->9] Sets:|2|Reps:|12| |||| 3. Exercise Ball Dumbbell Chest Pullovers[->10] Sets:|2|Reps:|12| |||| 4. Lat Pulldown[->11] Sets:|2|Reps:|12| |||| 5. One Arm Row[->12] Sets:|2|Reps:|12| |||| 6. Straight Arm Pulldowns[->13] Sets:|2|Reps:|12| |||| 7. Dumbbell Curls[->14] Sets:|2|Reps:|12| |||| 8. Tricep Kickbacks[->15] Sets:|2|Reps:|12| |||| 9. Abdominal Barbell Rollouts[->16] Sets:|3|Reps:|12| ...
Words: 1053 - Pages: 5
...research material that was being used during the progression of the experiment, and the experiment was done under the control of the trainer of the sea lions. The method used to record the diving metabolic rate of the sea lions was flow-through gas respirometry, and was recorded during the various foraging conditions simulated. Resting metabolic rate was measured through the use of a Plexiglass dome placed at the surface of the water, where air was drawn through the dome at the rate of 475 L min^-1. The amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen were recorded using a Sable System and CA-1B analyzers, that were connected to a 500H flow generator. The measurements were taken every .5 seconds that elapsed. The data the was collected was analyzed using LabAnalyst X, and the rate of oxygen consumption was determined by the change in the concentrations of gas from the baseline level. Pre-dive metabolic rates were recorded when each sea lion was at the surface of the water resting and in the dome, and this measurement was collected during the last two minutes of a resting period of 5-10 minutes. Rates of oxygen consumption post-dive were collected to represent the amount of oxygen used during the dive as well as the amount of oxygen used to return within 5% of the recovery time. The average metabolic rate was determined by the dive cycle and the duration of the dive cycle, and was calculated by...
Words: 955 - Pages: 4
