REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Clarke 2008 middle managers have the highest stress level simply because they are in the middle, which can cause a great deal of conflict. A survey conducted by the American Management Association indicated that 41% of middle management has more work than time. it add that middle managers must respond to sometimes conflicting demands from governmental agencies, union representatives, and the community, in addition to their supervisors and subordinates. They further found that middle managers under 30 years of age felt more stress than older managers because of confusion over lines of authority.

Suzanne M. Crampton 2009 Stress is found in all aspects of life. Hans Selye, a pioneer in stress research, has defined stress as "the nonspecific response of the body to any demands made upon it" . It is considered to be an internal state or reaction to anything we consciously or unconsciously perceive as a threat, either real or imagined . Stress can evoke feelings of frustration, fear, conflict, pressure, hurt, anger, sadness, inadequacy, guilt, loneliness, or confusion . Individuals feel stressed when they are fired or lose a loved one (negative stress) as well as when they are promoted or go on a vacation (positive stress). While many individuals believe they must avoid stress to live longer, Freese argues that it is the salt and spice of life and that to have no stress we would have to be dead.

Amit Gupta 2010 Job stress is a common problem across occupations and it impacts job performance. Although most contemporary studies highlight the negative effect of stress on job performance (distress), mild stress is known to enhance an employee's performance (eustress). It is necessary to take a holistic picture of antecedents to job stress by including the effects of personality, organisational factors and the work- family interaction in the perception of job stress. This article defines stress, examines whether it has a positive or a debilitating effect on performance before providing managers with techniques to manage their occupational stress as well as to deal with the stress levels of their subordinates.

Madeline, 2011 Research in organizational behavior has shown that an individual could suffer from significant health complications - backaches, headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances, anxiety and depression amongst others - if subjected to stress over a long time. Behavioural changes in the form of excessive tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, nervous disorders, heart diseases, diabetes, obesity etc are also related to stress. Job dissatisfaction is known to lead to job stress, which in turn reduces the productivity.

Young and Cooper, 2012 People in some work places experience more stress vis-a-vis others, particularly those in occupations where workers are required to display emotions like nursing, social work and teaching. An extreme form of this stress has been categorized as 'burnout', a stage when a person starts treating his clients as objects (depersonalization), evaluates himself negatively and feels emotionally exhausted . In such extreme cases, performance has been known to dip considerably and this drop in productivity can be attributed to the stress.
The above studies states that the mostly the middle management has more pressure. This is the reason for the stress. The individuals under 30 years are more stressed than the others due to the confusion over the line of authority. Stress can evoke feelings of frustration, fear, conflict, pressure, hurt, anger, sadness, inadequacy, guilt, loneliness, or confusion. Individuals feel stressed when they are fired or lose a loved one (negative stress) as well as when they are promoted or go on a vacation (positive stress). There is negative effect of stress on the job performance of the employees. Stress results in behavioral changes such as tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, nervous disorders, heart diseases, diabetes, obesity etc.