EXERCISE Underline the gerund phrase in each of the following sentences. Then, identify its function in the sentence by writing above it S for subject, PN for predicate nominative, DO for direct object, or OP for object of a preposition.
1. Jumping out of airplanes sounds scary to me.
2. Our reason for calling you is to invite you to our graduation.
3. I don’t mind shoveling snow once in a while.
4. Skidding on wet pavement causes many accidents.
5. You will enjoy meeting Hatim.
6. Sweating over a hot stove in August is not fun.
7. My favorite weekend activity is singing with a local band.
8. Achieving a perfect score gave Molly a sense of pride.
9. Instead of subtracting the service charge, Chad added it.
10. Daydreaming about problems can be a source of creative solutions.
11. After dining at a nice restaurant, they went to a movie.
12. His idea of a pleasant Saturday is fishing from the bridge.
13. One service club’s holiday project is caroling at the hospital.
14. Nicole’s sisters enjoy skating in the park.
15. By shopping early in the morning, we will get the freshest produce.
16. My hobbies include reading mysteries and biographies.
17. His arms were sore after kneading the dough for ten pizzas.
18. Choosing a college to attend can be overwhelming.
19. Mike doesn’t like waiting for the bus at night.
20. Her part-time job is packing computer components at the factory.

EXERCISE A Underline the infinitives in each of the following sentences. Then, identify how the infinitive is used by writing above it subject, direct object, adjective, or adverb.
1. I like to keep my stapler and tape right at hand.
2. The dictionary is on the next shelf, ready to answer my questions about spelling.
3. To succeed in math is a special goal of mine.
4. I often use a calculator to check my work.
5. I intend to study for my next algebra exam.
6. I also need to complete an essay for my history class.
7. That’s a project to begin early!
8. I keep an alarm clock on my desk to remind me of how much study time remains.
9. To concentrate for an hour is sometimes a challenge.
10. I am sure to excel in my classes if I stick with my study habits.

EXERCISE Decide if the underlined word group in each sentence is a gerund phrase or a participial phrase. Then, above the underlined word or words, write G for gerund phrase or P for participial phrase.
1. Eating out in Tokyo is fun.
2. The problem is choosing among so many different restaurants.
3. Pointing at the puppy, Jim said he really wanted to get one.
4. In botany class, we became quite good at identifying types of flowers.
5. After dinner, feeling happy and full, we thanked our hosts.
6. Going to the beach this summer will be a lot of fun.
7. Searching for an answer, I looked in a current dictionary.
8. Smiling proudly, the little boy pointed to his new toys.
9. I have always enjoyed eating sushi.
10. It’s too bad that preparing sushi is Mom’s least favorite thing to do!
11. Buying a used car requires research.
12. The little boy stomped into his room, slamming the door behind him.
13. The team has a slim chance of finishing in the top four.
14. The dog, wagging its tail wildly, bounded out to meet us.
15. Quickly paying for the groceries, she ran out of the store.
16. Decorating this birthday cake will take at least an hour.
17. My cousin actually enjoys taking tests.
18. Sorting through the old photographs, we found a portrait of our grandfather.
19. The alligator, gliding silently through the dark water, approached its prey.
20. My least favorite part of this job is scraping the paint off the woodwork.

Exercise In each of the following sentences, underline the appositive or appositive phraseand circle the word or words it identifies or explains.

1. My friend Willis and I would like to travel to Brazil and Argentina one day.
2. José Ortega y Gasset, an essayist,was one of Spain’s leading writers of the twentieth century.
3. I heard that Mrs. Price’s desk, a beautiful antique,was destroyed in the fire.
4. Peking duck, a specialty in northern China, consists of slices of crisp roast duck and thin,rolled pancakes.
5. Will you get to see your cousin Kerry when you go to Salt Lake City?
6. Hiram L. Fong, a U.S. Senator from Hawaii, served in Congress from 1959 to 1977.
7. A dedicated worker, Ms.Walker is the first to arrive at the clinic each morning.
8. The flowers on the table are from our neighbor,Mr. Durand.
9. The green turtle, a species of sea turtle, can swim as fast as twenty miles per hour for brief periods.
10. One of the most difficult strategy games, Go originated more than two thousand years ago in China.
11. This figurine, a gift from my grandmother, is one of my most cherished possessions.
12. At home Tranh usually speaks Vietnamese, his first language.
13. Did you know that my brother Steve works as a computer programmer for a large software company?
14. The stage manager,Vicente Diaz, has worked hard day after day to help make the school play a success.
15. Katherine has read every published work of her favorite author,N. Scott Momaday.
16. Nathan’s newest painting, the one with the beach in the background, is one of his best so far.
17. A talented graphic artist, Coretta hopes to work for a magazine or book publisher.
18. The instructor and his partner were demonstrating the tarantella, a regional folk dance of southern Italy.
19. My report is on Charles Drew, a physician who is known for his research on blood plasma and who organized many blood bank programs during World War II.
20. The adviser for the drama club, Mr. Hill, is going to retire next year.