...The Revolution of Chemistry Over the last few centuries the field of chemistry has made great strides. Humans have been experimenting and reaping the benefits of this field for millenniums, yet never had a great understanding it’s fundamentals until the chemical revolution. By the 16th century there had been many advances in the field later to be known as chemistry; smelting and refining of metals, the production of glass ware, pottery and dyes, the development of explosives, artists’ materials, and medicines (Butterfield, 191). Despite the production of these materials, they are not enough to be attributed to a science. As Butterfield suggests, the results of early chemical experiments lacked “adequate intellectual framework which on the one hand embrace the observed data and on the other helps to decide at any moment the direction of the next inquiry” (191). There is no better example of unorganized study than that of alchemy. Although Jensen cites alchemy as being a pillar of modern chemistry, Butterfield suggests it took away from the progression of chemistry into a modern science (191). To understand modern chemistry, we must first examine the origins of it. One of the key terms in chemistry is “elements.” This term was first used by Plato to describe matter. Soon after, Aristotle summarized the theories of earlier philosophers and developed the view that all substances were made of a primary matter. Aristotle defined an element as “one of those bodies into which...
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...Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier Antoine Lavoisier known as the “Father of Modern Chemistry,” a French noblemen who made influential contributions to the world of both Biology and Chemistry. Lavoisier was a natural philosopher in the late 18th century, this was during the Chemical Revolution. He played a role in the conversion of Chemistry from a qualitative to a quantitative science. Some of his many contributions to Science include; the first chemistry book, extensive list of elements and naming Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon. Lavoisier made a vast mark on the world of Science resulting in advancements in better understanding the natural world. Lavoisier was born in Paris, France on August 26, 1743 to a wealthy Paris family. His father Jean-Antoine Lavoisier, was a Parisian lawyer in the Paris Parliament. He was married to Émilie Punctis, the daughter of an affluent family due to their butchery business. His mother died at the age of 5 and left him a large amount of riches. Through the ages 11 and 18 he attended school at Marzarin College, here he studied the general subjects. During his final two years he studied the sciences in depth, his interest in science was encouraged by geologist Jean-Étienne Guettard. This was a professor whom he had gotten close to, later on he would go on to collaborate with on a geological survey. Lavoisier was always interested in Science and Mathematics but instead influenced by his father he followed his family’s wishes and began his career in the study...
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...13.5. The Scientific Revolution Until the mid-1500s,Europeans' view of the universe was shaped by the theories of the ancient writers Ptolemy and Aristotle. In1543, Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernics published the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. In it, he proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the universe. In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe provided evidence that supported Copernicus's theory. After Brahe's death, his assistant, the brilliant German astronmer and mathematician Johannes Kepler, used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the Sun. Scientests from many different lands built on the foudations laid by Copernicus and Kepler. In Italy, Galileo Galilei assembled an astronomical telescope. Galileo's discoveries caused an uproar. Despite the opposition of the Church, by the early 1600s a new approach to science had emerged, based upon observation and experimentation. Two gaints of this revolution were the Englishman Francis Bacon and the Frenchman Rene Descartes Bacon and Descartes differed in their methods, however. Over time, a step-by-step process of discovery evolved that became known as the scientific method.to explain the data, scientists used reasoning to propose a logical hypothesis, or possible explanation. The 1500s and 1600s saw drmatic changes in many branches of science, especially medicine and chemistry. Medieval physicians relied on the works of the ancient physician...
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...Part 1 Law of Conservation of Mass: New Knowledge Changes the Course of Research In the late-17th century, scientists believe that a substance called phlogiston is released in the process of burning a substance. (Wikipedia.org, 2016). • Georg Ernst Stahl applied the name phlogiston to J.J. Becher’s 1660 hypothesis (Britannica.com, 2016) In 1775, French chemist Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier : • Disproved the existence of phlogiston (American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks, 2016)., and • Discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass (Bohning, J., 1999). Discovery of the law of conservation of mass helped to turn chemistry into a quantitative science. Example 1: Before the Law of Conservation of Mass Aristotle endorsed the belief that there were only 4 elements - air, water, earth, and fire, that made up all matter. (California State University, n.d.). Alchemists, influenced by Aristotle, believed and were trying to convert metal to gold. (Columbia.edu, 2000). Scientist and alchemists believed a substance called phlogiston came out of burning material and was released into the air. (Lavoisier, M., n.d.) Example 2: Pivotal Change with the Discovery of Oxygen Beginning around 1770, Lavoisier weighed substances before and after heating them in sealed containers when conducting experiments and determined the substances did not lose weight when burned. (Bohning, J., 1999). He discovered that the element of oxygen in the air was...
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...better life and new jobs. This period was called the Industrial Revolution. People moved for a better living life; some moved because of crime or not having a job and even not receiving enough benefits. Some reasons even included not being able to supply for their families. But during this time people were mainly moving to find better jobs. The industrial Revolution was the time for inventing and improving technology. A transition period to new manufacturing process. A change from hand production materials to machines and new mechanical iron production. A change from wood supply to coal. This was urbanization starting with the industrial changes and people began to move from the countryside to the city, and some moved from different countries into Britain. This began a population increase due to the urbanization in Britain. Fast developing iron, coal and textile industries were creating new work. New work meant that more workers were needed, and so more people needed a place to live. Before the Industrial Revolution the working industry were people working inside the factories and each machine was operated by hand and each machine would require more than one person to work with it. Fast developing iron, coal and textile industries were creating new work. New work meant that more workers were needed, and so more people needed a place to live. However during the transition of the Industrial Revolution the machines being produced started to only require one or two people...
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...TECHNOLOGY CONTENT * INTRODUCTION * WHAT IS NANO SCIENCE? * IS THERE A NANO TECHNOLOGY? * NATIONAL NANO TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE * CHEMISTRY’S ROLE IN NANO SCIENCE AND NANO TECHNOLOGY * NANO FABRICATION * NANO MEDICINE * RISKS OF NANO TECHNOLOGY * NANO TECHNOLOGY GOALS * SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS * CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION There have been many influences and drivers for the development of technologies that allow functional components to be constructed at smaller and smaller scale. The semiconductor revolution in the second half of the 20th century was driven by cost, speed, novel function,and power consumption. Semiconductor science and its child, large-scale integration of electronic circuitry, have been responsible for an unprecedented paradigm change in almost every aspect of human life. The change is arguably even more profound than that which resulted from the industrial revolution. As we shall see later in this paper, although the fundamental limits of Moore’s Law have not yet been reached, this and the increasing energy consumption of these paradigm-breaking technologies will necessitate another paradigm shift in the near future.In terms of the influence of individuals, the development of what we now call functional nanoscience clearly owes much to several outstanding scientists, all of whom were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work. Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain’s discovery of the transistor,Kilby’s invention of the integrated...
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...from the book The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present, Citadel Press (2000), written by John Galbraith Simmons. 1 | Isaac Newton | the Newtonian Revolution | Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism; believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church) | 2 | Albert Einstein | Twentieth-Century Science | Jewish | 3 | Neils Bohr | the Atom | Jewish Lutheran | 4 | Charles Darwin | Evolution | Anglican (nominal); Unitarian | 5 | Louis Pasteur | the Germ Theory of Disease | Catholic | 6 | Sigmund Freud | Psychology of the Unconscious | Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism) | 7 | Galileo Galilei | the New Science | Catholic | 8 | Antoine Laurent Lavoisier | the Revolution in Chemistry | Catholic | 9 | Johannes Kepler | Motion of the Planets | Lutheran | 10 | Nicolaus Copernicus | the Heliocentric Universe | Catholic (priest) | 11 | Michael Faraday | the Classical Field Theory | Sandemanian | 12 | James Clerk Maxwell | the Electromagnetic Field | Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist | 13 | Claude Bernard | the Founding of Modern Physiology | | 14 | Franz Boas | Modern Anthropology | Jewish | 15 | Werner Heisenberg | Quantum Theory | Lutheran | 16 | Linus Pauling | Twentieth-Century Chemistry | Lutheran | 17 | Rudolf Virchow | the Cell Doctrine | | 18 | Erwin Schrodinger | Wave Mechanics | Catholic | 19 | Ernest Rutherford | the Structure of the Atom | | 20 | Paul Dirac...
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...For thousands of years after humans shifted from a hunter gatherer society to an agricultural society, manure was the main source of fertilizer. It was organic and readily available. Somewhere along the line, farmers learned that ground-up bones provided crop nutrients. Major powers at that time, like England, began importing bones from everywhere. Eventually these organic fertilizers would no longer suffice. In the early 1800’s Thomas Malthus,an economist and writer, said that the world’s population would grow faster than the food supply. Luckily, this was around the same time the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions began. Agriculture science started being researched more. It wasn't until the 19th century that ground-breaking research,...
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...The scientific revolution and the enlightenment were two very important events that happened and influenced the development of Europe. The scientific revolution is essentially a period of time between Nicholas Copernicus and Isaac Newton. The actual revolution that occurred is based on belief in a core transformation in cosmology, astronomy and physics as well as advancements in chemistry, medicine, machinery, and mathematics. It changed people's ways of thinking of the world and how it was run. The whole revolution was a time of improvements. Before, most people had only believed in what their religion said to explain things of nature. Many of the facts weren’t even believed until later on because people needed to change their mindset. It...
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...He was known for being a political theorist and physical scientist. Joseph was greatly involved in politics and religious ideas, etc. He wasn’t afraid to make his opinion known on may occasions. For example, he vocally supported the American and French revolutions. In 1794 Priestley moved from England because he was in danger due to his opinion on the revolutions. Priestley studied at Daventry Academy. He did so well that he was given a year off of classes. Following his graduation, Joseph began a teaching job at Dissenting Academy in Warrington. One exciting accomplishment is that he was elected F.R.S. in 1766. Over the course of his professional life, Joseph Priestley, came in contact with incredible men such as Benjamin Franklin while they both made incredible discoveries for the world of...
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...believing. The Protestant Reformation movement has generated many changes in the lives of people and western society. Martin Luther changed the world for failing to be a monk for the Catholic Church and start their own faith. He started a movement called the Reformation. Luther began to increase their movement more people and talking to them and told them everything bad that by the Catholic Church. Thanks to this, people began to believe in the Reformation was a Catholic idea, but none of this was under the Catholic Church this was by Martin Luther believing. The Scientific Revolution was a time associated primarily with the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when new ideas and knowledge in physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed the ancient and medieval views about the nature and laid the foundations of modern science. According to most versions, the scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of the Reformation. But Newton is based primarily on the ideas of Martin Luther and he said that people should learn to read and interpret the...
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...Alexa Hernandez 9 Maranao Antoine Lavoisier “Father of Modern Chemistry” Early Life and Education: After having a formal education in law and literature, Lavoisier studied science under some of the most well-known figures of the day. He helped develop the first geological map of France and the main water supply of Paris in 1769 at a young age of 25. This earned him a membership of the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1768. The same year he managed to purchase a part-share in the ‘tax farm’, a private tax collection agency. Contributions and Achievements: Lavoisier started working on such processes as combustion, respiration and the calcination or oxidation of metals in 1772. His influential research helped discard the old prevailing theories which dealt with absurd combustion principle called Phlogiston. He gave modern explanations to these processes. His concepts about the nature of acids, bases and salts were more logical and methodical. Lavoisier introduced a chemical element in its modern sense and demonstrated how it should be implemented by composing the first modern list of the chemical elements. His revolutionary approaches helped many chemists realize the fundamental processes of science and implement the scientific method. This proved to be the turning point in scientific and industrial chemistry. Lavoisier was hired by the Government to continue his research into a number of practical questions with a chemical bias, for instance the production of starch...
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...Daniel Rutherford Jacobus Henricus Walther Hermann Nernst Reinhold Benesch & Ruth Erica Benesch Find How Oxygen is Transported in Human Body Frederick Soddy Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Louis Jacques Thenard discovers hydrogen peroxide Jbir ibn Hayyn Ya'qub Al-Kindi Paul Karrer Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier Few things are as important as water, which we know is made of oxygen and hydrogen. Did you know that Antoine Lavoisier was the discoverer of both elements? Contributions to Science Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is one of the most important scientists in the history of chemistry. He discovered elements, formulated a basic law of chemistry and helped create the metric system. During his time, people believed that when an object burns, a mysterious substance called ‘phlogiston’ was released. This was called the ‘phlogiston theory’. Lavoisier’s experiments demonstrated the contrary, i.e. when something burned, it actually absorbed something from the air, instead of releasing anything. He later named the ‘something’ from the air as oxygen, when he found that it combined with other chemicals to form acid. (In Greek, ‘oxy’ means sharp, referring to the sharp taste of acids.) Henry Cavendish had earlier isolated hydrogen, but he called it inflammable air. Lavoisier showed that this inflammable air burned to form a colourless liquid, which turned out to be water. The Greek word for water is ‘hydro’, so the air that burned to form water was hydrogen! Lavoisier was...
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...most abundant element by mass. The other major elements are sulfur and nickel. While iron is ingrained in most minerals, the primary iron is haematite. Nonetheless, iron is found engrained in other minerals such as taconite (Royal Society of Chemistry). Iron is produced commercially by heating the iron ores with carbon and limestone. The initial process results in an intermediate known as pig iron. Pig iron contains approximately 3% of carbon and other contaminants. It is utilized in the production of steel. The annual production of crude steel approximately about 1.3 billion tons (Royal Society of Chemistry). Pure iron crystals have a very soft texture. In order to enhance its strength, iron is either mixed with impurities such as carbon, or it is complexed with other metals as is...
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...Chapter 22 716-750 - Life in the Emerging Urban Society Homework 1. How did urban life change in the nineteenth century and how did this new urban society impact lives of the rich, poor and middle class? During the nineteenth century, as urban populations grew, living conditions declined. People would crowd into cities due to the lack of transportation, sometimes with over 10 people in a single basement and without the proper knowledge of sanitation, they would literally let their poop flow down openly on the streets. Not to mention that more people died in cities than were born because disease spread so easily to the point where populations didn’t die out simply because of the immigrants. It wasn’t until the middle of the nineteenth century the people had enough of their unhygienic life-styles and called for improvement. One notable man in favor of improvement was Edwin Chadwick who, based on Jeremy Bentham’s idea of utilitarianism (the idea that people should move towards the “greatest good for the greatest number”), noticed that the sicknesses and the resulting deaths where probably one of the reasons for the horrible conditions. He suggested that the government take action and clean up the cities. Once the government stepped in the general public health improved dramatically. Certain intellectuals, such as chemist Louis Pasteur created the germ theory that said that diseases were spread through living organisms that they could control. New improved medical techniques...
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