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Richard Katz

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Richard Katz, Elite Attitudes and the Democratic Deficit in the European Union
Deşi Uniunea Europeană reprezintă o garanţie a democraţiei şi a stabilităţii economice, mai ales pentru Europa Centrală şi de Est, este subiect al criticilor privind lipsa de democraţie care o caracterizează ca entitate. Deficitul democratic la acest nivel a fost abordat din mai multe perspective, însă cea mai stringentă şi nouă o reprezintă cea care vizează Parlamentul European.
Singura instituţie care este aleasă direct şi este responsabilă pentru reprezentarea cetăţenilor europeni, Parlamentul European, este de fapt, una slabă. Spre deosebire de parlamentele naţionale, cel european nu controlează activitatea executivului. Mai mult, se pune problema votului prin majoritate sau majoritate calificată din Consiliul de Miniştri, instituţie a cărei activitate este caracterizată de lipsă de transparenţă şi control de către parlamentele naţionale.
Conceptul de democraţie se bazează pe două concepte. Primul se referă la suveranitatea populară, ceea ce presupune că voinţa poporului este reprezentată şi implementată de cei care câştigă alegerile şi formează o majoritate şi formează un guvern. Al doilea concept central al democraţiei îl reprezintă guvernarea politică, bazat pe trei variabile. În primul rând, deciziile sunt luate de cei aleşi care îşi asumă responsabilitatea pentru acestea. În al doilea rând, partidele fac propuneri de politici, care sunt discutate între ele şi sunt implementate de către acestea. Nu în ultimul rând, se presupune că cei aleşi sunt votaţi şi apoi îşi asumă responsabilitatea colectiv prin partide.
Astfel că Uniunea Europeană dă dovadă că nu respectă niciunul dintre concepte. Pe de o parte, aleşii Parlamentului European sunt mai degrabă aleşi pentru teme naţionale şi nu de nivel european, iar puterile acestei instituţii, deşi mărite din 1986, sunt departe de cele ale unui parlament naţional. Pe de altă parte, atribuţiile Comisiei şi Consiliului de Miniştri nu îndeplinesc criteriile esenţiale ale democraţiei.
Mai mult, se pune problema unui deficit democratic la nivel european, nu numai la nivelul UE. Acest fapt se datorează pe de o parte globalizării, pe de altă parte, faptului că multe din atribuţiile care reveneau la nivel naţional au fost preluate de instituţiile europene. De asemenea, guvernele naţionale învinăvoţesc Bruxelul pentru multe din deciziile care au efect la nivel naţional, dar au fost luate la nivel european. Astfel că, soluţia ar fi ca şeful executivului european ar trebui să fie ales de către Parlamentul European, iar atribuţiile Consiliului de Miniştri ar trebui să fie restrânse.
Katz recapitulează trei modele ale democraţiei. Primul, modelul democraţiei binare implică existenţa a două partide care să propună soluţii, presupunând câştigarea unei majorităţi. Al doilea model, cel al democraţiei Downsiene, susţine existenţa unei singure dimensiuni de soluţii, implicând partide oportuniste care câştigă alegerile şi formarea de coaliţii care să aibă rol legislativ, dar care să reprezinte votanţii. Al treilea model, cel al democraţiei liberale are ca punct central problema agent – principal şi controlul deciziilor guvernanţilor (agenţi) care pot lua decizii în defavoarea intereselor cetăţenilor (principali). Democraţia liberală este preocupată de tirania minorităţii de către o majoritate, astfel că grupurile de veto sunt susţinute ca fiind garanţi de veto pentru fiecare minoritate semnificativă.
Modelele democraţiei populare şi cel al democraţiei liberale, bazate pe grupurile de veto sunt importante în decizia schimbărilor la nivelul instituţiilor UE în vederea reducerii deficitului democratic. În studiul său, Katz consideră elite membrii Parlamentului european şi cei ai parlamentelor naţionale. Analiza sa ia în calcul indicatori precum parlamentul ca principală sursă a legitimităţii europene, modul de alegere a Comisiei Europene, modul de propunere a condidaţilor PE (partide europene vs. Partide naţionale), sistemul electoral unitar la nivel european. De asemeanea, sunt testate încrederea în instituţiile europene şi evaluarea deficitului democratic, dar şi modalităţi în care acest deficit poate fi aleviat.
Concluziile cercetării arată că, dacă există consens asupra problemelor şi soluţiilor sociale, nu există acord asupra definiţiilor democraţiei şi cu atât mai puţin asupra soluţiilor pentru a micşora deficitul democratic. Mai mult, legitimitatea trebuie redefinită sub alţi indicatori, precum şi integrarea. Studiul mai relevă faptul că, deşi unele perspective specifice democraţiei liberale apar uneori nedemocratice, ar fi mai eficient ca accentul să fie pus asupra acestui model decât pe cel al democraţiei populare.

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