...“Why?” The man responded by saying that Richard killed his brothers and parents. Hearing this Richard the Lionheart… for the first and last time in his life… forgave the man and soon died. Richard the Lionheart was born in 1157 and was the king of England who reigned between 1189 and 1999. His name originated from his involvement in military conquest, because he was so brave and a great leader that people started calling him . Richard, according to Gransden (1996) began commanding his army at 16 years of age. Because of this, the Muslims called him the King of England long before he took the position. He spent most of his life in Aquitaine where he made the most of kingdom resources in support of his military agreement. Although, Richard the Lionheart could be intelligent in matters of politics and was famously skilled on the battlefield, he was also highly cultured and well-educated, while also writing poems and songs. Through most of his life he enjoyed the support and affection of his people. But Richard was far more interested in his holdings in France and in his Crusading endeavors than he was in governing England, where he spent about six months of his ten-year reign. But I guess you can also say that Henry and Richard the Lionheart had one thing in common… they both care more about their kingdom than life itself. Henry even meditated on Richard’s behalf, fearing the breaking of the empire he had built. King Henry got together his continental armies...
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...Rough Draft 24 Feb 2012 Richard I the Lionheart I. Introduction of paper A. Hook (Attention Getting Statement) B. Background Information C. Thesis II. It would have been hard to find a more driving, ambitious and fiercely competitive family to be born into, but Richard would hold his own. A. Richard was the third surviving child of Henry II, one of the most astute and formidable of all English kings and the ruler of more of France than the French king himself. 1. Henry’s domains stretched from the Scottish border to the Pyrenees. He was twenty-four when Richard was born and the ravishingly beautiful, accomplished and willful Eleanor of Aquitaine, (Richard’s mother) was around thirty-five. 2. Both Eleanor and Henry were French and neither spoke English. 3. Their first son, William, had died in infancy. Their second child, Hennery, later known as the Young King, was two when Richard was born, and their daughter Matilda was one. There would be two more daughters and two more sons. B. Richard was born in Oxford, in Beaumont Palace which his Grandfather Henry I had built thirty years or so before. 1. There was no university yet at Oxford and the palace stood where Worcester College is today. 2. Out of all of Eleanor’s children, Richard was her favorite, but he didn’t see much of his mother or father as a child, as he grew older they were around more often. C. Fierce family quarrels gave Richard his first experience of war...
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...1 Richard the Lionheart: battle addict who spent much of his life in France The 12th century English king whose coat of arms adorns the national football side's shirts was not in fact English at all Justin Cartwright Saturday 14 September 2013 04.02 EDT L et me own up right away: I knew very little about Richard the Lionheart when I decided to write a novel about him. I can't now remember what inspired me, but in my head was the phrase "men in green tights". I find that as the time approaches to think about a new novel, ideas begin to form, as though I am consciously and anxiously scenting the air. Sometimes I wish that I could write the same book over and over, which is the essential nature of genre fiction – familiar, comforting and bland. Already I anticipate readers protesting about the liberties I have taken with the historical novel. Richard has become an icon. The Royal Arms of England is his coat of arms, unchanged, and is now more famous as the motif on England football team's shirts than it ever was as the country's coat of arms. In heraldic speak these are three lions passant gardant. (They have also been called leopards.) It is not only the football team that has appropriated his imagined qualities of bravery and ferocity; outside parliament, at the peers' entrance, stands an enormous Victorian statue of Richard on a horse, his sword raised, the image of ferocity but also of magnanimity, which is suggested by a panel on the plinth that pictures Richard pardoning an...
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...Ayyubid army Defeat the Christian Crusaders under Saladin’s Personal leadership? The Battle of Hattin in 1187. 6. When did Saladin Die? March 4, 1193 7. How many times did Saladin Recapture Jerusalem? 2 Times. 8. Who was Saladins Arch Rival? Richard Lionheary 9. At the Height of his power how many Countries did he own under his command? 6 (Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejas, Yemen and parts of North Africa) 10. What wars were involved with the Christian Crusaders that saladin had fought in? m. Battle of Hittin n. Second and Third Crusades o. Battle of Ramla p. Both A and B 11. When did he recapture Jerusalem the First time? 2 October 1187 12. When had the City of Jerusalem Fallen? The Third Crusade 13. What had he done to the Muslin world through his Campaign and in 1187? He had united and Lead the Muslim world, and in 1187 he recaptured Jerusalem. 14. Who kept ordering the Crusades against Saladin and the City of Jerusalem? q. Richard Lionheart r. King Phillip II s. Pope Gregory VIII t. Emperor Frederick Barbarossa 15. When did Richard and Saladin Finally come to a Truce? October 1192, neither of them liked it but Richard left and set sail for Western Europe and never returned to the Holy Land. SOURCES 1....
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...The Israeli-Palestinian dispute has been an ongoing conflict from the late 11th century to present day. The conflict started with the Crusades. The Crusades were a series of military conflicts that much of Christian Europe waged on the Muslims to take back the Holy Lands, Jerusalem, which was the birhplace of Jesus Christ. The origins of the Crusades lie in the development inWestern Europe during the Middle Ages. In 1063, Pope Alexander II had given his blessing to the Iberian Christians in their wars against the Muslims. Pope Alexander II offered indulgence to those who were killed in battle. A soldier in the Crusades would resite a solemn vow, receive a cross from the hands of the pope or of his legates, and was then considered a "soldier of the Church". The cause of the First Crusade, which took place from 1095 to 1099, was Alexius I's appeal to Pope Urban II for mercenaries to help him resist Muslim advances into territory of the Byzantine Empire. When the First Crusade was preached in 1095, the Christian princes of Northern Iberia had beenfighting their way out of the mountains of Galicia and Asturias, the Basque Country, and Navarre, for about a hundred years. Crusader armies managed to defeat two substantial Turkish forces at Dorylaen and at Antioch. The Crusaders were finally able to journey to Jerusalem, but with only a fraction of their original forces. The fall of Moorish Toledo, a Muslim kingdom, to the Kingdom of Leon, a Christian...
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...Bryant Kang Mr. Ryan Humanities 10 5/4/2015 The Third Crusade The Christians in Western Europe and Muslims in the Middle East were in a constant religious battle during the 12th century because the Roman Catholic Church wanted to take control of the holy land, Jerusalem. In order to conquer Jerusalem, the Church initiated crusades, also known as military campaigns or holy wars. The First Crusade was successful as Jerusalem fell under the European control, but not so much for the following crusades. The Second Crusade was a disaster, as Europeans failed to conquer any land from the Muslims. This led to the Third Crusade in which three kings, ‘Richard the Lionheart’ of England, ‘Phillip II Augustus’ of France, and ‘Frederick Barbarossa,’ joined...
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...General Respect: No Pun Intended Robert E. Lee, general of the Confederate Army, showed great respect to General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. Napoleon Bonaparte, former Emperor of France, was exiled twice even though he should have been executed as soon as he was captured because he made many of the European kings angry. King Leonidas of Sparta stayed with his men until death even though he had the chance to run. General Macarthur of America made a vow to save his men in the Philippines. Saladin, a Muslim leader, and King of England Richard the Lionheart were enemies, but they cared for each other when one was sick or when they were missing supplies. Respect from generals is an expectation, beyond degree, that can be shown in different ways....
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...Richard I (September 8, 1157 – April 6, 1199) was King of England from 1189 to 1199. He was often referred to as Richard the Lionheart, Coeur de Lion. He was considered a hero in his day and has often been portrayed as one in works of literature. Early life The third of King Henry II's legitimate sons, Richard was never expected to accede to the throne. He was, however, the favourite son of his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Although born in Oxford, England, he soon came to know France as his home. When his parents effectively separated, he remained in Eleanor's care, and was invested with her duchy of Aquitaine in 1168, and of Poitiers in 1172. This was his consolation prize for the fact that his eldest brother, Henry the Young King, was simultaneously crowned as his father's successor. Richard and his other brother, Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, thus learned how to defend their property while still teenagers. As well as being an educated man, able to compose poetry in French and Provençal, Richard was also a magnificent physical specimen, his height is estimated at six feet four inches (1.93 m) tall, and gloried in military activity. From an early age he appeared to have significant political and military abilities, became noted for his chivalry and courage, and soon was able to control the unruly nobles of his territory. As with all the true-born sons of Henry II, Richard had limited respect for his father and lacked foresight and a sense of responsibility. In 1170, his...
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...was reprinted by The Guardian on 19 April 2001, the orator describes the aspects that, in his opinion, define the British as a race. He starts by stating that the British are not what one would commonly understand by a race, but a collective of different ones, i.e. communities that have migrated to Britain in the past and now form part of it. According to Cook, there are only few people in England who are indigenously British. Most have foreign ancestors and are influenced by other nations that have politically, confessionally and historically influenced Britain. The orator gives various examples of countries that had a noticeable influence on the Britons, mentioning the Saxons, Angles, Normans, Dutch and, most explicitly, Richard the Lionheart, the British paragon of a man of honour, who, for his part, spoke French and was allied with the Jewish community. As stated by him, in Britain's capital London, which is home to over 30 ethnic communities, more than 300 languages are spoken, which underlines his intention of depicting the British as a people made up of an abundance of races. Cook believes that immigration is important both for ethical and economical reasons. It strengthens a country's economy and increases its attractivity for international companies. Furthermore, moderately legalising immigration provides the immigrants, who would be there anyway, with legal and social protection. In a final step, he examines the role "foreign" cultures have been playing...
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...Editorial from Hanna Cho The text ,,Chicken Tikka Massala‘‘ is an extract from a speech given by Robin Cook on 19th April, 2001 and deals with the topic of Britishness, reflecting different aspects of multiculturalism. Cook starts off with the statement that the British are not a race, but a group of countless different races. Then he goes on talking about the history of Britain and mentions several ethnic groups that had an impact on Britain. For example, he mentions Richard the Lionheart, who spoke French most of the time and was financially backed up by the Jewish community. Cook thinks that Multiculturalism is a precious asset which contributes to every part of life in Britain. Not only the economy but also the cultural horizons and lifestyle are influenced. For this, Cook cites the Chicken Tikka Massala as an example. It is originally from India but was adapted and modified by the British. On the one hand I agree with him that multiculturalism can contribute to the British society. A society with many different cultures enables us to learn from people with other heritages. We can exchange experiences and broaden our mind, which will contribute to the intellectual improvement of our society. On the other hand I would like to take a couple of problems into consideration. The cultural identity of a country could be weakened due to the impact of the immigrants. It is a pity if the tradition of the host country might diminish under the influence of foreign...
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...of the northernmost Crusader state. The loss of Edessa shocked Europe and led the Christians, crusaders, authority to request another Crusade. It was led by the rulers King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany. This began the second Crusade of 1147. In 1187, Saladin, general Shirkuh's nephew, began a major campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. His troops destroyed the Christian army at the Battle of Hattin. They end up taking over a large portion of the Crusaders territory. Disapproval of these defeats started the third Crusade. It was led by rulers such as Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (who was drowned at Anatolia before his entire army reached Syria), King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England, known as Richard the Lionheart. In the mid-1203s Alexius IV became the new emperor. The new emperor’s attempts to give the Byzantine church to Rome didn’t go as planned and Alexius IV was killed in early 1204. In response, the Crusaders declared war on Constantinople. Then the fourth Crusade ended with conquest of Byzantine capital later that year. In the Fifth Crusade, put in motion by Pope Innocent III before his death in 1216, the Crusaders attacked Egypt from both land and sea. But, were forced to surrender to Muslim defenders led by Saladin’s nephew, Al-Malik al-Kamil, in 1221. During the sixth Crusade, in 1229, Emperor Frederick II transferred Jerusalem to the Crusaders through negotiation with al-Kamil. The peace treaty expired a decade...
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...01) Středověká Anglie (do roku 1485) Původní obyvatelstvo ostrovů – Keltové. Rok 55 BC - první vpád Římanů do Velké Británie pod Juliem Césarem. Pozůstatky po Římanech dodnes, např. lázně v Bath Vláda Římanů trvala do roku 410, poté Británii opustili, v 5. století začaly ostrov osídlovat germánské kmeny - Jutové, Sasové a Anglové (Norfolk, Suffolk, Midlands…). Během 6. st. osídlování pokračovalo. Kolem roku 600 – příchod křesťanství, první arcibiskup Augustine of Canterbury – zakladatel církve v Anglii, od té doby jsou vládci křtěni. Během 7. a 8. století: vláda 7 království, Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex atd. Na konci 9. st. se království sjednocují, kvůli nájezdům Vikingů. Nájezd Vikingů dočasně zastaven Alexandrem Velikým (z Wessexu). Anglické království existovalo oficiálně jako suverénní stát od roku 927wiki do 1707. 1707–1801 – Spojené Království Velké Británie 1801–1922 – Spojené Království Velké Británie a Irska 1922 – Spojené Království Velké Británie a Severního Irska V 10. a 11. st. britské ostrovy přímo ovládány Vikinskými kmeny. Např. Cnut the Great anglickým králem 1016 –1035. 1066 – Edward the Confessor (Vyznavač) zemřel bez potomka, jako následovníka trůnu doporučil vzdáleného příbuzného, normanského vévodu Williama (Dobyvatele, králem 1066 - 1087), známé vylodění a the Battle of Hastings, William následně korunován anglickým králem, navázal na normanskou správu, rozděloval půdu a tituly svým novým šlechticům z Normandie, pokud...
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...started to cause issues. Vigilance and discipline were becoming smaller and food scarcity grew, as provision for more and more people was needed. Robin Hood’s band became known for robbery and travellers started to avoid the forest, thus leaving the band with less revenues. In the mean time, the Sherriff was growing stronger and became better organized and financially wealthier. He started to mock the Band and so he had to be dealt with, before the Band itself was dealt with. Killing the Sherriff seemed not to be the solution, but his failure in collecting taxes did not remove him from office due to his alliances with Prince John. In return for amnesty, Robin Hood was given the opportunity to join a conspiracy to have King Richard the Lionheart released from jail in Austria and returned to his throne. There were many dangers involved, would they be worth it? A number of questions need to be solved to help Robin Hood make the best choices in his position. In order to make the...
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...The Second Crusade was led by King Louis VII of France who was determined to stop the local invasions of the Crusader territories. The failed campaign ended with the King leading his men home in shame. The Third Crusade, led by King Richard the Lionheart of England, King Phillip Augustus of France, and Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany consisted mostly of face-to-face battles. This crusade resulted in a deal giving Muslims control of the Holy Land but guaranteeing Christians and Jews the right to visit the Holy...
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...The Fundamental causes of the Crusades Derek A. Shuman The ancient World had the territorial Peleponesian war between Athens and Sparta. After that, the Persian swept in and conquered much of Greece, along with the rest of the Mediterranean area. Alexander retook possession of Greece, (along with much of the Mediterranean). Then came the Romans, who also conquered Greece, (along with much of the Mediterranean). But after the fall of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Mediterranean fell into the hands of the Muslims. So, since 638 AD, Jerusalem had been governed by Muslims. The Muslim Caliphs were, at heart, capitalists, and they tolerated Christian pilgrims because the tourist money helped the economy. But then, in the 1070s, Turks (who were recent Muslim converts) conquered these Holy Lands and mistreated the Jews and Christians, not realizing how useful their good will (and money) could be. The Byzantine Empire was also threatened by the Turks. Emperor Alexius asked the pope for assistance. Pope Urban II, a skillful orator, seeing an outlet for the violent energy of Christian knights, made an urgent speech calling for them to take back Jerusalem. Thousands responded, resulting in the First Crusade. Dates and Leaders of the Crusades: Urban II made his speech calling for Crusade at the Council of Clermont in November, 1095. He combined the idea of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with waging a war against the infidels. When he also promised complete absolution past present and future...
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