...The Spread of Islam The true incubator of Islam was the coalition of civilizations in the Near East starting in the early 7th century. In less than two hundred years, Islam went from not existing to being the the political and religious organizing principle of one of the largest empires in the world. To understand the birth of Islam, one must first understand the environment that empowered its rise to become a global religion. Pre Islamic Arabia was divided amongst the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine Empire (Housed in modern day Turkey), and the Persian or Sasanian empire. Both were extremely powerful empires with strong military and political strength, each defending their own religious views; the Byzantine protecting the Orthodox Christianity, and the Sasanians protecting the Zoroastrian orthodoxy. These two empires were in a seemingly endless battle for hundreds of years due to aberrations of their innate tribal ethos. It is important to note that at this time, there was a strong sense of tribalism, and...
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...Theological Seminary The Rise of Islam A Paper Submitted to Dr. John Nixon In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course History of Christianity 1 CHHI 520-B25 By Ryan R Kappel Student ID#: 24489882 March 4, 2012 Table of Contents I. Thesis Statement 3 II. Introduction 3 III. Trade 4 IV. Political Dominance 7 V. Monotheism 10 VI. Conclusion 11 Bibliography 12 Thesis Statement The rise of Islam is due in part to the cultural climate from its beginnings in the form of global trade advantages, political dominance, and monotheism. Introduction This paper will look into issues surrounding the rise of the religion of Islam. As the current fastest growing world religion, Islam has a history reaching back fourteen centuries. To learn what continues to drive this system of belief, it is essential to understand its roots. The heart of Islam’s beginning originates in Mohammad’s vision from God. Still, there must be more than this to drive such a powerful system. Why did Islam have its beginnings in the Arab world in the late sixth century? And further, why did the religion spread so rapidly? Are the factors internal or external? In other words, is growth to be attributed to Islam’s comprehensively sound teachings for all peoples? Or is the growth to be attributed to situations surrounding its origins? To analyze the internal factors would ultimately lead to whether or not God is the cause of the success of Islam. This is beyond the nature...
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...Islam and science The road to renewal THE sleep has been long and deep. In 2005 Harvard University produced more scientific papers than 17 Arabic-speaking countries combined. The world’s 1.6 billion Muslims have produced only two Nobel laureates in chemistry and physics. Both moved to the West: the only living one, the chemist Ahmed Hassan Zewail, is at the California Institute of Technology. By contrast Jews, outnumbered 100 to one by Muslims, have won 79. The 57 countries in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference spend a puny 0.81% of GDP on research and development, about a third of the world average. America, which has the world’s biggest science budget, spends 2.9%; Israel lavishes 4.4%. Many blame Islam’s supposed innate hostility to science. Some universities seem keener on prayer than study. Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, for example, has three mosques on campus, with a fourth planned, but no bookshop. Rote learning rather than critical thinking is the hallmark of higher education in many countries. The Saudi government supports books for Islamic schools such as “The Unchallengeable Miracles of the Qur’an: The Facts That Can’t Be Denied By Science” suggesting an inherent conflict between belief and reason. Many universities are timid about courses that touch even tangentially on politics or look at religion from a non-devotional standpoint. Pervez Hoodbhoy, a renowned Pakistani nuclear scientist, introduced a course on science and world affairs, including...
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...Sunni and Sh’ia: The Branches of Islam By Kendra Craig March 5, 2010 Strayer University Abstract The paper is focused on Sunni and Sh’ia, which are two branches of Islam. The paper will compare the different religious belief that is practiced throughout Islam. It will also show the laws and the cultures of each religious branch. The paper will show the major dispute that caused separation of these religions in Islam. Sunni and Sh’ia Sunni and Sh’ia are two of the most dominate cultures in Islam. In my research, I learned that these two branches were among the worst enemies of the Islamic culture. In this paper I will show the differences in the belief of each religious group. I will also show the division within the Islamic community between these groups. Sunni Muslims are individuals that were firm believers in the prophet Muhammad. The words that were spoken through Muhammad influenced and provided them with strong religious belief. Sunni means “customary practices” (Macmillan Reference USA 2001-2006) which referred to the teaching and preaching of Muhammad. The Sh’ia Muslims are individuals that believe that the political leader position should have gone to Ali (Penay). Sh’ia means “group” or faction”. After the death of Muhammad is when things began to turn for the worst between these communities. The main belief of the Sunni Muslims was those that came after Muhammad were true believers of Muhammad teachings. This allowed them to become comfortable with...
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...Commons @ Connecticut College History Faculty Publications History Department 7-1-1989 (Review) Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam Frederick S. Paxton Connecticut College, fspax@conncoll.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histfacpub Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, and the Islamic World and Near East History Commons Recommended Citation Paxton,Frederick S. "Review of Patricia Crone 'Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'" The Journal of Asian Studies 48 (1989): 574-575. Web. doi:10.2307/2058642. This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the History Department at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Connecticut College. For more information, please contact bpancier@conncoll.edu. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author. (Review) Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam Keywords Mecca, muslim, trade Comments Initially published in Journal of Asian Studies, 1989, p.575-6. Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1989 DOI: 10.2307/2058642 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2058642 This book review is available at Digital Commons @ Connecticut College: http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histfacpub/44 Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. by Patricia Crone Review by: Frederick S. Paxton The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Aug., 1989), pp. 574-575...
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...Research World Religions If there's a specific religion with which you are unfamiliar, research the basic beliefs of that religion to form the basis of a fascinating research paper. Because religions are complicated and dynamic, it's impossible to outline the entire doctrine of a religion in a single paper. Instead, stick to a limited topic. For example, you might research the ethical mandates of Christianity or the gods of Hinduism. Explore History and Religion If you find a particular religion fascinating, explore it through a historical lens. For example, you might research the historical evidence that Jesus existed or address the social trends that led to the rise of Islam. For such a paper, rely primarily on secular and historical sources, though you can use the religion's sacred texts to inform your historical analysis. Sponsored Links 2013 Pri Sch Exam Papers Come with Free 2006-2012 Papers P1-P6 Primary School Exam Papers. www.filomaths.com Debate a Religious Topic If there's a particular religious doctrine with which you agree or disagree, use research to support your argument. You might, for example, discuss the role of abortion or premarital sex in a specific religion, then provide statistical or scientific evidence either supporting or refuting that religion's claims. Because this is a research paper, support your opinions with facts rather than simply asserting an idea. Research Religion and Society Religion...
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...countries as a raise in minimum wage affects the economy in terms of economic growth, standards of living for the poor, survival of businesses and employment. A lot of research and literature has shown that a hike in minimum wages do not particularly affect the developed nations but the same hikes in developing countries can cause damage to firms depending on the size of the firms and their profitability. This paper attempts to show that the garments sector in Bangladesh (Ready made Garments Industry) faces the same dilemma. Since the Savar tragedy in late 2013 where a garment factory, Rana Plaza, collapsed which killed more than 1,100 people and injured and more than 2,500 people injured, garment workers and civil society demanded a raise of minimum wage from 3000 tk to 5,300 tk every month. This tragedy and similar events in developing countries lead us to think how businesses especially in the developing countries where wage rates and productivity are low can operate if minimum wage is suddenly increased threefold and why workers in those countries work under horrible conditions. This paper will also compare the situation of Bangladesh to other manufacturing countries and state why Bangladesh is different by looking at existing literature on the topic of effects of employment and profitability in firms due to rise in minimum wage. Overview of Bangladesh’s...
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...their physical appearance and looking prettier is no more a fiction with the worldwide spread of plastic surgery in the last decade until it became within reach in Morocco. At first, plastic surgery for esthetic purpose shouldn’t be confused with the reconstructive surgery that is used to get rid of serious imperfections caused by an accident or a birth defect. In our research paper, we are dealing with the plastic surgery also called cosmetic surgery. One of the team members’ relative who is surgeon has told her about a Moroccan woman who died because of a liposuction. Chocked by this story, we decided to learn more about the cosmetic surgery in Morocco which has lately raised many ethical issues. We believe that plastic surgery is unethical because it is against the Islamic principles and because it causes psychological and physical harm. We are trying to find out the opinion of Moroccans about it and we suppose that Moroccan people believe that plastic surgery is unethical and that they are aware of its danger. Competent plastic surgeons, reasonable prices, medical technology and infrastructure explain the rise of plastic surgery in Morocco. According to Salaheddine Slaoui, a specialist in cosmetic and reparative surgery, “the number of plastic surgeries had also doubled in the last decade. About 80 plastic surgeons -- working in both private and public clinics -- are operating in the country, mostly in Rabat and the economic capital Casablanca” (2011). However, plastic...
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...Islamic financial institutions since the 1970s has stimulated a modern literature that has identified itself as addressing “Islamic Accounting”. What does the term “Islamic Accounting” mean in the rapidly growing contemporary literature? Napier (2009) has proposed three interrelated aspects: a historically-oriented sense, in which “Islamic Accounting” refers to ideas and practices in Muslim-majority countries in past periods; a practice-oriented sense, where the focus is on how entities describing themselves as “Islamic” account for and report their transactions and activities; and a principle-oriented sense, where fundamental accounting concepts and methods form a coherent body of ideas and practices based on the religion of Islam. The word “Islam” means total submission or surrender to the will of God (Allah), and a Muslim is one who so submits. However, this raises the question of how Muslims can determine what the will of God is. The principal sources are the Qur’an, which is considered by Muslims to be the exact words of revelation from Allah to Prophet Muhammad, and the Sunnah (the acts and sayings of the Prophet as transmitted through traditions known as hadith). Principles derived from these two main sources constitute the Islamic law (Shari’ah Islami’iah or Sharia). Both the Qur’an and the Sunnah contain general principles and detailed rules concerning business, administrative affairs, economics and politics, and these...
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...S.W.O.T Analysis in Project Management Md. Mashreki Islam Sami Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract The main objective of this paper is to give an extensive knowledge on SWOT Analysis. In this paper SWOT analysis is discussed in the case of project management. SWOT analysis stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Such analysis can be a part in a project or in a business venture. A SWOT analysis can be carried out for a product, place or person. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey, who led a convention at the Stanford Research Institute now called SRI International, in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune 500 companies. Performing SWOT analysis allows setting achievable goals or objectives for the organization. SWOT analysis is important for organizations to plan future steps that are to be taken for development or to compete with other companies. Through SWOT analysis, a company or organization come across advantages, disadvantages, possibilities, capabilities and problems that they may face in a project takes visual. In this paper different sectors are considered where SWOT analysis is done successfully. Some other techniques of analysis such as Benchmarking, PESTLE...
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...Purpose Statement The purpose of this paper is to educate our readers about the two largest religions in the world: Christianity and Islam. Religion has served in many societies as a mean of structure or social control, with rules that govern how people interact socially. We will be looking at the origin, similarities, differences, beliefs and festivals of each religion. Invariably, our aim is to ascertain through research data and interviews why Christianity is the world’s most popular religion, but more so why it is deemed most superior. Statement of Qualification. Our group strongly believes in the fundamental teachings of Christianity, having been exposed to its teachings from early childhood. We are respecters of all religions hence our research topic, to bring about a greater level of understanding of both, while identifying the beliefs and values these two great religion is built on. Based on our own individual experiences and personal realization of nature and how things are interconnected, we conclude that there is definitely a higher power that oversees everyone and everything, and it’s faith in this higher power that brought birth to Christianity. Review of Literature Religion is a controversial topic that has been debated with great enthusiasm by sociologists, theologians, and even students; some argue that the belief in religion is for closed minded individuals. One sociologist aimed to defend the fact that religion...
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...Effective Papers Enjoy free essays, examples of research papers, sample term papers, free dissertation samples and paper writing tips for all students. Example papers and sample papers on the most popular topics. Pages This Blog Linked From Here | This Blog | | ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form Linked From Here | | Wednesday, March 7, 2012 Research Paper on Ottoman Empire Research Paper on Ottoman Empire The Age of Reforms - Ottoman Empire The Ottomans first appeared on the historical arena at the end of the thirteenth century. According to the royal myth, the dynasty stretches much further back, certainly, but it was only under the leadership of Osman that this little group of warriors succeeded in moving out from its base in northwestern Anatolia and start conquering other territories. Their first important victories took place in the Balkans, and these conquests let them to return to western Anatolia flush with money and men. In the middle of the fifteenth century they had already got power over Byzantine capital Constantinople. This great city capture in 1453 laid the foundation for the imperial phase of Ottoman history. __________________________________________________________ We Can Write Custom Research Papers on Ottoman Empire for You! __________________________________________________________ During the next century they pushed confidently eastward and then southward. First they defeated...
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...Comparison Matrix Paper This Research paper will compare two empirical articles. One is based on leadership traits and the other on leadership skills. The first journal article: Leadership Traits, Leadership Behavior and Job Autonomy of Imams in Peninsular Malaysia: A Moderated Meditation Analysis by Mutalib, M. and Abdul Ghani, A is based on leadership traits of imams in Peninsular, Malaysia. The second journal titled “Understanding the Strength of Gentleness: Soft Skilled Leadership on the Rise by Marques, Joan is based on leadership skills. The leadership traits article has two authors from two Islamic religious universities while the second article on leadership skills is written by an author. The first study examined how and cognitive ability, personality, religiosity, motivation to lead, past leadership experiences and motivation to lead can affect leadership behaviors while Marques examined in her study how “soft skills” have risen to dominate charisma of past effective leader in the recent time. In the first study the authors emphasized that the Imams traits can influence their leadership behaviors while in the second paper, Marques said that recently soft leadership skills are appreciated more by the followers than the Charisma of any transformational leader in the past. So it is very important to look at the authors questions to see what works better in the 21st century leadership. Comparison of Research Questions...
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...Jennah Lee Sociology 4/16/2013 Research Paper Islamic Women in Society “Common Perceptions of Muslim Women” Islam is one of the three most popular monotheistic religions in the world. It has both its positive and negative images in the media. Commonly, in society Islam is looked upon as an extreme and radical religion. This paper will take a close look into the reactions to the "Muslim Women" in both American and Muslim American societies in the U.S. Whether it’s the clothing, occupations, marriages, or inequality, the women in this religion seem to be under a magnify glass in society. Islam is the second largest religion and the world and is still increasing in number. Statistics show that estimates of the total number of Muslims range from 0.7 to 1.8 billion worldwide and 1.1 to 7 million in the U.S alone (B.A Robinson). These numbers show that not only is Islam present is everyday society but it is here to stay. The history of Islam started way before America, in the Arabian Peninsula. Before Islam, or Al-Jahiliyah the people of the Arabian plate lived in tribes and the customs were much different to those in present day. Some of the customs that were present before Islam was arranged marriages, the killing of infant girls, and very few rights for women and slaves. All of these pre- Islamic customs were abolished when Islam was brought forth to the people of Arabia. Islam is a religion that not only respects its women but in fact cherishes...
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...subjects, and every candidate shall take all the compulsory subjects and opt for three of the optional subjects carrying 600 marks in all but not more than 200 marks from a single group. 2. A candidate shall answer the language papers in the language concerned. The question paper in Islamiat is to be answered in Urdu or English. All other papers must be answered in English. Violation of this instruction shall incur cancellation of the concerned paper(s) and consequently award of Zero. 3. The compulsory and optional subjects and maximum marks fixed for each subject shall be as below: Sr. No. 1 2 3 COMPULSORY SUBJECTS Subjects English (Précis & Composition) English Essay General Knowledge (a) Current Affairs 100 (b) Every Day Science 100 (c) Pakistan Affairs 100 Islamiat Viva Voce Total Maximum Marks 100 100 300 100 300 900 600 120 4 5 Qualifying marks in the aggregate of written papers: Qualifying marks in the Viva Voce: The non-Muslim candidates will have the option to take Islamiat as a compulsory subject or otherwise Pakistan Affairs (General Knowledge PaperIII) will be treated of 200 marks and counted in lieu of Islamiat. A candidate who fails to appear in any of the compulsory subject will not be allowed to appear in the remaining papers of the examination. No candidate shall be summoned for Viva voce test unless he has obtained at least 33 percent marks in each optional subject, 40% in the each compulsory subject and 50% marks in the aggregate of the written...
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