...Atrial Fibrillation Pathophysiology March 20, 2016 Introduction Atrial Fibrillation, commonly known as A-Fib or AF, is the most common type of persistent cardiac arrhythmia. AF effects only 2% of the population under the age of 65, but 9% of those over the age of 65 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Many other cardiac diseases are seen with AF, either as a cause, or as a result of the atrial fibrillation. Left untreated, AF can result in tachycardia that causes ventricular dysfunction and/or heart failure, along with a significantly increased risk of thromboembolic stroke. I recently conducted an interview with my father who has had AF for nearly 20 years and I compared my findings in the literature against his experiences with the disease. Pathophysiology Atrial Fibrillation is a supraventricular tachyarrthymia. In the heart, ventricular rate is controlled by the conduction and refractory properties of the AV node and the progression of wave fronts entering the AV node. Calcium channels are accountable for the major depolarizing current in AV nodal cells. Beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation boosts AV nodal conduction, whereas vagal stimulation impedes AV nodal conduction. Sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal, as with illness or exertion, speeds up the ventricular rate. After each atrial excitation wave that depolarizes AV nodal tissue, those cells become refractory for a time, preventing subsequent impulses from propagating...
Words: 1970 - Pages: 8
...ANNUAL REPORt 2011 Johnson & Johnson will continue to bring meaningful innovations to people around the world so they can live better and healthier lives. We are deeply committed and dedicated to the people who use our products, our employees, the communities in which we live and work, and you, our shareholders. Most important, we will never lose sight of who we are. ON tHE COVER Matt Cox, who has type 1 diabetes and uses the waterproof ANIMAS® VIBE™ insulin pump, swam an English Channel relay to raise money for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. Matt wants to show his son, Jack, who also has type 1 diabetes, that the condition need not hold him back in life. Read Matt’s story on page 16. CHAIRMAN’S LETTER To Our Shareholders hroughout our annual report this year, you’ll read the severe economic decline; the tightening of consumer about how Johnson & Johnson is bringing meaningful spending and health care budgets; over-the-counter (OTC) innovation to our patients and customers, and making product quality issues at McNeil Consumer Healthcare and a difference in their lives in a personal way—from the recall of the DePuy ASR™ Hip System. Brunhilde Wecker, who made a full recovery from her stroke Our company was severely tested. thanks to our new blood clot retrieval and removal device, In managing through this stretch, we relied heavily on the resolve to our own Bill Hait, an oncologist whose vision and insights of our people and on our time-tested business...
Words: 55630 - Pages: 223
...This Information Service is provided to the client on a personal basis under a non-exclusive and non-transferable licence for the Client’s own direct benefit and use only, and may not be copied or divulged to any other party. Whilst every possible care has been taken in the preparation of this information, the publishers do not hold themselves responsible for any expressions of opinion or error or omission, or any action resulting therefrom. © 2009 IMS Health Incorporated or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Published: June 2009 IMS Market Prognosis Europe 2009-2013 Russia 2009 Table of Contents MARKET SYNOPSIS ....................................................................................................6 FORECAST SUMMARY .................................................................................................8 MARKET FORECAST ...................................................................................................................................... 8 THERAPEUTIC CLASS FORECASTS ................................................................................................................ 12 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT .......................................................................................13 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................................... 13 ECONOMIC GROWTH...
Words: 40871 - Pages: 164
...2013 Citizenship & Sustainability Report Contents Dr. Dalene von Delft recovered from multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Early access to a Johnson & Johnson medicine added to her treatment helped. Inspired by her experience, Dalene founded TB Proof, dedicated to raising awareness of TB among health care workers. Read more at 2013annualreport.jnj.com/stories/ New-Hope-for-MDR-TB-Patients CONTENTS CHAI R MAN’S LETTE R S UCCE SS E S & CHALLE NG E S Advancing Human Health & Well-Being Leading a Dynamic & Growing Business Responsibly Safeguarding the Planet H EALTHY FUTU R E S 2015 GOALS & PROG R E SS U.N. G LOBAL COM PACT DATA S U M MARY G R I I N DEX 2 Letter from Our Chairman & CEO 52 Labor Practices & Workforce Guide to the Icons 4 Successes & Challenges 55 Employee Retention, Development & Recruitment 9 Organizational Profile 58 Compensation 10 Report Profile 58 Diversity & Inclusion The icons below help to communicate the scope and boundary for each topic covered in our report. They represent the audience and locations throughout the world impacted by our business segments or enterprise. 11 Citizenship & Sustainability 59 Political Contributions, Public Policy & Lobbying Citizenship & Sustainability Strategy Our Strategic Framework 62 Intellectual Property 13 Our Citizenship & Sustainability Materiality Assessment Process ...
Words: 54528 - Pages: 219
