...water bodies. | Arkose is a detrital sedimentary rock, specifically a type of sandstone containing at least 25% feldspar. | Syenite a coarse-grained gray igneous rock composed mainly of alkali feldspar and ferromagnesian minerals. | Tephrite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. | Monolith a large single upright block of stone, especially one shaped into or serving as a pillar or monument. | Peridotite is a dense, coarse-grained igneous rock, consisting mostly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene. | Amphibolite is a coarse-grained metamorphic rock that is composed of amphibole minerals and plagioclase feldspar. | Magnetite is a mineral and one of the three common naturally-occurring oxides of iron. | Rhyolite is an igneous, volcanic rock, of felsic (silica-rich) composition (typically > 69% SiO2 | Pelite is a term applied to metamorphic rocks derived from a fine-grained sedimentary protolith. | Turbidite a type of sedimentary rock composed of layered particles that have originated from the oceans. | Siltstone is a sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones. | Pumice is a light-colored, extremely porous igneous rock that forms during explosive volcanic eruptions. | Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite. | Troctolite is a mafic intrusive rock type. It consists essentially of major but variable...
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...Chimney Rock is a great depiction of the American landscape, without any indication of civilization or settlement. The embroidery on fabric was strikingly done as the observer can see the disparity through her stitch work. One can notice complex threading modifications that appear to be a complicated task. Chimney Rock creates three-dimensionality to the multihued landscape as the threading adds an assortment of color and shading elements; Chimney Rock contains different shades of earth tones. Carol Shinn’s embroidery utilizes the basic elements of style to portray the American frontier that truly encapsulates what are nation used to be. Overall, Carol Shinn accomplished a salient reproduction of a natural setting. When viewing Chimney Rock the first thing the viewer should notice is the rocky landscape. In the background the viewer can make out distant mountains and flat mesa tops surrounding a desolate valley of green and brown tones. The sky in the background is a bright blue with not a cloud in sight. Carol Shinn creates an interesting natural aspect to the sky by making it a lighter blue as it touches the tops of the mountains and mesas in the background. As the viewer’s eyes are pulled to the middle ground of the piece the orange and red hills break up the foreground and background. These hills have desert shrubs, so hints of greenery contrast the shifting orange hills below. To the right the orange, sand-like hills shift into a towering mesa that has a shadow cast upon...
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...CheckPoint: Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism occurs when there is a mineralogical, textural, chemical, and structural change in rocks that happens when rocks are exposed to high temperatures and pressures. Metamorphic rocks originate from beneath the earth’s continental curst and above the earth’s mantel (Murck, Skinner, Mackenzie, 2008). This is where the per-exiting rocks are exposed to high temperature and pressure which spaces and forms them into metamorphic rocks. Formation of metamorphic rocks is influenced by the amount of time and at the rate high pressures and temperatures are applied to the rocks, and by the presence or absence of liquid. When rocks are subjected to high temperature some of its minerals began to recrystallize or involve chemical reactions that develop new minerals, however the composition of the rocks does not change (Murck, el at., 2008). As the temperature grade level of the metamorphism rises, new minerals began to form or at higher grade level the minerals disappear again (Murck, el at., 2008). The open space in rocks and sediments are called pores, and are usually filled with water or gas fluids. Fluids in pores expedite chemical reactions in metamorphism process, but if pore fluids are not present or are in small amounts the metamorphism process are much slower. Pore spaces are decreased when pressure builds and the fluid is pushed out of the rock, the fluid that is pushed out is often contain dissolved minerals, which can be absorbed...
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...To geologists, a rock is a natural substance composed of solid crystals of different minerals that have been fused together into a solid lump. The minerals may or may not have been formed at the same time. What matters is that natural processes glued them all together. There are three basic types of rock: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Extremely common in the Earth's crust, igneous rocks are volcanic and form from molten material. They include not only lava spewed from volcanoes, but also rocks like granite, which are formed by magma that solidifies far underground. Typically, granite makes up large parts of all the continents. The seafloor is formed of a dark lava called basalt, the most common volcanic rock. Basalt is also found in volcanic lava flows, such as those in Hawaii, Iceland, and large parts of the U.S. Northwest. Granite rocks can be very old. Some granite, in Australia, is believed to be more than four billion years old, although when rocks get that old, they've been altered enough by geological forces that it's hard to classify them. Sedimentary rocks are formed from eroded fragments of other rocks or even from the remains of plants or animals. The fragments accumulate in low-lying areas—lakes, oceans, and deserts—and then are compressed back into rock by the weight of overlying materials. Sandstone is formed from sand, mudstone from mud, and limestone from seashells, diatoms, or bonelike minerals precipitating out of calcium-rich water. Fossils are...
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...Rock Excavation Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to present rock excavation at an elementary level and provide key considerations and methods of removal when projects requiring rock excavation are encountered. The paper studies three aspects of rock excavation as it relates to building construction. First, rock-breaking processes are introduced and the most commonly used methods in building construction are identified. Second, the environmental impacts related to rock excavation are discussed to provide awareness of the various concerns contractors should consider when planning rock excavation operations. Third, cost implications and scheduling considerations associated with rock excavation are analyzed from an estimating perspective. As a supplement to the academic discussion, findings from an interview with General Excavation, Inc. are presented to provide an actual contractor’s perspective on the topics discussed throughout this paper. The following information will provide an understanding of rock excavation and the various considerations (i.e. cost, local regulations, safety, etc.) contractor’s should have in mind when estimating and planning projects that involve rock excavation. The Rock Breaking Process When determining the proper method for excavating rock there are a few things you should consider. Determine how much rock you anticipate needs excavating. Is the rock solid? Is the rock easily accessible, how far below grade? Do the aesthetics...
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... AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS Rocks are in order to make it easier on people to confirm them in the future. This can be done in a numerous ways. Each rock type has their own specific ways, but there are two different aspect that apply to all. The particular and composition. These two, before with some others help to classify igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. The First Group is Igneous rocks are historical first by construction. This is broken down mainly into grain size. First there are intrusive, or plutonic igneous rocks. These types of rocks cool within the crust and form large, visible crystals. The opposite would be extrusive, or volcanic rocks. “These rocks are characterized as either extrusive or intrusive”. Types of Extrusive Rocks Basalt is normally a dense, dark, massive rocks, high in calcium and iron magnesium- bearing minerals and low in quartz content. Andesite is an extrusive rock intermediate in composition between rhyolite and basalt. Andesite lava is of moderate viscosity and forms thick lava flows and domes. Rhyolite is a felsic extrusive rock. Due to the high silica content, rhyolite lava is very viscous. It flows slowly, like tooth paste squeezed out of a tube, and tends to pile up and form lava domes. Intrusive igneous rocks are made from silica and plagioclase. They tend to be grays and browns in color. And then, felsic rocks are light in color and contains with some amphibole and biotitew. Granite is an igneous rock composed mostly of...
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...All about Sedimentary Rocks Zakk Wylde SCI/245 January 30, 2011 Stephen Hallin The changing plate interactions and shifting plate junctures, helps us to understand the sedimentary basins. Although plate tectonics is mostly about the horizontal movements of the lithosphere, it also involves large vertical movements which accounts for changes of the crust thickness. Thick sedimentation has to have an initial depression or progressive subsidence to proceed; the auxiliary vertical movements are what mostly control the sedimentary basins (how they evolve). Geographic changes related to the governing horizontal movements also affect patterns of sedimentation strongly. Therefore, sedimentation can be viewed as the result of a succession of discrete plate tectonic settings, and plate interactions whose effects blend into a continuum of development. Sedimentary rocks are composed from deposits of material worn away from pre-existing rocks. “The word sedimentary comes from the Latin word sedimentum, which means settling. They come from the cementation of sediments that result from the erosion of older rocks. The characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is their stratification or layering. Examples of sedimentary rock include; chalk, coal, limestone, sandstone...
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...The Rock Cycle is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.Igneous rock forms when magma cools and makes crystals. Magma is a hot liquid made of melted minerals. The minerals can form crystals when they cool. Igneous rock can form underground, where the magma cools slowly. Or, igneous rock can form above ground, where the magma cools quickly.When it pours out on Earth's surface, magma is called lava. Yes, the same liquid rock matter that you see coming out of volcanoes.On Earth's surface, wind and water can break rock into pieces. They can also carry rock pieces to another place. Usually, the rock pieces, called sediments, drop from the wind or water to make a layer. The layer can be buried under other layers of sediments. After a long time the sediments can be cemented together to make sedimentary rock. In this way, igneous rock can become sedimentary rock.All rock can be heated. But where does the heat come from? Inside Earth there is heat from pressure (push your hands together very hard and feel the heat). There is heat from friction (rub your hands together and feel the heat). There is also heat from radioactive decay (the process that gives us nuclear power plants that make electricity).So, what does the heat do to the rock? It bakes the rock.Baked rock does not melt, but it does change. It...
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...Material History of Rock Worksheet Leah Bechtel 12/09/2012 SCI/245 Robert Dillon Write a 500- to 750-word explanation regarding the role of plate tectonics in the origin of igneous rocks. The role of plate tectonics in the origin of igneous rock is extremely important. Igneous rock is formed from magma that reaches the continental and oceanic crust or through hot spots that are around the world. There are three different places where igneous rocks can form; where the lithospheric plates pull apart at mid ocean ridges, where plates come together at seduction zones, and where continental crust is pushed together making the crust thicker and allowing it to heat to a melting point. The word igneous comes from the Latin word for fire, igneous rocks start off as a hot, fluid material which is usually erupted from the Earth’s surface as lava, or magma at shallow depths or deep depths. Magma is a mush like material that can carry a load of minerals, but people often think of lava and magma as a liquid like material of molten metals. The three types of igneous rocks are extrusive, intrusive and platonic rocks. Extrusive rocks are rocks that form and cool on the crust of the Earth whether it is on the continental crust or the oceanic crust. Extrusive rocks cool quickly, within a few seconds to months and they have invisible or very small grains; extrusive rocks have an aphanitic texture. Intrusive rocks are rocks that form within already existing rocks causing sills and dikes...
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...Metamorphic Rocks University Of Phoenix By: Laurea Pruitt August 29, 2010 Where do metamorphic rocks originate? Metamorphic rock is produced from pre-existing rock that is altered, but not melted by heat and pressure deep below the earth's surface. Common metamorphic rocks include marble, which forms from limestone, and slate from shale or mudstone. If the pressure and heat increase to the point where the rock melts, magma forms to produce new igneous rock. They originate from non-metamorphic rocks which get changed in some way; for example through pressure and temperature. Typically rocks that form near surface undergo progressive burial or seduction, exposing rocks to higher temperature and/or pressure conditions than they saw at formation. The changes in pressure and temperature cause the minerals to deform and recrystallize, and even involves changes in bulk chemistry addition or removal of chemical constituents like water and carbon dioxide. When you find metamorphic rocks at the surface of the earth, that means that either a lot of rock has eroded, exposing the rocks that were once much deeper in the crust, or there has been some really significant fault movement that has brought the rocks from deep in the crust toward the surface. Metamorphic rocks are formed from Igneous or sedimentary or both type of rocks due to excessive heat. The rocks first change their shape and size and then due to pressure, they become metamorphic rocks, Most metamorphic rock classification...
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...by movement along a fault by a volcanic eruption. The vibration can be violent with widespread damage and injury, or if maybe hardly felt at all. Earthquakes can occur at the surface of the earth or as deep as 400 miles below the surface which can trigger other hazards such as landslides and/or tsunamis. These geo-hazards can have far reaching effects on humans and more importantly the surface of the earth. Earthquakes can be small and may cause no damage, whereas a large earthquake may cause destruction over a wide area and may be felt thousands of miles away. There are three types of rock found in Hawaii. Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic which are parts of the rock-forming process where rocks go through the rock cycle, where all of these rocks are subject to the process of changing from one rock type to another. Reference Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks (2011) Exploring Earth. Retrieved 2:42, December 12, 2011, from...
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...| Rocks of Connecticut | [Type the document subtitle] | | Raury Duffy | 4/27/2011 | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | I’ve lived in Connecticut my whole life and until now I was unaware of its geological history. Admiring the landscape of the state has always been one of my great pleasures. When I traveled around the country I would compare the natural wonders of each state to my own. Besides the rocky mountains in Colorado and the white mountains of New Hampshire few places match Connecticut’s regal terrain. Growing up in Bristol I would hike up to Pinnacle Mountain in Plainville, my friends and I would stand in awe of the magnificent rock structures. In the summer I would go on vacation to Old Lyme, it was there I fell in love with the earth’s most beautiful contrasts, the ocean meeting the rock and vice a versa. But until now I never educated myself on how all this magnificence came about. In this paper I will chronologically describe the eras and events that formed Connecticut’s geologic history. The oldest rocks provide a window through time telling a story of continental collisions so powerful that they raised mountains thousands of feet high. Others reveal evidence of a slow but constant attack from the elements that wore down those same majestic...
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...Worksheet Use the following table to compare extrusive and intrusive rocks. Describe and compare each type in at least 150 words. |Extrusive Rock |Intrusive Rock | |Extrusive rocks are formed from lava and form outside of the |One form of igneous rocks, intrusive rocks, derives directly from| |earth. When lava is exposed to the atmosphere or water outside of|magma and solidifies within the earth. Since intrusive rocks are | |the earth, this causes the lava to cool very rapidly in |within the earth, they cool very slowly taking anywhere from | |comparison to intrusive rocks. This rapid cooling does not allow |thousands to millions of years to cool enough to completely | |the rock time to form large crystals in the way that intrusive |solidify. The cooling rate of intrusive rocks enables the | |rocks do. Extrusive rocks have a fine-grained texture known to |crystals to form that are visible to the naked eye, which gives | |geologists as aphanitic, because the mineral crystals present |them a coarse grain compared to extrusive rocks. This visible | |within the rock are very small. Examples of extrusive igneous |grain is called a phaneritic texture. Granite is one example of | |rocks are basalt and obsidian |an intrusive igneous rock. | | ...
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...Shosanna Spill Tricia Swoope ENG 112 03 July 2010 Rock Music Rock is a popular form of music that has evolved over the past couple of decades starting in the 1950s until present day. Rock music has been known to be used as a form of expression over the years. Despite its sometimes negative and defiant lyrics, rock is a form of art that allows one to release his/her feelings through singing in an expressive tone. Later styles of heavy rock music in the 1990s, such as grunge, the typical example being Seattle's Nirvana, show influences of heavy metal but are typically not labelled sub-genres of heavy metal, as opposed to thrash metal and glam metal. The general absence of virtuosic guitar solos is perhaps one reason grunge bands haven't been considered heavy metal bands. Another key artist during this time was Megadeth, which combined the relentless, speedy thrash metal riffs with the fancy guitar soloing of speed metal like Judas Priest. Rock-n-Roll has never just been music. Heavy metal, Rhythm & Blues, Art Rock, New Wave, and the rest may be primary styles or genres but as sub-categories of rock, or rockin’ roll they do not cumulatively add up to the whole. Rock n’ Roll is a movement, a lifestyle, in many ways a belief system and all that Rock n Roll is today it owes to history: two years, no more than three when the fabric of American popular culture was torn apart and rewoven, and a new era explosively began. Rock n Roll started with slavery. To understand we must...
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...Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rocks are very complex rocks that give us information on our past. Distinguishable characteristics such as color, size, and rounding of the sediments tell scientists about the environment that was once there long ago. How are the sediments formed to preserve this archive of our past? The system of how a rock is formed from sediment is complex and can occur without even knowing. The first step is the sediment. Sediments are tiny particles that are shaved off of rocks, soil, and other solid objects by a fluid source. These sources can include wind, water, and ice. In order to break down this process, the types of sediments must be introduced. Clastic Sediment Clastic sediment is formed from rock and mineral debris as a result of weathering and erosion. The clasts come in a variety of sizes and this is how they are classified. The biggest of the clasts is gravel. Gravel is classified as sediment with pea-sized or larger particles. When gravel becomes compacted and forms a rock, it is known as a conglomerate. The next type of clast is sand. Sand sediments are smaller than gravel, usually the size of a pinhead. When sand hardens, it forms a rock known as sandstone. Getting even smaller is silt. Silt is around the size of a grain of salt. Silt can form into siltstone once compacted and hardened. Finally, there is clay. Clay can be the size of flour particles, or even smaller. Mudstone or shale is the result of rock formation. Another type of sediment...
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