In: Science
...required to break down the ECM are osteoclasts. Osteoclasts secret lysosomal enzymes which creates a more acidic environment that digests the matrix and protons. This acidic environment converts calcium salts into soluble forms. The osteoblasts then phagocytize the demineralized matrix and the dead...
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...Antioxidants, Bone Health, and Metabolic Process in Bodybuilding Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons and hydrogen from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reactions can produce free radicals and in turn, these radicals can start negative chain reactions. When these chain reactions occur in cells they can cause damage to the cell’s DNA that in turn causes muscle, joint, and tendon damage and inflammation. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions. Antioxidants such as vitamin C and E can play an important role in reducing inflammation, fatigue, tissue damage, and both prevent and treat injuries. This can play a major role when trying to gain muscle mass due to the fact that your muscles break down when working out. Antioxidants are a vital supplement for athletes as well as body builders. When you exercise heavily in any form, your body actually produces free radicals because your energy systems and metabolism are working at such a high capacity. Taking antioxidant supplements daily can reduce the chances of these free radicals harming your cell production and tissue growth and repair. One of the most important antioxidants that athletes as well as the general public should consume daily is Vitamin C. Your body uses large amounts of vitamin C to fight off infections, colds, and disease and......
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...The purpose of calcium and phosphorus in the body is to build bones and teeth and give rigidity to the structures. Bone is continually being built with new bone being formed, whilst this also happens to teeth, it is at a much slower rate. Calcium circulates the body in the blood and appears in other body tissues where it helps blood to clot, muscles to contract and nerves to transmit impulses. A major source of calcium is from milk and to a lesser extent, milk products. Without milk or milk products in a diet, it can be difficult to get enough calcium. Other good sources of calcium include tinned salmon and sardines which include the bones and several greens such as broccoli, mustard greens and turnip greens. People who have a vegan diet are also able to source calcium from calcium-set...
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...cations are positively charged and Ions that move to the positive which are called anions are negatively charged. They can be divided into acids, bases, and salts, because they all give ions when dissolved in water. Electrolytes are present in the human body, and the balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs. Electrolytes are important because they are what your cells, especially nerve, heart and muscle use to maintain voltages across their cell membranes and to carry electrical impulses such as nerve impulses and muscle contractions across themselves and to other cells. The major electrolytes that are in our body are as follows: sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), phosphate (PO42-), sulfate (SO42-). Sodium is an abundant metallic element which is an important mineral for all living organisms. It is also widely used industrially to make an assortment of consumer goods. In a pure form, sodium is a soft, silvery gray, highly reactive metal. Pure sodium is usually stored in a nonreactive substance, as it oxidizes rapidly when exposed to air, quickly forming a thick coating. The soft metal appears in an abundance of compounds, such as sodium chloride, better known as salt. It also exists in high concentrations in seawater, and it is among the 10 most abundant minerals in the Earth's crust. The chemical element of sodium is also highly explosive when......
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...Tiffany Finger Perio II 9.23.13 Be strong- Choose Calcium Phosphate When one thinks about it, what are the natural building blocks of teeth? The answer is simple: calcium and phosphate! Combined, these materials are much like bone in composition and range in different forms used in dentistry, such as cements, coatings, tooth replacement, and composites. Because teeth require much force and strength, calcium phosphate is an excellent choice because of it’s nontoxicity and biocompatability. Calcium phosphate can benefit nearly any patient experiencing discomfort in the oral cavity, and our role ad dental hygientists are here to help! The overall pH level of one’s oral cavity can effect bacteria mechanism in many ways. Once the pH level drops below 5.5, demineralization occurs, reculting in loss of calcium and phosphate. In this case, Fluoride suppliments are a good recommendation to help with the remineralization phase. Because Fluoride contains calcium phosphate, it collects on the enamel of the tooth, building a layer that makes the tooth more acid-resistant. This will help aid in less bacteria formation, which can overall decrease caries. Calcium Sodium Phosphate (CSP)is a mixture of compounds known to help with dental hypersensitivity, including toothpastes, desensitizing toothpastes, prophy paste, and air polishing powder. When exposed to saliva, the sodium helps resist acid, while in time the calcium and phosphate assist in remineralization. Most of the......
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...What is Osteoporosis? According the National Osteoporosis Society, in the UK population one in five men and one in two women over the age of 50, will sustain a bone fracture as a likely consequence of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a progressive disease which affects bone density and is characterised by the structure of the bone becoming more porous. Under a microscope osteoporotic bone is clearly identifiable, as it contains many more holes within the structure of the bone matrix compared to normal bone. This change in bone mass causes the bone to be structurally weaker and makes it more vulnerable to fracture. Ordinarily, healthy bone structure relies on two finely balanced processes of; bone formation and bone breakdown. In the case of osteoporosis, bone breakdown occurs more rapidly than bone formation, compromising both structure and strength. Furthermore the National Osteoporosis Society states that the daily cost of osteoporosis to the NHS is £6 million a day, with over one thousand deaths each month resulting from osteoporosis related hip fractures. These statistics are even more shocking when we consider that osteoporosis is largely a preventable disease. Symptoms and Diagnosis? Osteoporosis is problematic as it largely progresses in an asymptomatic manner, with diagnosis often not occurring until the point of the first fracture. At this stage the disease is well established and the bone density is already compromised. Commonly, fractures occur within the wrist......
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...According to her blood chemistry test, her blood calcium level is 7.3 mg/dl. This means her calcium level is low than normal. This indicates that there was no calcium supplement found in her diet which lower the value of bone mineral density. This leads to the thinning of bone. If her test result would have been normal and she would have consumed more food that is rich with calcium, her bone would not have been fractured. The thinning of the bone takes place whenever there is low calcium level along with other factors listed above like Estrogen level, Vitamin D...
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...The average child spends six and a half hours a day at school, eight hours sleeping, a few hours of bus time, and an hour to get ready in the morning. This leaves children approximately four hours of time awake at home. So children are spending more time at school than home during the five day school week. With that in mind one would hope schools are providing a nutritionally, as well as educationally, sound environment for children to develop. Unfortunately, as long soft drinks are in schools they are not. Permitting soft drinks to be readily available to students is detrimental to their health in several areas of concern: growing obesity trends; weakening of the bones; and of course there are several other concerning area. Overall, the consumption of soft drinks should be limited by everyone, especially children, and the first place to start is by eliminating the option at school. Fizz Weight In today’s society one is fixated on bigger is better and moderation has lost its way. “During the past 40 years, the obesity rate for children ages 6 to 11 has more than quadrupled (from 4.2 percent to 17 percent). And for adolescents ages 12 to 19, it has more than tripled (from 4.6 percent to 17.6 percent)” (Keeping Kids Healthy). Soft drinks fall into the top of the food pyramid, which means they should be consumed very seldom. With moderation thrown out the window consumption of soft drinks are high and so are the obesity rates. The distribution of soft drinks in schools......
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...provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues. Movement bones enable body movements by acting as levers and points of attachment for muscles. Protective, bones such as the skull and rib cage protect vital organs from injury. Bones also protect the marrow. Metabolic, mineral storage. Bones serve as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorus, essential minerals for various cellular activities throughout the body. Blood cell production. The production of blood cells, or hematopoietic, occurs in the red marrow found within the cavities of certain bones. Energy storage. Lipids (fats) stored in adipose cells of the yellow marrow serve as an energy reservoir. The whole package of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons that make up the human skeletal system account for about 20 percent of our body weight — not much for the big job of keeping us moving and healthy. To ensure that your bones stay healthy, aim to consume at least 1,200mg of calcium every day. The best sources of calcium include milk, yogurt and cheese. Other good sources include broccoli, kale, canned salmon with the bones and calcium-fortified foods. Vitamins play a role in the management of the body's chemical reactions, which involve how the body uses food for energy, and how it maintains and regulates body tissue. Minerals function in the production of hormones, maintenance of regular heartbeat and bone formation. Vitamins and minerals differ in origin. Organic vitamins come from plants and......
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...Food Studies Role of calcium reducing risk factors in the diet. Calcium is a vital nutrient mineral in the diet. Some of it’s many functions include, the formation of bones and teeth, helping our blood to clot and intracellular signalling in nerves and muscle. When we consume insufficient amounts of this nutrient we can encounter many risk factors such as Osteoporosis. O’berine of the National Dairy Council states that over 200 million people have osteoporosis worldwide. This includes one in four women and results in weak brittle bones which can fracture easily. The Recommended Dietary Allowances for Ireland in 1999 were 800 mg per day for adult men and women. This RDA remains the same today. NANs 2011 reports that Calcium intakes were below the EAR(estimated average requirements) in 16% of women aged 18-64 years. This would contribute to the one in four women being diagnosed with osteoporosis as their calcium levels are too low. American Bone Health (2011) states that 90% of our bone mass has been formed by the age of eighteen. This is reflected in the fact that the RDA of calcium for teenager is 1200mg. If we can encourage young people to increase their calcium intake before reaching their peak bone mass we can greatly decrease the risk factor of developing osteoporosis. The After peak bone mass is reached our bones gradually lose mass and if we did not consume enough calcium this can lead to porous fragile bones. Therefore it is vital to increase our calcium intake......
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...researchers collected blood and urine samples from the subjects. Subjects consuming HPHD diets showed adequate bone health after 16-weeks of monitored exercise evidence. In another study, researchers measured the plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 plays an important role in proper skeletal growth and development. Subjects consuming 42 g protein compared to the group consuming 70 g carbohydrate had an increase in plasma IGF-1 (P = 0.01). In another study, researchers measured calcium absorption by collecting blood and urine samples to assess the effects of the diet on biomarkers of bone metabolism. In this 15-week study, researchers discovered that a diet with high protein increased the absorption of dietary calcium and IGF-I by >20% compared to the low protein diet. In another study, participants were given either a 30g whey protein drink or a placebo of 2.1g protein drink over a 2-year period. DXA scans of hip areal bone mineral density and serum IGF-1 were measured. The increased protein intake did not have beneficial or deleterious effects on bone mass or strength. From the four studies reviewed, it appears that high protein consumption plays some role in bone structure, and has a particularly strong association with IGF-1. This has positive implications for high protein...
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...form. (Four different) Carotenoids- Six-hundred naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Colors range from yellow to orange to red; three are converted into vitamin A. Isoflavones- Poly phenolic compounds that are capable of exerting estrogen similar effects. Phytochemicals produced in legumes; soybeans main source. Flavonoids- Found in fruit and vegetables, tea, red wine, dark chocolate. Polyphenolic (phytochemicals) molecules containing 15 carbon atoms and are soluble in water Anthocyanin- Vacuolar plant pigments that appear red, purple, or blue. Found in berries, grapes, and red cabbage. Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and beta-carotene are micronutrients that are known to have antioxidant roles. 10.3 Vitamin E Megadoses- An intake of a of a nutrient beyond what is needed to prevent a deficiency or what’s found in a balanced diet. Plant oils, Avocados, Breakfast cereals, margarines, spreads, shortening, dry-roasted sunflower seeds, sunflower oil, wheat germs, peanut butter, mangos, mayo, almonds, and canola oil are good sources of Vitamin E. Preterm infants have low vitamin E stores because it’s transferred from mom to baby during late stages pf pregnancy. Smokers can lack vitamin E because smoke can kill...
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...rigidity. During the relaxed phase of muscle contraction, adenosine triphosphate and phosphate (ADP and Pi) are bound to the myosin S1 fragment, which is in a strained vertical position. Depolarization to the sarcoplasmic reticulum occurs followed by the depolarization of the triad region which initiates the release of calcium into the cytosol. This calcium then binds to troponin. A conformational change in the actin-tropomyosin interaction is induced by the troponin-calcium complex, which allows myosin to bind to actin. The binding allows the S1 to move to the unstrained position, causing muscle contraction. During this process, ADP and Pi are released. The muscle contraction results from the shortening of every sarcomere in every muscle fiber of the motor units that is recruited. ATP, if available, then binds to the S1. The ATP is then broken down to ADP and Pi. This result causes the S1 to move to the strained position. ADP and Pi remain attached to the S1. Halothane induces muscle stiffness or rigidity in by an excessive amount of calcium prolonging muscle contraction. The excess calcium released by the muscle cell causes the calcium...
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...essential nutrients, including protein, calcium, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and vitamin B12. The amount of nutrients in cheese may vary depending on the composition of milk used and also how the cheese is made, but the major nutrients found in cheese include: [1,2,3,4]: Protein – is important for growth and development, and helping to build and repair tissues in the body. Calcium – is important for the health of bones and teeth, and for normal nerve and muscle function. Zinc – can contribute to the structure of skin, can assist in wound healing, and can also help support immune function. Phosphorus – is important for the health of bones and teeth. Vitamin A – is a fat soluble vitamin which is important for vision, for maintaining the health of skin, as well as being important for bones. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) – is involved in converting energy from food, for use by the body. Vitamin B12 – is important for producing cells in the body, such as red blood cells. The Dietary Guidelines for Australians recommend that we enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods and include milk, yogurt, cheese and/or alternatives (choosing reduced fat varieties where possible), for the nutritional benefits they can provide – particularly calcium [5,6]. According to the 1995 National Nutrition Survey, dairy foods are the richest source of calcium in the Australian diet, providing over 50% of the total calcium in an adult’s diet and over 60%......
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...Overview Hypercalcemia is the most common life-threatening metabolic disorder associated with neoplastic diseases, occurring in an estimated 10% to 20% of all adults with cancer. It also occurs in children with cancer, but with much less frequency (approximately 0.5%–1%).[1-3] Solid tumors (such as lung or breast cancer tumors) as well as certain hematologic malignancies (particularly multiple myeloma) are most frequently associated with hypercalcemia.[4] Although early diagnosis followed by hydration and treatment with agents that decrease serum calcium concentrations (hypocalcemic drugs) can produce symptomatic improvements within a few days, diagnosis may be complicated because symptoms may be insidious at onset and can be confused with those of many malignant and nonmalignant diseases. However, diagnosis and timely interventions not only are lifesaving in the short term but also may enhance the patient’s compliance with primary and supportive treatments and may improve quality of life.[5] When a patient has a refractory, widely disseminated malignancy for which specific therapy is no longer being pursued, the patient may want to consider withholding therapy for hypercalcemia. For patients or families who have expressed their wishes regarding end-of-life issues, this may represent a preferred timing and/or mode of death (as compared with a more prolonged death from advancing metastatic disease). This option is best considered long before the onset of severe hypercalcemia......
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