...INDIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA IN EDUCATION By J. P. NAIK 1.One of the major educational controversies today refers to the role of the Government of India in education. Prima facie education is a State subject. Entry 11 of the List II of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution lays down that “education including universities, subject to the provisions of Entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and Entry 25 of List III” should be a State subject. But there are some other provisions in the Constitution itself which contradict the almost absolute delegation of authority suggested by this entry in the State list; and what is even more significant, the Central Government has since shown an unprecedented activity and interest in the field of education ever since the attainment of independence. In 1947, it appointed a University Commission and has since been engaged in evolving common policies in Higher education such as the introduction of the three-year degree course. This was followed by a Secondary Education Commission which tried to introduce a number of uniform trends in a field where the Centre has had hardly any constitutional authority. No Commission was appointed in the field of Primary education. But the scheme of Basic education was declared to have gone beyond the stage of experimentation and was also adopted as the national pattern at the Elementary stage. The interest of the Central Government in Technical education and scientific research...
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...Reading #1 Keeping Quality Teachers The Art of Retaining General and Special Education Teachers Building a Framework: The Role of the Administrator in Teacher Retention Working conditions cannot improve without a commitment from district and building level leadership. Superintendents, principals and special education administrators are key personnel in retaining teachers. In addition, the role of administration in retention and support for special educators is particularly crucial given a history of exclusion and isolation from general education that many special educators have experienced. Section One in this document summarizes the critical importance of administration in teacher retention.School leaders at all levels of education can use the resources and strategies in this document to strengthen their efforts to ensure that students learn with high quality teachers. It should be noted that the term “school leader” extends beyond the role of superintendent or principal. Often, assistant superintendents, vice principals, or others are responsible for certain areas and this needs to be acknowledged when reading the strategies that are recommended. Further, some issues discussed here are building level, while others are district level. The categories described in Section Two touch on most aspects of effective school leadership. Therefore, this section will describe administrative strategies specific to those categories. A more in-depth and complete description of...
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...understanding of the following learning objective: • Identify the various roles of team members in providing academic support in an inclusive environment. The assignment represents your mastery of the Course Learning Outcome 4. Murawski and Spencer (2011) define inclusion as “an academic setting that provides support and service in the general education classroom so that students with a disability have equitable access to the same curriculum as their peers” (p. 19). Inclusion can consist of one class period up to a full day (i.e., “full inclusion”). Regardless of the time spent within the general education classroom, the overarching theme of inclusive education is collaboration between the general educator, the special educator, service providers, and paraprofessionals/instructional assistants to provide meaningful and engaging curriculum for all students. Strategies for creating materials and providing instructional delivery vary depending on your role in the collaborative education team. One method for developing and teaching lessons is through Universal Design for Learning (UDL), which is used “to reduce barriers, as well as optimize levels of challenge and support, to meet the needs of all learners from the start” (National Center on Universal Design for Learning, 2012, para. 2). Team members involved in this type of planning and delivery include the general educator and any other education or service providers who support students with disabilities in the general classroom...
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...Intervention (RTI): The Saving Grace of Special Education Regent University December 1, 2015 Abstract For years, special education has been bombarded with increased referrals of students for services, consistent behavior issues with identified students, and the lack of academic progress made by students with disabilities. The implementation of a multi-tiered intervention strategy, such as Response to Intervention (RTI), improves the quality of the referral process, decreases instances of behavior issues, and improves academic outcomes for students receiving special education services. In an effort to organize and implement delivery of social, behavioral, and academic supports, many schools have adopted a tiered Response to Intervention (RTI) framework. Special educators indicated some barriers to effective implementation of a multi-tiered intervention strategy such as RTI. Teachers listed multiple barriers, however, they also indicated several perceived benefits to themselves and to students from the RTI procedures. If you have ever been at the pool or lake and witnessed someone drowning, your first instinct is to get that person some help! That help may consist of you calling for a lifeguard, throwing that person a lifesaver, or going in yourself to save the individual that is drowning. The introduction of multi-tiered instructional systems and the impact it has had on special education is just like that lifesaver. For years, special education has been bombarded with increased...
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...MATTERS” Keith A. Humphreys Centre for Advancement in Special Education University of Hong Kong The development of inclusive education practices have led to worldwide discussion of how best to deliver a more equal education opportunity for all. In Hong Kong this has led to the development of the concept of an inclusive curriculum for special schools. This paper looks at the implications of writing an inclusive curriculum that has common curriculum content for all pupils that is based on the State curriculum. Over a four year period, nine special schools for pupils of different designated disability collectively pooled their resources to work for one common curriculum goal. In doing so they discovered that the biggest challenge was to the teacher’s hearts and minds. Over 130 teachers were involved in the project. It required a significant paradigm shift in the way the teachers thought both about what they taught and how they taught. It required a common team effort within and across each school. It was apparent that providing equal opportunity to raise standards of education for the all the pupils required the recognition that every teacher had to change their way of thinking, every teacher matters. Introduction Four years ago, nine special schools embarked on a development program to work out an inclusive curriculum. When they met the schools were all designated with different disability responsibilities and each of them had their own separate curriculum. They...
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...are sharing school news and airing their concerns during lunch break. English Teacher: I’m getting another special education student next week—with rather severe learning disabilities this time, I’m told. I’ll have this student in my composition and literature classes, along with a student with behavior disorders I’ve been coping with already. On top of that, as you all know, state assessments are coming up and our district curriculum standards committee is in the midst of who-knows-how-many meetings that seem to never end, and on it goes. Geometry Teacher: I hear you. What’s more, our special ed teachers don’t seem to be working with these kids separately like they did when I first started teaching. But that was before inclusion, collaboration, and co-teaching became part of our teaching vocabulary. Music Teacher: And before national “experts” had come up with things like No Child Left Behind and Common Core Standards. English Teacher: Well, anyway, I was told that one of the special ed teachers is coming to our next departmental meeting to consult with us and talk about our roles in helping these students with their special needs. I understand we’re going to be asked to set aside time to collaborate with the special ed teachers. That’s along with all the other things we do, of course. We may even be encouraged to do some co-teaching with other teachers. Physical Education Teacher/Coach: Hmmm, don’t those two words cancel each other out? “Consult” and “collaborate,” I mean. I believe...
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...The role of the special education teacher in the IEP meeting is to provide suggestions for instructional strategies, modifications vs accommodations, and services. The special education teacher brings classroom experience of how to implement the specific needs of the student to the classroom. While the administration is making sure that the needs are met legally and within the scope of what the district can provide, the special education brings knowledge and experience from working directly with students each day. The special education teacher oversee the student's total educational plan in collaboration with all IEP team members ("IEP Team Member Roles and Responsibilities," 2011). The special education teacher is the primary person that...
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...Special Education Your principal has come to you as a member of the Child Study Team and asked you to present an inservice to the classroom teachers of your building about their role in the IEP process. Provide detailed information about your presentation, helping teachers to understand how important their input and collaborative efforts will be to the Team process. Classroom teachers need to do a number of things as participants in the IEP process. It is, after all, a process that is ongoing from the time a child’s problem is observed until the child is identified as a special education student. Even after that, the classroom teacher, as part of the Team, is a valuable participant in the success of the child. First, teachers need to be observant and cognizant of the abilities and inabilities of his/her students as compared to the age and grade level of the rest of the students in his/her classroom. In this way, he/she can determine whether the differences noted are obvious enough to result in a discrepancy between achievement and ability and detrimental enough to the child’s success to warrant a comprehensive evaluation. Next, he/she needs to document, document, document—document behaviors, document strategies attempted, and document the results of those strategies—did they work or didn’t they? All classroom teachers should be trained and involved in the GEST (General Education Support Team) process. This process looks at regular education students and determines whether...
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...1.Know the structure of education from early years to post compulsory education. 1a) Summarise entitlement and provision for early years. Early year’s education is for children aged 3-5 years of age. It is used in nurseries and reception classes. Children aged 3 and 4 in England get 15 hours a week free education that the government funds to local authorities to make sure every child receives this before reaching school age. Early years provision is supporting young children. Learning through play is the key element and is used more in early years than a formal education. This is because play shows to be more helpful in a child’s early development. 1b) Explain the characteristics of the different types of school in relation to educational stages and governance. There are 4 types of mainstream state school community, foundation and trust, voluntary and specialist. These 4 types follow the national curriculum. Other types include Independent/Free schools and academies; these don’t have to follow the curriculum and are governed in different ways. Community schools Run and owned by local authorities and not by their governing body. The local authority will usually determine the admissions policy and support the school in looking at ways to develop links within the local community. They also provide support services to the school. Some community schools, local groups use school facilities to hold classes of their own. Foundation and trust schools Foundation schools are run...
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...INTRODUCTION The importance of education, as a dynamic and strong apparatus for developing people and their society, is increasingly being felt, especially in developing nations of the world including Nigeria. In fact, the belief in the efficacy of education has resulted in increasing commitment to the establishment of schools, colleges and universities and expansion of school enrolment all over the country. Though the area of pupil personnel services has received very little attention in the professional literature, it is an administrative post that is critical to the effective operation of a school district (Duffy, 1990). Because some of the pupil personnel functions such as special education and counseling services are particularly sensitive, they have become areas of increasing concern at all level of education. This paper seeks to discuss the area of function of pupil’s personnel management in the primary school system. MEANING OF PUPIL PERSONNEL SERVICES These are special student services that supplement and support the instructional program. Except in schools with very small enrollments, the main role of the administrator in pupil personnel services is one of integrating these services with instruction and coordinating the various kinds of personnel services. Though the area of pupil personnel services has received very little attention in the professional literature, it is an administrative post that is critical to the effective operation of a school system (Duffy...
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...History of Special Education Erin Hauser SPE/300 May 4, 2015 Tabatha Astacio Arce Introduction Special Education has come a long way particularly since the enactment of two federal laws: the EHA (Education for All Handicapped Children Act) and the IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act). The EHA requires public education for all children with disabilities and the IDEA requires special education for those children. How Terminology Has Changed The term “mental retardation” has such an offensive vibe to it. Many teachers get upset when people use this term. However, it is used because that is what was written into the text of federal law. It says “ …a learning problem that is primarily the result of visual, hearing, mental retardation…” (20 U.S.C. 1401(30)). Some states have changed the terminology in their state statutes to “cognitive disability” or “intellectual disability”. Many people do not like the words “handicap” or “crippled” even, as it implies a negative feel towards the person. Some believe this makes us focus on their disability instead of the person and their gifts and talents. Many people refer to people with these struggles as “exceptional” as others have preferred “challenged” or “differently-abled”. Our society tends to focus on the negative in people or the “different” in people who don’t fit the “normal” criteria such as fashionable, intelligent, middle to upper class, athletic. Why Students are in the Least Restrictive Environment ...
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...Organizational Diagnosis Paper – Commander Support Staff By M. April Fargher I have chosen to write my organizational diagnosis paper on the organization I am currently working for. The National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC), with headquarters at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, is the primary Defense Department producer of foreign aerospace intelligence. NASIC develops its products by analyzing all available data on foreign aerospace forces and weapons systems to determine performance characteristics, capabilities, vulnerabilities and intentions. The center's assessments are also an important factor in shaping national security and defense policies. As the DoD expert on foreign aerospace system capabilities, the center historically has also been involved in supporting American weapons treaty negotiations and verification. NASIC is a very large organization of military and civilian personnel representing multiple career fields among several units. I chose to closely diagnose the section I work for who is involved daily with every unit within NASIC. The section I work in is a support element of the center known as the Commander’s Support Staff (CSS). Our staff prepares and processes administrative support actions relating to unit programs such as military decorations, in-processing and out-processing of personnel, notification of drug testing, separations and retirements, and enlisted and officer evaluations. We manage the unit leave control program and maintain...
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...Unit 2: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS IN LIFELONG LEARNING 1.1. Summarise key aspects of legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice related to own role and responsibilities. It is important for all teaching staff and any educational establishment where teaching and training take place keep up to date with all relevant Legislations and Code of practice to ensure they are remaining current with their knowledge and skills, and with any relevant changes or updates that have taken place (Harris 1999). However these will differ depending on the subject, the context and environment within which teaching takes place. These legislations include: • Equality Act (2010) brings disability, sex, race and other grounds of discrimination within one piece of legislation. The Act provides rights for people not to be directly discriminated against or harassed because they have an association with a disabled person or because they are wrongly perceived as disabled. The Act ensures all people are treated equally regardless of their race, sexual orientation, religion and belief, maternity and pregnancy, marriage or civil partnership. • The Data protection Act 1998 is to make provision for the regulation for the processing of information relating to individuals, including the obtaining, holding, use of disclosure of such information. The Human Right Act 1998 is meant to give people the right and freedom to live the way they choose to be. ...
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...College of Education History The College of Education was opened in June 1926 at Intramuros, Manila during the rectorate of Very Rev. Fr. Manuel Arellano, O.P. to offer a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Education (B.S.E.). A Laboratory High School was opened in 1928. The Normal School was established in 1940 as a two-year course leading to Elementary Teachers Certificate (E.T.C.). In June 1952, this Normal Course was changed into a four-year course leading to a degree of Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education (B.S.E.Ed). In 1941, another Laboratory School was made a part of the College of Education known as the Elementary Teacher Training Department. In 1953, a four-year program leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Home Economics (B.S.H.E.) was offered. A new major in Foods and Nutrition was added in 1955. The latter was changed to the course of Bachelor of Science in Foods and Nutrition (B.S.F.N.) in 1957. Early in 1969, there was a felt need to reorganize the Department of Home Economics to render its course more responsive to the needs of the country. Accordingly, in the school year 1970-1971, the Institution of Nutrition was first formed as an independent body from the College of Education under the Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs, and later as an adjunct of the College. Another important event in 1971 was merging of Normal School with the College of Education because of the rapidly decreasing College of Education enrolment...
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...Chapter 1: Student Characteristics Understand Characteristics of Students with Disabilities Some students with disabilities pass through typical developmental milestones and express skills within an average range for their age group. Others show delayed growth at certain developmental milestones, and many students with disabilities experience challenges as they navigate through the school curriculum. It is critical that special education teachers know how to differentiate between typical individual differences among children without disabilities and differences that may indicate a disability that requires interventions and/or specialized designed instruction. In addition, special education teachers need to know the most common types of disabilities that students may experience and how those disabilities affect their ability to learn and their behavior in the classroom. Competency 1 thus focuses on the characteristics of typical and atypical human growth and development and the characteristics of students with various disabilities that special education teachers are likely to encounter. The test includes a wide range of multiple-choice questions that address Competency 1. * Questions on typical and atypical behaviors and abilities for children and adolescents at particular ages. * Questions on the types and characteristics of various disabilities. * Questions on the similarities and differences among students with and without disabilities. This competency encompasses...
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