...Greek mother and father, together with an assembly member. Without citizenship, they couldn’t own land, but they were required to pay taxes and serve in the military. Greek philosopher Aristotle defined citizenship as “he who has the power to take part in the deliberative or judicial administration of any state. ” Citizenship was restrictive as well as exclusive. In a Greek polis, you either enjoyed full citizenship or none at all. By contrast, Romans developed a sense of belonging to the Roman State by allowing citizenship to be granted to any group of people. The Roman Republic shared rulership between the Patricians and the Plebeians. To the Greek city-states and the Roman Republic, citizenship was a form of local democracy, administered by the Senate and elected magistrates. But unlike Greek city-states, Roman citizenship wasn’t restricted by place of birth or land ownership, it could also be obtained by service to Rome. The Greek city-state government was made up of commoners, they created their own legislation and judiciary, and they had freedom of speech. By limiting citizenship, a Greek citizen became a privileged class that controlled land ownership. After Rome conquered a territory, it shared the wealth that it accumulated with the conquered. Rome’s willingness to extend its citizenship increased its manpower and wealth, and laid the foundation of the Roman Empire. "Rome conquered and shared the fruits of conquest with the...
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...was fought by the Roman Republic and other cities through out Italy. These cities were previously known as allies to Rome. But they turned on Rome and took them by surprise by turning on them, which caused the Social War. The Social war could also be know as the War of Allies, because of who it was between. This war took Rome by surprise because the word allies in the Latin language typically means "associates" but this war showed that they were not true allies to Rome. Land Ownership and the Impact of Slave Labor- Owning land showed a bit of power and fortune in Rome. But owning land came with labor to the farm and things that had to be done. Therefore, land owners would buy slaves, or slaves that were born in the household that would do all of the works on the farms for the landowners. After all, freedom from this was almost a reward to the slaves. Without the slaves, the landowners would have to do all the hard...
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...Early Rome’s expansion led to an imperialistic Roman republican superpower by 188 BCE. More specifically, early Rome’s foreign expansion corrupted Roman political powers by disrupting their system of checks and balances. Additionally, Rome’s economic climate was compromised, as the gaps between its economic classes widened. Early Rome’s territorial conquest eventually corrupted their system of checks and balances by skewing the political positions and their powers. After expanding its territory during the Samnite, the Pyrrhic, the Punic, and the Macedonian wars, Rome ruled the whole Mediterranean Sea. Since Rome was originally designed to govern a compact land-based territory, Rome’s new sea-based territories caused stress within the republic. As a solution, the Roman government distributed its conquered lands to the Roman...
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...INTAKE: 31, MBABANE QUESTION: What are the rules governing the passing of ownership and risk under the Roman Dutch Law? Do they differ from the rules under English law? CHAPTER ONE Introduction: Ownership does not, as in English law, pass on account of a mere agreement between the parties. Delivery of the goods is required. South African law adheres to the “abstract system” of passing ownership whereby the mere intention of the parties to transfer and accept ownership is sufficient, independent of the existence or non-existence of a valid underlying causa. Ownership will pass even if an underlying causa (like a contract of sale) is lacking, putative or invalid. Among the essential requirements of ownership, in which we are specifically interested include the conditions that (i) the delivery must be made by the owner of the goods, or by an agent of his/her who is expressly or by implication authorized to alienate them. This rule follows from two complimentary principles: (a) that which belongs to a person cannot be transferred without his own act – “id quod nostrum est, sine facto nostro ad alium transferri non potest,” (b) no-one can transfer to another a greater right than he himself has – “nemo plus juris ad alium transferre potest ipse harberet.” (ii) The transferor must have the intention of passing the ownership of the thing, and not merely of some right in it less than ownership. The, ownership, consequently does not pass if the seller hands over the goods of another person...
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...and rules for the purpose of regulations and management t of common elements. Upon the registration of the Deed of declaration and the plan of the subdivided property at respective land registry a body corporate referred to as Management Corporation comes into existence having its own common seal and the power to sue and be sued under its name. All owners of condominium units become a body corporate with perpetual succession under the provisions of Apartment ownership law. The legal status of a Management Corporation enables into; 1. Sue and be sued on any contract by it 2. Sue and be sued in respect of any matters affecting the common elements; and 3. Be sued in respect of any matter connected to the condominium property or semi condominium property for which the owners of all condominium parcels are jointly liable. Unlike a company, incorporated under the provisions of the Companies Act, where the incorporation can be verified by a certificate issued by the Registrar of Companies, there is no such certificate to establish the incorporation of the Management Corporation. As the registration of the Deed of Declaration results in the creation of the Management Corporation, its existence can be verified by the by the endorsement on the Deed of Declaration by the Registrar of Land in the absence of the certificate. In the United States condominium owners from Condominium Association, which are non profit bodies, established by a certificate with the internal...
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...Japanese and Medieval societies were similar in the way that they both revolved around Feudalism. However, there were differences between the two. For example, Japanese feudalism was based on one philosopher while European feudalism was based on Roman laws and customs. Feudalism can be described by ownership of land. Both Europe and Japan have non landowning and landowning systems. In both Japan and Europe their class systems were the same. With that said, because of constant warfare, warriors were the most important class for both Japan and Europe. The warriors of Europe were called “knights,” and “Samurai,” in Japan. As in Japan, Europe also used swords, rode horses into battle, and wore armor. These war tactics were probably the smartest...
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...Solon Paper Outline Introduction a.) Discuss Themes b.) Talk about how you will organize the essay (Explain how you will be talking about the essay in three parts: Aristocrats vs. Peasants, Aristocrats vs. Aristocrats, Political Constitution) Part I: Aristocrats vs. Peasants *MAKE SURE TO LABEL THIS AS ROMAN NUMERAL I* a.) Topic sentence (Example: “This first part will talk about the conflict between Aristocrats vs. Peasants”) b.) Land Ownership c.) Debt Slavery d.) How does Solon solve these problems through economic laws—partially, mostly, or not at all? Part II: Aristocrats vs. Aristocrats *MAKE SURE TO LABEL THIS ROMAN NUMERAL II* a.) Topic sentence (Example: “This second part will talk about the conflict between Aristocrats vs. Aristocrats”) b.) Fight for Political Power c.) Friendship d.) How does Solon solve these problems through family laws—partially, mostly, or not at all? Part III: Political Constitution: *MAKE SURE TO LABEL THIS ROMAN NUMERAL III* a.) Topic sentence (Example: “This third part will talk about the Political Constituion”) b.) Government System c.) How do Solon’s political laws change Athens? Part IV: Conclusion a.) This last part can either be a summary of parts I-III, or a climax (Example: “I raised the issue of whether or not Solon solved the issues and I believe he did/did not”) Important to Remember: a.) Talk about primary sources: Plutarch’s Solon and The Athenian Constitution b.) Try not to use the first person...
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...Solon Paper Outline Solon Paper Outline Introduction a.) Discuss Themes b.) Talk about how you will organize the essay (Explain how you will be talking about the essay in three parts: Aristocrats vs. Peasants, Aristocrats vs. Aristocrats, Political Constitution) Part I: Aristocrats vs. Peasants *MAKE SURE TO LABEL THIS AS ROMAN NUMERAL I* a.) Topic sentence (Example: “This first part will talk about the conflict between Aristocrats vs. Peasants”) b.) Land Ownership c.) Debt Slavery d.) How does Solon solve these problems through economic laws—partially, mostly, or not at all? Part II: Aristocrats vs. Aristocrats *MAKE SURE TO LABEL THIS ROMAN NUMERAL II* a.) Topic sentence (Example: “This second part will talk about the conflict between Aristocrats vs. Aristocrats”) b.) Fight for Political Power c.) Friendship d.) How does Solon solve these problems through family laws—partially, mostly, or not at all? Part III: Political Constitution: *MAKE SURE TO LABEL THIS ROMAN NUMERAL III* a.) Topic sentence (Example: “This third part will talk about the Political Constituion”) b.) Government System c.) How do Solon’s political laws change Athens? Part IV: Conclusion a.) This last part can either be a summary of parts I-III, or a climax (Example: “I raised the issue of whether or not Solon solved the issues and I believe he did/did not”) Important to Remember: a.) Talk about primary sources: Plutarch’s Solon and The Athenian Constitution b.) Try not...
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...The Spanish and English cultures were scarcely similar and notably different because of the ways the settlers made their strong economies and who ran the government. The English and the Spanish were very different in the ways that they made their strong economies. The English societies were set up on the coast with very fertile soil for farming. The English was originally a communal society which meant the whole community owned the same land. In this society everyone had worked together. Two years later the communal society was not high in the production of the products so the community had to make a change. The community had divided land ownership to individuals which had help the economy grow. The English had made slight income through fur trading and fishing, but a large amount of their income was made through trading crops and cattle. The English traded with New Amsterdam to have manufactured goods in return. When the Spanish had come to the Americas they were further west than the English and their soil was not as fertile. There were many natives that already lived were the Spanish had settled who were forced to work as slaves along with the Africans. The slaves were shipped to Spain which was a way of income. The slave trade had gone all the way from the island of Hispaniola to the Caribbean: Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas. Slavery was a large source of income for the economy of the Spanish. Nonetheless in 1542, the Spanish had outlawed enslavement, but sadly...
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...BUSI561 DB Initial Post #3 Given the highly unusual and extremely unfortunate circumstances of our client, we will analyze each situation as pertaining to our client’s property rights. We will focus on co-ownership of real property, joint tenancy of real property, ownership and transfer of personal property, and eminent domain pertaining to the involuntary transfer of real property. Our goal as a Christian law firm is to provide insightful and useful information pertaining to the legal matter, while continually striving to seek the will of God for the benefit of His glory. The first issue we will analyze deals with our client’s joint tenancy and ownership of the mountain property. Our client has indicated that 31 years ago he entered into a joint tenancy co-ownership with three friends whom are now deceased. To review, a co-ownership gives equal ownership to multiple parties, allowing all parties equal rights to occupy the property (Kubasek, 2012). A joint tenancy agreement is a form of co-ownership giving equal rights to all parties involved in the agreement (Kubasek, 2012). Under a joint-tenancy, owners are permitted to sell their shares without notifying the other parties, creditors can are permitted to attach owner’s interest to the property, and when an owner dies their interest will be equally redistributed to the remaining parties in the joint tenancy (Feinman, 2000). In the mountain property dispute, the joint tenancy resolution revolves around the fact that the...
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...The least important factor for the destruction of the Roman Empire was ___. (a) the rise of self-sufficient manors. (c) the widespread use of slaves. (b) lack of orderly succession to the throne. (d) military strength of the Germanics. The Frankish leader who defeated the Moors at the Battle of Tours was ___. (a) Clovis. (c) Charlemagne. (b) Pepin. (d) Charles Martel. Areas that Charlemagne united within his empire are now part of _____. (a) France and Germany. (c) England and Spain (b) Spain and Portugal. (d) Austria and Russia. An important result of Clovis’ conquests was the _____. (a) spread of Christianity in Europe (b) union of the Western and Eastern Roman empires (c) expulsion of the Moslems from western Europe (d) decline of feudalism in central Europe. The "Dark Ages" in western Europe refers to the period _____. (a) after the creation of the Feudal system (b) soon after the assassination of Julius Caesar (c) followed the collapse of the Roman Empire (d.) strengthening the central authority of Rome within the Empire. Which was not a result of the Germanic invasions of the Roman Empire? (a) Raising the level of civilization (c) Curtailing trade (b) Overthrowing the Roman government (d) Destroying many fine buildings The tithe was _____. (a.) an asylum for the poor. (c.) a monastic order. (b.) a tax levied by the Church. (d.) a special...
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...Although Japan and England are very far apart they still have many traits in common. Especially on the topic of Feudalism, which is a political, economic, and social system based on loyalty, holding of land, and military service. Japanese Feudalism and Medieval Feudalism have many similarities, like they both have four divisions that have similar responsibilities, but they also have differences, like their reasoning of creating this social hierarchy. Japanese and Medieval Feudalism have many things alike. For example both have four divisions in their society, and they both have similar roles. Japan’s four groups are Shoguns, Daimyo, Samurai, and Peasants. The Medical’s four groups are the King, Lords, Knights, and Serfs. At the top of both...
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...today. Its vocabulary is characterized by Roman and ancient Greek words and verbs. Italian has many dialects dependent upon the various regions of the land. Tuscan is the most prominent dialect. The spread of Italian language is largely due to literary works of three authors who chose to write in the vernacular language of their region as opposed to the more widely used Latin language. The Origins of the Italian Language The Italian language is derived from Latin, imposed upon the conquered Italian natives. It is considered one of the Romance languages of the Indo-European family of languages and is the language that most resembles Latin. The vocabulary of Italian is characterized by a large percentage of words and verbs from both Roman and ancient Greece. Of all the Romance languages, “Italian is the closest to Latin in terms of vocabulary.” (Language Translation, Inc., 2013) The oldest definitive document dated back to 960-963 A.D. in vulgar Italian is a legal document called “Placito Cassinese”. This archive is kept in the Abbey of Montecassino. This famous text is a testimony of a man about the ownership of a piece of land. There was an argument between the Benedictine friars of the Abbey and the liege lord of the territory held in fee. “Sao ko kelle terre, per kelle fini que ki contene, trenta anni le possette parte sancti benedicti”. It can be translated as “I know that those lands, that here (in this document) are registered...
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...One such reason that we need law to maintain order is that humans are inherently a vicious and hostile being and that law and fear of punishment is required to keep these primal desires in check. Another such factor for the necessity of law is that left to themselves in a natural environment, humans need not be governed by law. However when humans participate in a society, law is required to ensure a stable and safe society for all member. This stable and safe social environment is paramount to the nurture and upbringing of humans and without it, chaos would ensue. Thirdly, while law was not required in pre-historic times, at the dawn of civilization the need for law was obvious. Law became needed due to such reasons as property and ownership, and indeed some believe this to be the very basis of all law. As well on a more general note, the very rule of law itself prevents tyranny. Without the rule of law, the strong and powerful would...
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...people of color contributed to the creation of the plaçage system which ultimately led to an abnormally high presence of freed people of color, especially those who owned slaves, in comparison to the rest of English America. Louisiana’s legal culture, a product of French influence, profoundly differed from that of English America. These differences are best manifested through the Code Noir, a legal document which served as the predominant influence for almost all social and governmental conduct in Louisiana. French legal principles and societal customs, evident in the Code Noir, are derived from Roman Law. The dominant Roman influence can be attributed to the virtual outlaw of slavery in France since the Medieval Era, thus causing those who drafted the Code Noir to utilize outdated legal precedents that would allow for the legalization of the ownership of slaves. A significant byproduct of Roman influence was its presentation of slavery as an issue not pertaining directly to race but rather as a race-blind economic system. Inevitably, this outlook engendered more tolerance and a natural integration for free people of color into society; however, the aforementioned societal attitudes did not lessen the inhumane brutality of the institution of slavery. For example, the conditions of slaves in Saint-Domingue - a French colony - were considered to be the most deplorable out of the whole Americas. The glaring imbalance between the number of slaves and slave owners also caused the negligible...
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