...THE PROMISE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A . FIELD OF RESEARCH SCOTT SHANE University of Maryland S. VENKATARAMAN tiniversity of Virginia To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields. For a field of social science to have usefulness, it must have a conceptual framework that explains and predicts a set of empirical phenomena not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields. To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked such a conceptual framework. Rather than explaining and predicting a unique set of empirical phenomena, enfrepreneurship has become a broad label under which a hodgepodge of research is housed. What appears to constitute entrepreneurship research today is some aspect of the setting (e.g., small businesses or new firms), rather than a unique conceptual domain. As a result, many people have had trouble identifying the distinctive contribution of the field to the broader domain of business studies, undermining the field's legitimacy. Researchers in other fields ask why entrepreneurship research is necessary if it does not explain or predict...
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...The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research Author(s): Scott Shane and S. Venkataraman Source: The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jan., 2000), pp. 217-226 Published by: Academy of Management Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/259271 . Accessed: 15/07/2014 10:10 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Academy of Management is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Academy of Management Review. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.37.164.140 on Tue, 15 Jul 2014 10:10:19 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions t Academy of Management Review 2000, Vol. 25, No. 1, 217-226. NOTE AS THE PROMISE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP A FIELD OF RESEARCH SCOTT SHANE Universityof Maryland S. VENKATARAMAN Universityof Virginia To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurshiphas lacked a conceptual framework.In social science this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different disciplines and applied fields...
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...eBook Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Centre for Economic Policy Research 3rd Floor 77 Bastwick Street London, EC1V 3PZ UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7183 8801 Email: cepr@cepr.org Web: www.cepr.org ISBN: 978-1-907142-77-2 © CEPR Press, 2014 Secular Stagnation: Facts, Causes, and Cures A VoxEU.org eBook edited by Coen Teulings and Richard Baldwin CEPR Press abcde Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) The Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) is a network of almost 900 research economists based mostly in European universities. The Centre’s goal is twofold: to promote world-class research, and to get the policy-relevant results into the hands of key decision-makers. CEPR’s guiding principle is ‘Research excellence with policy relevance’. A registered charity since it was founded in 1983, CEPR is independent of all public and private interest groups. It takes no institutional stand on economic policy matters and its core funding comes from its Institutional Members and sales of publications. Because it draws on such a large network of researchers, its output reflects a broad spectrum of individual viewpoints as well as perspectives drawn from civil society. CEPR research may include views on policy, but the Executive Committee of the Centre does not give prior review to its publications. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and not those of CEPR. Chair of the Board President Director Research Director Guillermo de la Dehesa Richard...
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...HIER Harvard Institute of Economic Research Discussion Paper Number 2097 Paternalism and Psychology by Edward L. Glaeser December 2005 HARVARD UNIVERSITY Cambridge, Massachusetts This paper can be downloaded without charge from: http://post.economics.harvard.edu/hier/2005papers/2005list.html The Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract=860865 Paternalism and Psychology Edward L. Glaeser† Does bounded rationality make paternalism more attractive? This Essay argues that errors will be larger when suppliers have stronger incentives or lower costs of persuasion and when consumers have weaker incentives to learn the truth. These comparative statics suggest that bounded rationality will often increase the costs of government decisionmaking relative to private decisionmaking, because consumers have better incentives to overcome errors than government decisionmakers, consumers have stronger incentives to choose well when they are purchasing than when they are voting and it is more costly to change the beliefs of millions of consumers than a handful of bureaucrats. As such, recognizing the limits of human cognition may strengthen the case for limited government. INTRODUCTION An increasingly large body of evidence documenting bounded rationality and non-standard preferences has led many scholars to question eco1 nomics’ traditional hostility towards paternalism. After all, if individuals have so many cognitive difficulties then...
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...| | |The 2008 Financial Crisis | |A Review and Critique | | | |Nicholas Makris | |12/4/2012 | | | Introduction The 2009 economic crisis was significant for two reasons: the rapid rate at which the free market constraints were dropped, and the lack of any stable resolution by the Left (Mellor, 2009). Tenets pertaining to market domination suffered a lethal crack owing to multiple nations realizing the inessential communization, rather than the actual, of economic arrangement (Mellor, 2009). The core of the problem was complicated, but simplification showed...
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...Write a story using this sentence as your first line : "It seemed like it was going to be another one of those days when nothing much happens." | | It seemed like it was going to be another one of those days when nothing much happens. Ken and his friends were playing their regular football game along the banks of the river near their small village. In the midst of the game, Ken's attention was drawn to a tourist boat passing by.Actually, tourist boats were quite common in their area. It was also common for some of the tourists to take potshots at the birds and squirrels along the way. This is why Ken's friends were not really surprised to hear a few small explosions from the boat. They ignored the sounds and went on with their game.However, they were startled when they suddenly heard loud cries for help coming from the boat. They could see that the crew were running about, panic-stricken. Some people were shouting to them."Their engine must have blown up! Look, there's smoke and the boat's out of control. It's going towards the rapids," Ken pointed out to his friends.Ken's village was located at the point at which the tourist boats turned around and headed back upstream. Three kilometers downstream were the rapids, which spelt trouble for the boats."It's heading straight for the rapids! They're in trouble! The boat will be smashed against the rocks!" Ken exclaimed. "Let's get help!"The boys sprinted back to the village for help. Along the way, they met the village headman...
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...Habibuzzaman | | Md.Tanvir Reza | Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A) Batch: 10th (A) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Preparing a report requires a number of people’s contribution. The group members of “Proactive” do their part efficiently. We would like to recognize just a few people who contributed to this report. We would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete the report. We are highly obliged to or honorable teacher, Dr. A. K.M. Helal ul zaman Professor, Faculty of Business, ASA University Bangladesh , who gave us the permission, opportunity and immense support by stimulating suggestions and encouragement that helped us in all the time of research for and writing the report. TABLE OF CONTENT Content | Page | Title page | | Title fly | | Acknowledgement | |...
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...INTRODUCTION The present course- paper is devoted to the comprehensive study of stylistic device – the epithet in the literary work “Jane Eyre” by Charlotte Bronte. The topicality of chosen by us theme lies in the fact that a human being perceives the reality by means of various images. These images exist everywhere: in art, in nature, in thoughts, and in speech in particular. Each of us at least ones created an image. We use different means (stylistic expressive means and devices) to achieve the aim. In our research we would like to concentrate our attention on “epithet”, a figure of speech which gives the opportunity to create the most expressive and vivid images. Despite the fact that there are many works devoted to the problem under analysis some important aspects such as structural - the lexical stylistic device the epithet as its component have not been fully investigated. This defines the actuality of the work and its theoretical value. The basic purpose of this course-paper is formulated as a research of linguistic nature of epithet, its types from the point of semantic, structural parameters and its informational significance in the text. The given aim predetermines the concrete tasks of the research. The course- paper pursues the following objectives: 1) to read the novel “Jane Eyre” and to find epithets; 2) to reveal the theoretical notion of the epithets and its categories; 3) to observe emotional, evaluative, expressive components of the lexical...
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...Imbalances: In Midstream? Olivier Blanchard and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti I N T E R N A T I O N A L M O N E T A R Y F U N D INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Research Department Global Imbalances: In Midstream? Prepared by Olivier Blanchard and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti1 Authorized for Distribution by Olivier Blanchard December 22, 2009 Disclaimer: The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the IMF, its Executive Board, or its management. Before the crisis, there were strong arguments for reducing global imbalances. As a result of the crisis, there have been significant changes in saving and investment patterns across the world and imbalances have narrowed considerably. Does this mean that imbalances are a problem of the past? Hardly. The paper argues that there is an urgent need to implement policy changes to address the remaining domestic and international distortions that are a key cause of imbalances. Failure to do so could result in the world economy being stuck in “midstream,” threatening the sustainability of the recovery. JEL Classification Numbers: E21, E22, F32, F33, F36, F41 Keywords: Current account deficits, saving, investment, portfolio choice. Authors’ E-mail Addresses: oblanchard@imf.org ; gmilesiferretti@imf.org 1 One of the series of “Seoul papers” on current macro and financial issues. We are grateful to Caroline Atkinson, Nicoletta Batini, Tam Bayoumi, Christian Broda, Matthieu Bussière, Paul Cashin, Nigel...
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...Chapter 18 A SURVEY OF BEHAVIORAL FINANCE ° NICHOLAS BARBERIS University of Chicago RICHARD THALER University of Chicago Contents Abstract Keywords 1. Introduction 2. Limits to arbitrage 2.1. Market efficiency 2.2. Theory 2.3. Evidence 2.3.1. Twin shares 2.3.2. Index inclusions 2.3.3. Internet carve-outs 3. Psychology 3.1. Beliefs 3.2. Preferences 3.2.1. Prospect theory 3.2.2. Ambiguity aversion 4. Application: The aggregate stock market 4.1. The equity premium puzzle 4.1.1. Prospect theory 4.1.2. Ambiguity aversion 4.2. The volatility puzzle 4.2.1. Beliefs 4.2.2. Preferences 5. Application: The cross-section of average returns 5.1. Belief-based models 1054 1054 1055 1056 1056 1058 1061 1061 1063 1064 1065 1065 1069 1069 1074 1075 1078 1079 1082 1083 1084 1086 1087 1092 ° We are very grateful to Markus Brunnermeier, George Constantinides, Kent Daniel, Milt Harris, Ming Huang, Owen Lamont, Jay Ritter, Andrei Shleifer, Jeremy Stein and Tuomo Vuolteenaho for extensive comments. Handbook of the Economics of Finance, Edited by G.M. Constantinides, M. Harris and R. Stulz © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved . 1054 5.2. Belief-based models with institutional frictions 5.3. Preferences N. Barberis and R. Thaler 6. Application: Closed-end funds and comovement 6.1. Closed-end funds 6.2. Comovement 7. Application: Investor behavior 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. Insufficient diversification Naive diversification Excessive trading The selling decision...
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...International Journal of Social and Management Sciences Volume 2 Number 2 April 2009 ISSN 1504-8446 International Journal of Social and Management Sciences is a multidisciplinary peer-reviewed journal devoted to publishing research papers in all related fields of social and management sciences. Contents THE EFFECTS OF INQUIRY-BASED AND COMPETITIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PHYSICS ................................................................................................ 4 PATIENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF DEPRESSION ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT EXPECTATIONS IN A NIGERIAN TERTIARY HOSPITAL .............. 12 PARENTAL CHILD-REARING STYLES, HOME STABILITY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL PHYSICS IN CROSS RIVER STATE OF NIGERIA ........................................................................35 MODEL JOB ANALYSIS AND DESCRIPTION FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS PRACTITIONERS IN KENYA..............................46 NOLLYWOOD, NEW COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND INDIGENOUS CULTURES IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD: THE NIGERIAN DILEMMA ......................................................................................................................................... 62 2 This Page is deliberately left blank 3 THE EFFECTS OF INQUIRY-BASED AND COMPETITIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES ON ACADEMIC PERFOMANCE OF SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN PHYSICS AFOLABI, FOLASHADE DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER EDUCATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION...
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...and Richard H. Thaler University of Chicago and National Bureau of Economic Research Recent equity carve-outs in U.S. technology stocks appear to violate a basic premise of financial theory: identical assets have identical prices. In our 1998–2000 sample, holders of a share of company A are expected to receive x shares of company B, but the price of A is less than x times the price of B. A prominent example involves 3Com and Palm. Arbitrage does not eliminate this blatant mispricing due to short-sale constraints, so that B is overpriced but expensive or impossible to sell short. Evidence from options prices shows that shorting costs are extremely high, eliminating exploitable arbitrage opportunities. I. Introduction There are two important implications of the efficient market hypothesis. The first is that it is not easy to earn excess returns. The second is that prices are “correct” in the sense that prices reflect fundamental value. This latter implication is, in many ways, more important than the first. Do asset markets offer rational signals to the economy about where to We thank John Cochrane, Douglas Diamond, Merle Erickson, Lou Harrison, J. B. Heaton, Ravi Jagannathan, Arvind Krishnamurthy, Mark Mitchell, Todd Pulvino, Tuomo Vuolteenaho, an anonymous referee, and seminar participants at the American Finance Association, Harvard Business School, the National Bureau of Economic Research Asset Pricing meeting, and the University of Chicago finance lunch for helpful...
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...on US Recession and its Impact on Indian Economy Submitted to Prof. V.P.Singh Submitted By Sona Nair 38 Shrenik Shah 54 MansiKinjawdekar 32 ParleTilakVidyalaya’s Institute of Management Dixit Road, VileParle East,Mumbai-400057 Index Sr.no Table of Contents Page no 1. Introduction 2. Factors affecting Recession 3. Impact on Indian Economy 4. Corrective Steps taken to check Recession 5. Case Study- 6. Conclusion 7. Executive Summary 8. Bibliography INTRODUCTION What is Recession? A recession is a contraction phase of the business cycle. The official agency in charge of declaring that the economy is in a state of recession is the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). They define recession as a “A period of falling economic activity spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales.” This is normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales. For this reason, the official designation of recession may not come until after we are in a recession for six months or even longer. Some economists also suggest that a recession occurs when the natural growth rate in GDP is less than the average of 2%. Typically, a normal economic recession lasts for approximately 1 year. The newspapers in America often quote theThumbRulethat a recession...
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...IN-COMPANY TRAINING REPORT ON “MARKETING STRATEGIES OF JK TYRES” COMPLETED IN JK TYRE LIMITED [pic] SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF B.COM (H) IIIRD YEAR DELHI COLLEGE OF ARTS & COMMERCE, NEW DELHI TRAINING SUPERVISOR: SUBMITTED BY: MR. HARMEET SINGH KOHLI KARAN ARORA (Marketing Manager Central Zone) ROLL NO. 336 SECTION - A STUDENT DECLARATION I hereby declare that the Summer Training Report conducted at “Marketing Strategies of JK Tyres” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of B. Com(h) III Year. It is my original work and the same has not been submitted for the award of any other Degree/diploma/fellowship or other similar titles or prizes. KARAN ARORA ROLL NO. 336 SECTION - A UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: MRS. NEHA AGGARWAL MR. PANKAJ KUMAR (FACULTY OF COLLEGE) Student signature ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is indeed a moment of immense gratification for me to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Harmeet Singh Kohli, (Marketing Manager Central Zone) for providing me with an opportunity to carry out this project study and help me create this report on “Marketing Strategies of JK Tyres". I am grateful to him for forecasting an excellent academic ambience...
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...I-Introduction: The term "realism" was first used to formulate the philosophical doctrine that "universals exist outside of the mind" (Freyberg-Inan, 1). Yet, in political theory, "realism" represents a school of thought that analyzes the political process as it is or as it is disclosed by historical forces " ... that the able political practitioner takes into account ... and incorporates ... into his political conceptions and his political acts "(Ibid, 1-2). In the field of international relations, realism became the dominant analytical paradigm mostly after the start of the Second World War, when it displaced idealist doctrines, promising "to provide more accurate information, more powerful, and more relevant answers" to the roots or causes of peace and war (Brecher& Harvey, 54). At the same time, many features of the current realist paradigm can be traced back to the time of Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes. Among contemporary thinkers recognized as major writers and contributors to the realist tradition are Hans Morgenthau, Edward Carr and Kenneth Waltz (Freyberg-Inan, 8). What are then the basic tenets or common features of a realist thinker? Machiavelli would acknowledge that to be a realist one has to look at history as "a sequence of cause and effect whose course can be analysed and understood by intellectual effort, but not directed by imagination" (Carr, 64). Hobbes would persist in the same train of thought and insist that to be a realist thinker...
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