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Name
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Outline
Introduction 3
Sampling Methods 3
Active Sampling 4
Passive Sampling 4
Passive Samplers Applied 4
Purpose of the Study 5
Materials and Methods 5
Sampling site 5
Figure 1 6
Materials 6
Standards Applied 6
Methods and Procedures 8
Preparation of the samples and sampling 8
Analysis 8
Results and Discussion 9
Conclusion 13
References 14

Altitude and Seasonally Profiled Air Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) Determined with PDMS (TWISTER®) in Taurus Mountains, Turkey
Introduction
To monitor environmental pollution and its health effects, atmospheric data of persistent organic pollutants (POP) has been collected for some time to help in evaluating the cause. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been in focus of attention for years. In 1982, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) come forth with a thorough study on the emissions and health effects of benzo (a) pyrene and other PAHs (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1982). According to the report, the carcinogenetic effect of benzo (a) pyrene was already proven and other PAHs were suspected to have similar effects. The US EPA categorized these PAHs and selected 16 compounds that were found and monitored to prove the claims. They are were named as the sixteen EPA-PAHs.
The emission sources for these compounds that were presented in the study as having an anthropogenic origin. Following this, the European Commission issued a position paper on monitoring PAHs in the air (European Commission, 2001). The effort has been of great importance since PAHs are by-products of nearly every combustion. The strategy have also improved the air quality requirement for the European Union. These standards set by the paper have to be met and complied with by involving tests by government authorities (Goia, 2007).
Sampling Methods
In this case, different methods of measuring the atmospheric concentrations of PAHs are of importance. The main effective approaches to be used are; active and passive sampling.
Active Sampling
Active sampling devices are considered less practicable for a wide spread usage. They usually require a power supply and therefore considered costly and difficult to apply.
Passive Sampling On the other hand, Passive sampling often involves small, simple and light devices that measure average concentrations in a relatively long period of time (Kot-Wasik et al., 2007). Furthermore, choosing passive sampling material e.g. polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), allows for specific target compounds to be analysed. Changing the sorbent to a more hydrophobic compound enables sorbent’s affinity to PAH increases and vice versa (Seethapathy et al., 2008). However, a great disadvantage applying this is that for each analyses done on the enrichment factors and partition equilibria have to be measured since the exact amount of air that were analysed cannot be determined. Also passive sampling rates vary with influences of air speeds and temperature variations. Also since the sampling rates are not as high, passive sampler are usually not used for short-term measurements.
Passive Samplers Applied
Passive samplers that are currently used for PAH enrichment are: polydimethylsiloxane stir bar samplers (e.g. Twister®), polyurethane foam discs and semi permeable membrane devices (SPMD) (Söderström et al., 2005; Cupr et al. 2006).
The kinetics behind passive sampling are of great interest since they are useful tools determining the atmospheric concentrations. Bartkow, Booij et al. is a good example of an instance that applies first order kinetics to passive sampling (Bartkow et al., 2005). The approach is suitable as it complies with facts recognized about diffusive molecular transport (Whitman, 1923). Based on these kinetics, quantification of measurement data for passive sampling with PDMS coated stir bars has been applied to laboratory experiments (Wennrich, 2002) as well as field experiments (Paschke, Popp, 2005).
With the help of the two film theory, molecular processes can be linked to observed kinetics (Bartkow et al., 2005). Therefore, influences on diffusive processes can directly be correlated to changes in rate constants. Recently, a study was conducted on the influence of ambient air concentration to absorption and the resulting concentration progression (Hawker, 2010). Since the determination of concentrations is difficult in variable environments, performance reference compounds (PRC) are used to quantify desorption and in case of known or estimated partition coefficients to quantify the time-weighted concentrations (Huckins et al., 2002, Booij et al., 1998). PRCs are compounds that are chemically and physically similar and have almost identical properties as the analysed compounds, however they can be detected separately e.g. deuterated or 13C-labeled analytic molecules. This method has been successfully applied to membrane passive sampling devices in liquid sampling matrices (Booij et al., 2002).
Purpose of the Study
The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of PAHs in Twister between sea level and 1881 m altitude above sea level and to evaluate the levels and possible sources of chemicals by using Twister in Taurus Mountains, Mersin, Turkey.
Materials and Methods
Sampling site
The stir bars that were exposed in Taurus Mountains in 8 different locations (Altitudes; 1: Sea Level, 2: 121 m; 3: 408 m; 4: 981 m; 5: 1225 m; 6: 1373 m; 7: 1639 m; 8: 1881 m).The samples were exposed for 5 months at eight different heights. Sampling location one was situated at sea shore with typically high traffic volume.
The rest of the sampling sites were away from human activities and samplers were placed in legally protected reserves which was particularly possible for sampling points 5. 6. 7 and 8.
Figure 1. Sampling Locations (Altitudes; 1: Sea Level, 2: 121 m; 3: 408 m; 4: 981 m; 5: 1225 m; 6: 1373 m; 7: 1639 m; 8: 1881 m)
Materials
The measurements were conducted with the reusable PDMS coated stir bars Twister® purchased from Gerstel (Mühlheim, Germany). The PDMS coating on the stir bars has a length of 20 mm and a film thickness of 1.0 mm.
Standards Applied
Three different kinds of standards were used in these experiments. The native PAH standards (PAH-mix 9) used for calibration were purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). For the isotope dilution technique deuterated PAH standards (PAH-mix 9 deuterated) were used in order to quantify the PRC and native PAH concentrations. They were also acquired from Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany). The performance reference compounds, 13C-labeled PAH standards, were purchased from Cambridge Isotope laboratories (Andover, MA, USA). Additionally, paper wipes which were used to wipe the stir bars were purchased from Kimberly Clark, (Dallas, TX, USA). All solvents used were purchased from LGC Promochem (Wesel, Germany). They were of trace analysis grade. The 1 µL micro-syringes used for spiking the Twisters® with no dead volume were purchased from Hamilton Company (Reno, NV, USA, model no. 7001 or 7002).
The desorption unit used to desorb the absorbed analysed compound was a TDU model with a KAS 4 cryo-trap both purchased from Gerstel (Mühlheim, Germany). The auto sampler used was a Gerstel Multipurpose sampler MPS 2 with Twister® option purchased from Gerstel (Mühlheim, Germany).
The GC/MS measurements were conducted on a Finnegan MAT 95 mass spectrometer (Finnegan, San Jose, CA, USA) coupled with a HP 5890 Series II gas chromatograph (Hewlett Packard, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The mass configuration was done with the MS standard FC5331 (MasCom GmbH, Bremen, Germany). The software used to quantify the signal was the Quandesk tool of the Qualbrowser version 1.4SR1 (Thermo Electron Corp., Waltham, MA, USA).
The sampling and GC sequences are listed in table 1:
Table 1: GC and TDU program

GC Column Rtx®-Pesticides 2 (30 m, 0,25 mm ID, 0,2 µm) (Restek, Fuldabrück, Germany) Temperature program 1,5 min 60°C, 17 min 10°C/min; 225°C 13 min 5°C/min; 315°C 20 min Carrier gas Helium 90 mL/min splitless TDU Temperature program 5 min: 280°C TDU & -50°C Cryo;
12°C/s; 5 min: 280 °C Cryo

Before use all glassware and tweezers were cleaned in a dishwasher and baked out at 450°C in a heating cabinet (Heraeus Wärmetechnik, type WU 6100).
Methods and Procedures
Preparation of the samples and sampling
For all samples 1 µL of the performance reference standard is applied onto the surface of the stir bar. Due to the small volume, the solvent quickly evaporates leaving 500 pg. of each analysed 13C-labeled PAH standard on the PDMS coating. The sample bars are then sealed in labelled vials and stored at -28°C. The stir bars are then mounted onto racks and exposed to the air inside a mounted compartment outside the institute at Neuherberg. It is open to air flow yet protected against strong winds and sun. After 0 h, 48 h, 96 h, 192 h, 384 h and 768 h four samples are collected and stored at – 28°C until they are analysed (Booij, 2002).
Also spiked twisters are set as references into the compartment in their vials. Four of each are collected after 0 h, 192 h and 768 h. Before measurement and spiking with deuterated standards the stir bars are wiped with paper wipes.
Analysis
Before analysis each stir bar is spiked with 1 ng deuterated PAH standard. This is necessary since the concentrations for each Twister® are quantified with the isotope dilution technique. The stir bars are then put into the auto sampling glass tubes insulated from the room atmosphere. The stir bars are then analysed by GC/MS. Since the analysed compound is still absorbed to the stir bar it has to be desorbed in order to be analysed. After desorption the analysed compound is cryo-focused before it is entered into the GC.
The MS is conducted in SIM mode and the retention time as well as target masses for the quantification of the compounds are listed in table 2. The concentrations per stir bar are calculated based on the deuterated PAH standard. For the quantification five stir bars are spiked with all three standards in order to obtain response factors for the recovery percentages calculated for the PRCs. These are then averaged as well as the obtained real concentrations of the deuterated standards that are used for quantification. As the absolute reference the native standard with accurately known concentration is used.
For all samples, concentrations of native PAHs (in pg. / stir bar) as well as recovery percentages for PRC are calculated. For benzo (g, h, i) perylene no recovery percentages for PRC could be measured since the signals overlapped strongly with other fragments. Only the native concentrations can be calculated indirectly by using response factors applied to the concentration of indeno (1, 2, 3-c, d) pyrene.
Results and Discussion
Measured native PAH stir bar concentrations (pg. /stir bar) concentration (pg / stir bar)
Station Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Naphthalene 1288,48 299,36 381,34 230,74 184,45 354,25 129,16 168,90
Acenaphthylene 26,20 9,25 6,96 5,57 4,30 4,96 3,81 4,40
Acenaphthene 116,88 32,14 28,27 17,02 24,18 29,44 13,67 19,10
Fluorene n.d. 506,53 561,39 526,62 466,56 1599,19 706,56 426,49
Phenanthrene n.d. 1905,48 1978,84 1359,95 1681,38 1841,68 927,65 1439,73
Anthracene n.d. 49,07 46,95 31,20 20,16 16,31 11,51 20,60
Fluoranthene n.d. 1245,38 1170,86 913,98 623,24 733,13 460,74 515,89
Pyrene n.d. 571,82 630,68 278,00 155,50 188,18 82,15 127,45
Benzo(a)Anthracene 467,90 13,41 10,87 4,40 3,00 3,55 2,91 3,22
Chrysene 481,85 237,02 168,96 82,62 39,89 36,44 30,19 34,26
Benzo(b)Fluoranthene 156,98 77,70 65,22 103,00 23,96 22,35 25,89 21,62
Benzo(k)Fluoranthene 47,02 17,77 16,48 14,58 6,13 7,91 8,35 6,35
Benzo(a)pyrene 6,67 6,75 6,09 3,87 2,75 3,90 3,75 4,48
Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 19,84 8,39 10,29 6,88 6,94 7,95 7,87 5,61
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 25,72 7,47 10,37 9,11 7,87 8,43 10,28 8,93
Dibenz(a,h)Anthracene 6,10 4,74 6,80 6,10 5,41 7,57 5,51 5,30
∑PAH 2643,64 4992,28 5100,37 3593,64 3255,72 4865,24 2430 2812,33
*1: 121m, 2: 408 m, 3: 981 m; 4: 1225 m, 5: 1373 m, 6: 1639 m, 7: 1881 m
n.d. Not detected

Measured PRC recovery percentage
Station Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Naphthalene-13C6 0,3% 0,1% 0,1% 0,1% 0,1% 0,3% 0,2% 0,2%
Acenaphthylene-13C6 1,3% 0,5% 0,4% 0,3% 0,6% 0,8% 0,7% 0,7%
Acenaphthene-13C6 2,3% 0,8% 0,7% 0,8% 0,8% 0,3% 0,4% 2,2%
Fluorene-13C6 n.d. 0,7% 0,8% 2,4% 26,3% 5,5% 3,6% 2,4%
Phenanthrene-13C6 n.d. 3,4% 5,3% 3,9% 6,4% 5,5% 4,3% 11,3%
Anthracene-13C6 n.d. 1,0% 1,0% 1,1% 1,1% 1,4% 1,5% 1,9%
Fluoranthene-13C6 n.d. 19,5% 27,9% 37,0% 46,2% 51,7% 44,5% 58,0%
Pyrene-13C3 n.d. 3,9% 5,5% 4,5% 4,3% 4,1% 2,3% 5,0%
Benzo(a)Anthracene- 13C6 1,1% 1,1% 1,4% 1,1% 1,7% 2,4% 2,8% 3,3%
Chrysene-13C6 26,5% 19,7% 19,6% 12,7% 14,1% 11,7% 7,1% 12,8%
Benzo(b)fluoranthene-13C6 130,5% 136,5% 148,1% 151,2% 128,1% 111,6% 134,8% 148,2%
Benzo(k)fluoranthene-13C6 48,1% 42,2% 48,0% 43,0% 41,2% 31,8% 30,4% 37,9%
Benzo(a)pyrene-13C4 6,1% 6,0% 5,7% 6,6% 10,8% 6,5% 8,3% 6,5%
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene-13C6 20,7% 17,7% 20,3% 17,6% 13,5% 15,4% 12,9% 17,9%
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene-13C12 n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d.
Dibenz(a,h)anthracene-13C6 8,3% 11,1% 8,5% 3,8% 8,9% 6,4% 6,4% 7,8% *1: 121m, 2: 408 m, 3: 981 m; 4: 1225 m, 5: 1373 m, 6: 1639 m, 7: 1881 m
n.d. Not detected
Conclusion
In conclusion, after 0 h, 48 h, 96 h, 192 h, 384 h and 768 h four samples are collected and stored at – 28°C until they are analysed. It is clear that two different aspects play an important role in the accumulation of pesticides in SPMD along the altitudinal profiles: 1) the different performance in the SPMD uptake and 2) the variations in the PAHs concentrations along the altitudinal profiles. Both are influenced by temperature and the physicochemical properties of the compounds studied.
The complementary deployment periods enabled the compound uptake stage to be determined in SPMD and also revealed the differences in the uptake performance (different sampling rates) in periods 1 and 2. These could be related to the change in the total mass transfer resistance below _4 _C due to the change in state. Consequently, we cannot compare the SPMD accumulations directly in deployment periods where temperature changes include the melting point. To calculate and to compare air concentrations directly in these different periods, PRC must be used (Booij, 2002).

References
Booij K., Smedes F., van Weerle E. M., 2002, Spiking of performance reference compounds in low density polyethylene and silicone passive water samplers. Chemosphere, 46, 1157-1161.
Cupr P., Klanova J., Bartos T., Flegrova Z., Kohoutek J., Holoubek I., 2006. Passive air sampler as a tool for long-term air pollution monitoring: Part 2 Air genotoxic potency screening assessment, Envir. Poll. 144, 406-413.
De Coensel N., Desmet K., Gorecki T., Sandra P., 2007, Determination of polydimethyl¬siloxane-air partition coefficients using headspace sorptive extraction, J. Chromatogr. A,1150, 183-189.
Gerhards, P. , GC/MS in Clinical Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1999, ISBN 3-527-29623-9.
Goia R., Jones K.C., Harner T., The Use of different designs of passive samplers for air monitoring of persistent organic pollutants, Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 48 Chapter 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, NL, 2007, ISBN: 978-0-444-52225-2.
Goldfarb J.L., Suuberg E. M., 2008, Vapor Pressure and Enthalpies of sublimation of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via the Knudsen effusion method, J. Chem. Eng. Data,53, 670-676.
Hawker D.W., 2010, Modelling the response of passive samplers to varying ambient fluid concentrations of organic contaminants, Envir. Toxic. Chem., 29, 591-596.
Henkelmann B., Barka A., Schramm K.-W., 2007. Evaluation of PDMS-coated stir bars for the use as passive samplers in the analysis of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic hydrocarbons in air, Organohal. Comp., 69, 156.
Hiersig, Heinz et al., Lexikon der Produktionstechnik Verfahrenstechnik, VDI, Düsseldorf, 1995 ISBN: 3-18-401373-1.
Huckins, J.N., Petty, J.D., Lebo, J.A., Almeida, F.V., Booij, K., Alvarez, D.A., Cranor, W.L., Clark, R.C. and B.B. Mogensen. 2002. Development of the permeability/performance reference compound approach for in situ calibration of semipermeable membrane devices. Environ. Sci. and Technol. 36, 85-91.
European Comission, Ambient Air Pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Postion Paper; Luxemburg, 2001.
Kot-Wasik, A., Zabigala, B., Urbanowicz, M., Dominiak, E., Wasik, A., Namiesnik, J., 2007. Advances in passive sampling in environmental studies, Anal. Chim. Acta 602, 141-163
Mayer P., Tolls J., Hermens J.L.M., Mackay D., Equilibrium Sampling devices, Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 185.
Paschke H., Popp P., 2005, New passive samplers for chlorinated semivolatile organic pollutanats in ambient air, Chemosphere, 58, 855-863.
Rusina T.P., Smedes F., Klanova J., 2010, Diffusion Coefficients of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Polydimethylsiloxane and Low-Density Polyethylene Polymers, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 116, 1803-1810.
Seethapathy S., Gorecki T., Li X., 2008, Passive sampling in environmental analysis, J. Chromatogr. A, 1184, 234-253.
Söderström H., Hajslova J., Kocourek V., Siegmund B., Kocan A., Obiedzinski M.W., Tysklinda M.,Bergqvist P.-A., 2005, PAHs and nitrated PAHs in air of five European countries determined using SPMDs as passive samplers, Atmosph. Envir., 39, 1627-1640.
United States Environmental Protection Agency, An exposure and risk assessment for Benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Final Report, Washington D.C., USA, 1982 .
Wennrich L., Popp P., Hafner C., 2002 Novel integrative passive samplers for the long-term monitoring of semivolatile organic air pollutants, J. Environ. Monit.,4, 371-376.
Whitman, W.G., 1923. Preliminary experimental confirmation of the two-film theory of gas absorption. Chem. Metal. Eng. 29, 146-148.
Harvey, R. G. (1997). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. New York: Wiley-VCH.
United States. (1995). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
Bosch, L. C., & White, C. M. (1985). Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Heidelberg: A. Huethig.
Luch, A. (2005). The carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. London: Imperial College Press.\
World Health Organization., International Program on Chemical Safety., & Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. (1998). Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Geneva: World Health Organization.

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...Grenoble Graduate School of Management Behaviors at Work and Psychology Organizational Behavior Segment English Track Year 2 Dr. Joseph C. Santora, Affiliated Faculty October-November 2013 Course Module Description This 12 hour organizational behavior segment of Behaviors at Work and Psychology focuses on leadership. It begins with a definition of leadership, differentiates the concepts of leadership and management, offers insights about leadership traits, and ends with a discussion about various leadership styles. Lecture, discussion, case analyses and experiential exercises are instructional methods used in this highly interactive module. Objectives 1. To establish a definition of leadership through a historical review. 2. To differentiate between the concepts of management and leadership. 3. To present trait theory and discuss various leadership traits. 4. To evaluate and analyze the different styles leaders use. 5. To apply leadership concepts through case study analyses and experiential exercises. . Session 1 Introductions: Personal and Team Arrangements Powerpoint Presentation: Leadership Activity: Moon Survival (do not complete) Case Analysis: Barry Town: A time to lead, a time to manage (read) Video Vignette: Xerox and Ann Mulcahy (do not read) Session 2 Powerpoint Presentation: Leadership Traits...

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...Once ethics and values are defined, it seems a simple enough task to use them. A great thing about people is the fact that they are all different. Each person has different backgrounds, experiences, and opinions. A lot of these experiences are what create the adults, professionals, and students they are today. To define an individual’s ethical code are sources which include parents, own experiences, and society. Parents can be a major source for ethics and values because they are there from childbirth to another eighteen years. “The people you spend the majority of your formative years with are going to be the biggest influence on you” (Hodge, 2010, para.1). This statement can be agreed with because the majority of people have similar opinions about colleges, sports teams, and politics as their parents. Having ones own experiences will be another influence on creating a code of ethics and values. If a person grows up with poor life choices and even poorer morals then the result will typically be poor beliefs. The author, Cody Hodge, states “we all have to use our own time on the Earth as a guide and us that when we are making decisions in life especially at work” (2010, para.3). Society has a funny way of determining what is right or wrong. Laws and codes are set up for this purpose but it is not society that chooses which laws or codes to follow. Starting a new job and entering a new workplace will make an employee aware of what acceptable behavior is and what is...

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...Breaking up Essay We have been together for a long period of time but it is not working out. I have tried and tried to make things better between us but it seems it is not working. Even other people with common sense know that we are not compatible with each other. You have oppressed my decisions and never talk about our problems and that is what causes our relationship to wither away. Therefore, we should separate and meet other people because obviously going down the drain. You have given me stress. You have never iron my clothes. You have never washed the dishes. You never let me watch my shows. You have eaten my dog. We have tried to talk to the psychiatrist about your problem but you never cooperated. You are a smelly donkey who never cares about others but yourself. I have token you to the mental hospital but you always run out. I have brought you to the doctor and I would tell him “My girlfriend is broken can you fix it?” I have given you sleeping pills to calm yourself down but you never took them. I have tried to give you your shot but you would try and stab me with it. I have tried to keep you still by massaging you with a rock. After many times of being not respected for all I do I decided to break up. After breaking up with you I get to buy a new dog, eat without being harassed, watch TV without someone screaming, and finally sleep without being woken every 10 minutes. And now I am only going to trust my new dog, Chico, as my new...

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...Competitive Dynamics A marketer needs to know their competitive areas and focus greatly on increasing the effectiveness. In example, when trying to compete with large retail shopping center a small retail shop would find great difficulty if trying to compete on pricing alone. So, it would be to the smaller retail shop to find other areas of competition such as convenience, shorter wait time, or a more personalized shopping experience. To assist in increasing the demand for a product or services the marketer must either promote new uses for the existing product or increase the consumer market. It is a good rule of thumb to always stay ahead of your competitors by being innovative and proactive in identifying available opportunities to introduced new products and services. It’s easy to cater to the needs of the consumer but it can also be detrimental to the company. If the company’s marketing strategies and product design is solely based on customer needs the company will limit themselves and thus operate with “binders”. The best practice is to operate with the marketing strategy of changing the rules of the game. When reading this chapter, it also reminded me of my current employer. My employer is trying to turn around the company’s image as it is perceived by several target markets within a 50 mile radius. As a result, they are eagerly and swiftly trying to compete with competitors that already of positive feedback in the areas of cardiology, cancer, and other medical...

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...Katelyn CWV M-W-F 9:50am 12/6/13 Prof. Sharpe God has been a very important part of my live since I was a very little girl. When I was only a couple of months old I was baptized. That was my first spiritual encounter with God. I then proceeded to commit my first communion in third grade. I then received my confirmation when I was in eighth grade. Like I said before God has been a very important part in my life for a very long time. Who is God? What are his characteristics? I believe that God is the person who created me and he is the person I believe in. I also think that God is the creator of the world and that has control over everything that happens in my life. I think that some of God’s characteristics are that he has the ability to make things happen. I think that he makes certain things happen for a reason. I also believe that one of God’s characteristics is to be there for you in your time of need. I believe this because god knows what you can and cannot do. God is not going to give you something that he thinks that you are going to fail at, I believe that he is going to challenge us a human beings but I believe that he is going to challenge us with things that he knows that we can do. A human being is a person that God puts on the earth to represent him in some way. I believe that God makes all human beings different because he wants us to be our own person but still reflect him in someway. I believe that when a person dies another person is born. I believe...

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...Exam 3 * 5 Policy Alternatives (short answer + know the definition) * 1) Prohibition * 2) Decriminalization * 3) Legalization * 4) Medicalization * 5) Harm Reduction * For Legalization: (short answer) * Policies creating more harm than drugs * Legalize so they don’t have to commit criminal acts * So many people are using it, should be legalized * Failed to reduce use and addiction * Prohibition has negative health consequences * Reduced drug price reduced violence * Crime would decrease less crowded courts and jails * Focus too much on illegal drugs focus on legal drugs * Against Legalization: * Alcohol has history of social acceptance in US * Prohibition is affective against illicit drugs * Legalization of drugs increases consumption increase in overdose and death * How come crack involves higher level of violence than cocaine if less expensive drugs results in less crime? * If legalized more people will start using drugs * Good Country Policies (essay question) * England: * Marijuana is not prescribed for medical use * Prescribe heroin for heroin addicts * Reach out to people to get treatment through the Justice System * When you want help you get help * Portugal: * Jail time replaced with treatment * People caught with small amount sent to a panel ...

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