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Rugby

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Cómo y por qué el Rugby se ha desarrollado mediante los años

El Rugby es basicamente un partido de fútbol jugado con una pelota ovalada por dos equipos de 15 jugadores. El objetivo es anotar más puntos que el adversario mediante patadas o poniendo el balón en la zona de puntuación en el otro extremo del campo en la llamada zona de in-goal. El resultado de esta accion que se le llama Try vale 5 puntos. Después del try se accede a un intento de conversión con una patada. Si el balón pasa por encima de la barra y entre los postes de la meta el resultado son 2 puntos más. Tambien se pueden marcar puntos con un drop kick en el juego general o con una patada de penal (penalty kick), estas dos valen 3 puntos. En el Rugby es básico que el balón no puede ser pasado hacia adelante. Los jugadores no podrán ser tackleados sin el balón. El juego se detiene cuando un try se anota, el balón sale de la cancha, o se produce una infracción. Cuando la pelota sale es devuelto a un line-out en que se alinean los dos equipos y saltan a buscar la pelota que se encuentra entre ambos equipos. Las infracciones resultan en un penal, tiro libre, o scrum. En un scrum el oponente se forma en una unidad para empujar hacia adelante contra la otra, tratando de ganar la pelota con los pies.

Todo lo anterior hace referencia al Rugby de hoy, pero cuando se originó a fines del siglo 19 entonces la idea del juego era muy diferente a su forma moderna.
La historia dice que el rugby se originó en 1823 en el Rugby School de Inglaterra. Hasta el día de hoy, una placa de piedra en las puertas del colegio dice “William Webb Ellis ... con sumo desprecio hacia las normas del fútbol jugado en su tiempo, primero tomo la pelota con sus manos y corrió con ella. ".

El nuevo deporte se desarrollo en los colegios privados y universidades de todo el Reino Unido, y en 1871 fue fundada la primra Union de Rugby en Londres. Las reglas del juego se establecieron sobre la base del primer partido jugado en la Escuela de Rugby en 1823. Pronto llegó la versión profesional del juego y con esto modificaciones de las reglas.

Por ejemplo el sistema de puntuación ha cambiado considerablemente a lo largo de los años. Hay cuatro maneras que se pueden obtener los puntos y son los siguientes:
El Try ha valido desde 1 punto en los inicios del deporte hasta los 5 puntos que vale hoidia, en el periodo intermedio tambien tuvo el valor de 2, 3 y 4 puntos. El Drop Goal empezó valiendo 3 depues se modifico para que fuera 4 y ahora es 3 denuevo. El Kick tambien volvio a su valor original de 2 puntos depues de haber habido un periodo en donde contaba 3. Y los Penalties que solian valer 2 puntos ahora valen 3.

A fines del siglo 19 las reglas del juego eran considerablemente distintas de las tradicionales y modernas del juego de hoy. El énfasis del juego en los primeros tiempos fue definitivamente sobre la base del fútbol. Un jugador que corria con el balón era relativamente raro en la vista tradicional de partido, y un pase con la mano era prácticamente desconocido.
En el siglo 19 cuando se originó el juego, los jugadores eran incitados a patear al oponente en las canillas para forzarlos fuera del camino pero en 1871 esta práctica fue prohibida. También era admitido hasta el año 1871 hacer zancadillas, o pegarle un puntapié al jugador que corriera con el balón, pero esto también se consideró como juego peligroso.

Cuando Inglaterra y Escocia jugaron el primer partido internacional, 20 a cada lado fue la estructura elegida, pero después del partido se decidió que 20 a cada lado eran demasiados jugadores en el terreno de juego. En 1892 se redujo el juego a 15 a cada lado como hoy lo conocemos. La idea inicial para la reducción de los jugadores era aumentar el elemento de habilidad para el juego. En vez de limitarse a patear la pelota a través del oponente, comenzaron a seguir con la posesion y uso de la pelota para su ventaja al pasarla a los miembros del equipo que se encontraban atrás. La idea de estos cambios era alentar a jugar más abierto.
Los cambios más notables de todos en el rugby a lo largo de la historia y en especial de los últimos años han sido las leyes relativas a patadas tácticas.
A través del siglo 20 las reglas y las tácticas del juego se han cambiado y perfeccionado varias veces, aún hasta el día de hoy las tácticas y las reglas se cambian para que el juego del Rugby sea más hábil, seguro, agradable y sociable. A pesar de los cambios que la era profesional traiga, el Rugby se adaptará y seguirá prosperando.

Bibliografía

Beashel P. & Taylor, J. (1992) Examinado Deporte 2, Nelson
Beashel P. & Taylor, J. (1996) Estudios Avanzados en PE y el deporte, Nelson
Honeybourne J, Hill M & H moriscos (1996) y el deporte avanzada PE, Stanley
Nawrat C, Hutchings Struthers S & G (1997) el domingo veces ilustrado la historia de los 20 del siglo deporte Hamlyn

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