...harnessingquanta COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Simple Rules for a Complex Quantum World An exciting new fundamental discipline of research combines information science and quantum mechanics By Michael A. Nielsen Updated from the November 2002 issue 25 COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Over the past few decades, scientists have learned that simple rules can give rise to very rich behavior. A good example is chess. Imagine you’re an experienced chess player introduced to someone claiming to know the game. You play a few times and realize that although this person knows the rules of chess, he has no idea how to play well. He makes absurd moves, sacrificing his queen for a pawn and losing a rook for no reason at all. He does not truly understand chess: he is ignorant of the high-level principles and heuristics familiar to any knowledgeable player. These principles are collective or emergent properties of chess, features not immediately evident from the rules but arising from interactions among the pieces on the chessboard. Scientists’ current understanding of quantum mechanics is like that of a slowlearning student of chess. We’ve known the rules for more than 70 years, and we have a few clever moves that work in some special situations, but we’re only gradually learning the high-level principles that are needed to play a skillful overall game. The discovery of these principles is the goal of quantum information science, a fundamental field...
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...Bohr Institute have discovered what might be the key to completely secure data transfer, keeping particles ‘entangled’ for up to an hour. Until now, the link between two entangled systems could only be maintained for a fraction of a second. This development could enable a direct link between two systems of communication” (engadget.com, N.P.). This could mean incredible things for our communication systems. Don’t think that speed and convenience aren’t the only benefits we would reap either. There would be countless new tools and abilities that would come from perfecting this system. The quantum principle that this type of network is based on is called quantum entanglement. Entanglement was described by Albert Einstein as "spukhafte Fernwirkung", which means spooky action at a distance. The basic concept of entanglement is relatively simple. It isn’t quite so simple to understand, though. A brief explanation by Dave Jarvis says “When a...
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...classical counterparts to solve incredibly complex problems. They do this by storing information in quantum bits, or qubits. At any given moment, each of a classical computer's bits can only be in an “on” or an “off” state. They exist inside conventional electronic circuits, which follow the 19th-century rules of classical physics. A qubit, on the other hand, can be created with an electron, or inside a superconducting loop. Obeying the counterintuitive logic of quantum mechanics, a qubit can act as if it’s “on” and “off” simultaneously. It can also become tightly linked to the state of its fellow qubits, a situation called entanglement. These are two of the unusual properties that enable quantum computers to test multiple solutions at the same time. But in practice, a physical quantum computer is incredibly difficult to run. Entanglement is delicate, and very easily disrupted by outside influences. Add more qubits to increase the device's calculating power, and it becomes more difficult to maintain entanglement. Instead of struggling to keep ever-larger numbers of qubits in balance, D-Wave Systems invested in a different kind of quantum computer, where entanglement is not as crucial. They aimed to create an “adiabatic” computer, in which the qubits begin in a simple low-energy state and are slowly nudged towards a state that represents the best possible solution. This enabled the company to incorporate 512 qubits into its current model, the D-Wave Two....
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...markets and was in a state of economic stagnation (Nayar, 2007). This stagnation left the country in profound poverty with no industrial growth. The people of India faced other challenges as well such as illiteracy, government corruption, and malnutrition (Wikipedia, 2013). In the years since globalization industrial growth has occurred at a rate of about 6.5 percent that has thwarted any reoccurrence of economic decline and a poverty rate at 26 percent that had previously been 55 percent (Nayar, 2007). China too, has benefited from globalization. In 1978, Deng Xiaoping established leadership of China. Unlike Mao Zedong, Xiaoping embraced globalization and demanded economic change that he believed would ensure the safety of communist rule (Yahuda, 2003). Like India, the people of China lived in poverty before globalization occurred. In the 20 years since that time China has experienced a growth rate of over 9 percent and has become the 5th largest trading nation and has the 6th largest economy with millions of people no longer living in poverty (Piexin, 2003). The globalization of China was brought about after the end of the Cultural Revolution...
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...al-Samad has stated the SHARIA law violates the religious clauses of the First Amendment of the Constitution, or more specifically the free exercise and establishment clauses. al-Samad points this out because the law bans the usage of Sharia law in its application in forming federal laws and federal court precedents. As for how the SHARIA law violates the establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution one simply look no further than the third prong of the Lemon Test, which says a law passed under state or federal power should not create excessive government entanglement. Under the proposed definition of the this law, one would have to define what Sharia, is but my sharia’s definition, it is merely “a path to water” or a starting point and therefore would be different for each individual Muslim depending on their own interpretation and many other factors, rather than its counterpart in the Arabic language “fiqh” which is considered set in stone, but since it is decided by man, it may be filled in numerous errors and subject to change....
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...Would the abolitionist be arranged to let thousands kick the bucket on the off chance that they could be spared by probing a solitary creature? The best approach to answer to this simply speculative inquiry is to posture another: Would the experimenter be arranged to perform his examination on a stranded human newborn child, if that were the best way to spare numerous lives? (I say "vagrant" to evade the entanglement of parental sentiments, in spite of the fact that in doing as such l am being overfair to the experimenter, since the nonhuman subjects of tests are not vagrants.) If the experimenter is not arranged to utilize a stranded human newborn child, then his preparation to utilize nonhumans is basic separation, since grown-up primates, felines, mice, and different warm blooded creatures are more mindful of what is transpiring, more self-coordinating and, so far as should be obvious, in any event as delicate to torment, as any human baby....
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...whether the United States could have entered the war sooner and thus saved many lives. To try to understand this we must look both at the people and at government's point of view. Just after war broke out in Europe, President Roosevelt hurriedly called his cabinet and military advisors together. There it was agreed that the United States stay neutral in these affairs. One of the reasons given was that unless America was directly threatened, they had no reason to be involved. Thus, the provisional neutrality act passed the senate by seventy-nine votes to two in 1935. On August 31, Roosevelt signed it into law. In 1936, the law was renewed, and in 1937, a comprehensive and permanent neutrality act was passed. The desire to avoid "foreign entanglements" of all kinds had been an American foreign policy for more than a century. Even if Roosevelt had wanted to do more in the European crisis (which he did not), there was a factor too often ignored by critics of American policy/American military weakness. When asked to evaluate how many troops were available if and when the United States would get involved, the army could only gather a mere one hundred thousand, when the French, Russian and Japanese armies numbered in millions. Its weapons dated from the First World War and were no match compared to the new artillery that...
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...Conflict of Interest CONFLICT OF INTEREST 2 The case I found involving a conflict of interest is Kennedy v. Eldridge, 201 Cal. App. 4th 1197 (2011). This was a family law case involving an unmarried couple and their child. The dispute was over paternity, child support and custody of Calvin Kennedy-Eldridge. The parties involved were the mother, Kayla Kennedy, and father, Tyler Eldridge. The attorney representing Tyler Eldridge was Richard Eldridge. Richard is Tyler’s father, which is where the question of conflict arose. Attorney, Richard Eldridge had past client and business relations with Kennedy and her family members. Kennedy moved to disqualify Eldridge as Tyler’s attorney on the grounds he had previously represented her father in a divorce proceeding. Kennedy also claimed to have provided a declaration to Richard’s firm in connection with the divorce. Kennedy’s stepmother, whom was the adverse party in her father’s divorce was also previously employed by Eldridge’s firm and contended that he had access to confidential information to which he could potentially use against her. Eldridge opposed the motion to disqualify on the ground that Kennedy lacked standing. He argued that because she was never Richard's client, Richard owed her no duty of loyalty or confidentiality that he would breach by representing Tyler. The trial court rejected that reasoning, concluding that Kennedy had standing to bring the disqualification motion and that Richard's role as an advocate...
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...ENFJs are the benevolent 'pedagogues' of humanity. They have tremendous charisma by which many are drawn into their nurturant tutelage and/or grand schemes. Many ENFJs have tremendous power to manipulate others with their phenomenal interpersonal skills and unique salesmanship. But it's usually not meant as manipulation -- ENFJs generally believe in their dreams, and see themselves as helpers and enablers, which they usually are. ENFJs are global learners. They see the big picture. The ENFJs focus is expansive. Some can juggle an amazing number of responsibilities or projects simultaneously. Many ENFJs have tremendous entrepreneurial ability. ENFJs are, by definition, Js, with whom we associate organization and decisiveness. But they don't resemble the SJs or even the NTJs in organization of the environment nor occasional recalcitrance. ENFJs are organized in the arena of interpersonal affairs. Their offices may or may not be cluttered, but their conclusions (reached through feelings) about people and motives are drawn much more quickly and are more resilient than those of their NFP counterparts. ENFJs know and appreciate people. Like most NFs, (and Feelers in general), they are apt to neglect themselves and their own needs for the needs of others. They have thinner psychological boundaries than most, and are at risk for being hurt or even abused by less sensitive people. ENFJs often take on more of the burdens of others than they can bear. TRADEMARK: "The first shall be last" ...
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...behind three-year-old nephew PuYi to rule the throne with the baby's father, Prince Chun, as regent. Kuang-Hsu's aunt had great power over the rule of her nephew, and she prevented him from taking measures toward the modernizing that China badly needed. China needed a strong, modern monarch to rule and not a three-year-old. Mother Russia had also hosted an absolute monarchy for centuries. By the 1900's, Nicholas II ruled all of Russia's vast territory. His father, Alexander III, ruled strictly but ended up stirring the kettle of discontent before passing the throne to his son. Nicholas ruled about one hundred years too late. Part of the problem was that he came after a series of rulers also in the wrong time. By the time he inherited the throne, there was little hope for Russia's monarchy. Nicholas II further destroyed that hope through extensive war and political entanglements with religious leaders of the Russian Orthodox Church. He participated in several wars despite the fact that his country could not really handle it. This destroyed the trust the masses of peasants and workers had in him, in the church he controlled, and in the government as a whole. Similarly, in China, war raged almost constantly from 1910 to 1949. During this time Chinese political parties fought civil wars against each other as well as against the Japanese in World War II. After the monarchy fell in 1911, it was a fight over what form of government would rule next. Another factor most certainly affecting...
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...ENFJs are the benevolent 'pedagogues' of humanity. They have tremendous charisma by which many are drawn into their nurturant tutelage and/or grand schemes. Many ENFJs have tremendous power to manipulate others with their phenomenal interpersonal skills and unique salesmanship. But it's usually not meant as manipulation -- ENFJs generally believe in their dreams, and see themselves as helpers and enablers, which they usually are. ENFJs are global learners. They see the big picture. The ENFJs focus is expansive. Some can juggle an amazing number of responsibilities or projects simultaneously. Many ENFJs have tremendous entrepreneurial ability. ENFJs are, by definition, Js, with whom we associate organization and decisiveness. But they don't resemble the SJs or even the NTJs in organization of the environment nor occasional recalcitrance. ENFJs are organized in the arena of interpersonal affairs. Their offices may or may not be cluttered, but their conclusions (reached through feelings) about people and motives are drawn much more quickly and are more resilient than those of their NFP counterparts. ENFJs know and appreciate people. Like most NFs, (and Feelers in general), they are apt to neglect themselves and their own needs for the needs of others. They have thinner psychological boundaries than most, and are at risk for being hurt or even abused by less sensitive people. ENFJs often take on more of the burdens of others than they can bear. TRADEMARK: "The first shall...
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...may be unintentionally maintained by the family, be a function of the family’s inability to operate productively, and lastly the behavior could be a symptom of dysfunctional patterns that have been handed down across generations (Corey, 2013). Alfred Alder was the first therapist to use family therapy in a systemic approach. Following him, Murray Bowen developed his Multigenerational Family Therapy approach to resolving problems in the family unit. He focuses on differentiation of self for individuals to reduce the chance for entanglement, which occurs when family members become attached and involved in each other’s lives to an unhealthy degree. Another contributor to the family systems therapy approach is Salvador Minuchin who developed Structural Family Therapy (Corey, 2013). In this theory, the focus is on reducing symptoms of dysfunction and bringing about structural changes within the sytem by changing the family’s rules of...
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...In 1890, the USA was far from being a world power its foreign policy was essentially defensive, seeking to keep America out of wars and foreign entanglements. Most Americans were hostile to the ideas of imperialism. However, the events of 1890s pushed USA into rapid naval expansion, Spanish-American war and annexation of territories in the Pacific Ocean- far from the USA. One reason why the USA expanded was due to economic reasons. Rapid increase in economy proved that the US needed to control new markets. America’s industrial economy experienced a downturn after a rapid growth in the 1870s-1880s by 4% annually .The successful war between Spain allowed the USA to expand and establish an empire as the war included the annexation of other Spanish possession in the Caribbean and pacific this lead to USA also gaining control over Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippians and Hawaii. Taking over new colonies meant cheaper raw materials would be available and more money would be coming in; this was especially needed with growing industrialisation. Another reason why the USA expanded was because of the militarily. Spain made peace at the Treaty of Paris in July 1898 and Cuba remained under American military rule until 1902, when it became an American. Expansion of the Navy meant better protection interests and trade abroad. Protectorate. The war of 1898 also lead to the Platt Amendment which allowed the USA to protectorate smaller colony such as Cuba this lead to the Guantanamo Bay naval...
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...Ethics Awareness Inventory Octavio Landeros PSYCH/545 - Survey of Professional Psychology August 12, 2013 Instructor: Mary Mc Greevy Abstract The purpose of the summary is to elucidate the importance of a personal ethical perspective and to scrutinize the affiliation between professional and personal ethics in psychology. The summary will analyze by taking into account the results of the Ethics Awareness Inventory (EAI). Ethics Awareness Inventory In today’s society, there is a fine and invisible line among individuals and professionals: ethics. The meaning has become so multifaceted that people’s views about ethics have become unstable and broad. Ethics relate to moral principles to guide individuals and to teach them how to conduct themselves in society by differentiating between rightness and wrongness. The standard of right and wrong defines the aspect of ethics. Ethical dilemmas will arise and will bring a tangle of questions to the professional. The professional will wrestle with questions that will be hard to admit to themselves and others (Pope & Vasquez, 2011). It is human nature to make rushed decisions and mistakes makes humans question their professional and personal ethics. Ethics will help the professional answer those tangled questions. An ethical awareness will let the professional weigh the choices that will affect the lives of colleagues, the public, and the clients. An ethical awareness will free the professional from the restraining webs...
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...Memorandum To: CC: Office of the Chief Executive Officer Office of the Vice President of Human Resources From: Date: Re: 4/2/2012 URGENT: Filed Employee Claim under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Constructive Discharge. I wanted to provide some background on Constructive Discharge under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII was established for employees in the United States to protect them from workplace discrimination based on their race, color, ethnicity, religion gender and/or sexual harassment. Under the definition of Constructive Discharge, according to USLegal.com, an employer makes a working environment intolerable which forces the employee to resign. It further states that “evidence of objectively difficult or unpleasant working conditions to the extent that a reasonable employee would feel compelled to resign, if the employer has not been given at least 15 days’ notice by the employee that the employee intends to resign because of these conditions and the employer fails to respond to the employee’s claim”. (1) In this particular case, our former employee who resigned is alleging religious discrimination under Constructive Discharge due to a work policy change requiring employees to rotate their shifts which includes working on what may be considered a religious day. As an employer, the Company needs to “reasonably accommodate an employee’s religious beliefs” (2) and make reasonable accommodations to the work environment. At the time...
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