...HEALTH LITERACY, PERCEIVED MEDICATION BENEFITS, MEDICATION ADHERENCE AND HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE AMONG PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC ILLNESSES ATTENDING PRIMARY CARE IN RURAL COMMUNITIES OF IKENNE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NIGERIA INTRODUCTION Background and Scope of the Study The main aim of any attempted remediation of a health problem of patients in a health system is to achieve certain desired health outcomes in the patient. These desired outcomes however might not be realizable if the patients are not strictly following prescribed treatment even when the health care professionals have performed their part effectively. The synergy of the relationship between low literacy, patient decision - making, and compliance with prescribed medication use makes it quite difficult to achieve the desired outcomes in medical therapy (Nutbeam, 2008, Atulomah et al, 2010) of overall increase in health status. Health literacy is defined as the capacity of individuals to obtain, interpret and understand basic health information and services, as well as the competence and motivation to use such information and services in ways that enhance their health (Institute of Medicine, 2004) Several studies have been have been conducted to evaluate peoples level of literacy and adherence to medication. Health literacy rates in developed countries have been conducted in the United States (USA), United Kingdom (UK), Australia, and Canada to evaluate the rate of health literacy...
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...Australian Health Care system is a continuous process and the system change will affect all consumers from all background as well all health professional. Rural and remote areas health care: The shortage of healthcare professionals in rural communities is a global problem that poses a serious challenge to equitable healthcare delivery. In Australia rural areas are underdeveloped in most of these areas (rural and remote areas). About one-third 32 per cent of Australians live in rural and remote areas 29 per cent in regional areas and 3 per cent in remote areas (AIHW, 2008a). Persons in rural communities can suffer more chronic health due to the lack of health care services in rural areas. My review discusses an overview of and the lack of services within these communities. As stated in the a discussion papers on Primary Health Care (www.health.gov.au), geographical location accessibility to and availability of appropriate health services and rural and remote environments including socioeconomic status, lifestyles, and are undoubtedly the hallmark characteristics of rural and remote Australia. The lack of distance and transport are major problems to accessing health care for many rural Australians. Health care systems servicing the needs of rural and remote Australians cannot be seen apart from the transport system that either takes services to the people or brings patients to those services. Health transport may be required at different points within the health care system...
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...Health Care Utilization Paper Option B Svetlana Leyzerov HCS/235 May 25, 2015 Hanna Matatyaho Health Care Utilization Paper Option B The Behavioral Model of Health Services utilization was developed by Ron Andersen in 1968, and subsequently refined with his colleagues over the years. It is the most widely adopted conceptual framework for studying the use of health services, especially with regard to determining whether or not access to and consumption of health services is fair. The model underwent three revisions, or phases, the first of which was the initial Behavioral Model. Developed in the 1960s, this phase was focused on individual use of the health care services. Phase two was in 1970s, where Anderson collaborated with other colleagues in order to recognize the importance of national health policy, the resources in the health care system, and changes in those over time. A third phase, in 1990s, acknowledged changes in the environment as part of understanding the use of health care services. Although the Behavioral Model of Health Services Use was revised, the core factors that it was built on stayed the same. It is based on a function of predisposing, enabling, and need for health care. The predisposing factors are stronger in tendency for some individuals than in others. It is further subdivided into demographic factors including age, gender, and ethnicity; social factors- education, occupation, and residence mobility; health beliefs-attitude toward the...
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...implementing the system. It also predicts the cost of the system and the money it will save the business that is using it. The system I am going to be using is the implementation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) into small rural health care facilities. This particular one is for D.W. McMillan Memorial Hospital. D.W. McMillan Memorial Hospital is a 49 bed community hospital who are located in Brewton, Alabama. D.W. McMillan Memorial Hospital decided they wanted to take a shot at implementing HER to make their organization more modern and up to date on technology that is being used nationwide. Not only will it benefit their patients, but also the workers, and the organization as a whole. D.W. McMillan Memorial Hospital realized they needed and EHR system when they started using the bar code medication administration system. Up until the point they realized they need an automated system, they always used the traditional paper version of medical records. They used system analysis to take a look at their current paper medical records that were being used and they wanted to implement a software that would be an easy transition, with easy-to-navigate screens that “mirrored paper-based processes” (EHR implementation in a smaller hospital: A case study, 2014) This helped the health care providers to adapt to...
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...This study determines the possible effects of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) on a large WWAMI (Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho) medical education program which trains primary care health professionals for rural regions. Under the ACA, demand for primary care health professionals increases as more people will get health coverage. Medical schools are accepting more students to satisfy this demand, but there are limits on graduate medical education and residency positions are also limited. This will still result in insufficient supply. The authors examine the impact of ACOs (Accountable Care Organizations) on this program and resulting challenges in the recruitment and retention of health care workforce. The program currently focuses...
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...An Economic Analysis of Health Care in China (draft 8/8/06) Gregory C Chow Princeton University Abstract After describing the institutions for health care in China as they evolved since 1949, this paper presents statistical demand functions for health care. It applies the demand functions to explain the rapid increase in health care demand and the resulting rapid increase in price when supply failed to increase. The failure in increase in supply was traced to the system of public supply of healthcare in China. The reform experience of Suqian city in the privatization of healthcare is reported to demonstrate the positive effect of privatization on supply. The government’s health care program for the urban and rural population is described and an evaluation of it is provided. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Changes in Health Care Institutions 3. Demand Functions for Health Care 4 Supply for Health Care: Public or Private? 5. Government’s Program for Health Care 6. Evaluation of the Current Health Care System 7. Conclusion 1. Introduction With a population of over 1.3 billion China has received much attention, including its spectacular economic development since 1978 and the accompanied deterioration of health care for a substantial segment of its large rural population. Section 2 of this paper...
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...Health Status of the Rural Population Access to health care in this country has been problematic for many years, especially for populations considered vulnerable. The rural communities are a susceptible population because of their lack of medical resources, distance from facilities, economic condition, lifestyle behaviors and presence of chronic conditions (Rural Assistance Center, 2015). For the community nurse to influence the rural populations health status, we need to assess the current health trends, identify methods to promote health and prevent disease, examine the impact of economic and political systems on the population and advocate for healthcare policy changes that can positively affect change in the community. Health Trends...
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...Access to health care is limited in the rural setting so it becomes imperative to educate the patient regarding their illness, treatments, management, medications and when to seek medical assistance. Providing this information to the patient and educating them, the patient is better able to self-manage their condition. Kouame (2010), identified the key challenges facing the rural population as: low population density, limited to no services, disproportionate numbers of elderly, low-income, and minorities, social isolation and a high incidents of chronic illnesses. Health promotion is defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over and improved their health. Improving health literacy is key in empowering the rural community...
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...Rural Health Care By: Lurhonda Maxwell, Amanda Hacko, Laura Bottom, Patricia Delaughter, Tamara Boyd and Ta Rhonda Thomas HCS/440 Professor: Chuck Sigmund Due: September 12, 2011 Individuals and families of rural populations are confronted and struggling with the same challenges and care issues as everyone else in the nation-such as large numbers of uninsured and underinsured, high rising health care costs, and overextended health care infrastructure. Jon Bailey states that, “there are numerous unique health care issues facing rural people and rural places. Despite an array of health care differentials between urban and rural people, there is evidence that the ultimate health status of rural people has much to do with health insurance coverage and the type of health insurance coverage”. Evidence show people in rural areas with health insurance provided by there employers get more or less costly health care provided services then those who have purchased health insurance privately. Insurance that was purchased at lower cost resulted in health care services that were presumably regular and better. As discussed, people in rural areas lack coverage. People in rural areas are being denied coverage and have higher premiums because of their existing...
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...Doctor Shortage Impacts Rural Areas Jean Larsen Senior Project Kristi Hund March 1, 2011 Abstract The United States is experiencing a substantial shortage of physicians, which is creating a severe supply and demand problem in America. Citizens living in rural areas should receive the same quality of care as those living in urban settings. Substantial differences exist in quality and access to health care for persons living in rural America. The shortage of physicians in rural America calls for immediate attention and change, as the inadequate supply of physicians is affecting the quality of patient care. The life expectancy of persons living in rural America is actually declining due to treatable conditions such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These illnesses could be managed with proper medical treatment. This paper addresses these issues and recommends two solutions. Healthcare is in crisis in many countries, not least of which is the United States. We hear on the news how health care providers are unable to provide medical care to an increasing number of chronically ill and the aging population. There are a number of systemic failures, none is more difficult to correct than the basic lack of human resources. There are simply not enough physicians to service the needs of the population. The problem is intensified in rural areas, where specialized physicians may not be found within several hundred miles. The healthcare...
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...The three negatives of the US’s health care delivery framework are shortage of health care personnel, poor quality of care and outcomes in rural aeries, and fragmentation in care delivery. Rural Americans make up 20% of total Americans. People living in rural areas are more likely to have poor health than those living in urban areas. For instance, rural individuals have a tendency to be older and have more than two chronic diseases, higher infant morbidity and mortality rates, and environmental and work related injuries higher than those in urban communities. In addition, rural areas have fewer medical services and health care providers compared to urban communities, which make difficulties for rural Americans in getting essential medical...
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...Health Care Utilization John Q Scenario John Q. recently moved to a rural community. He works full-time, but qualifies for Medicaid because of his low income. John has high blood pressure and his father recently had a heart attack. Thus, he decided to call to find out which providers nearby accept Medicaid. While there are local doctors, he discovered that the closest primary care physician who accepts Medicaid is a 40-minute drive and appointments must be made 2 weeks in advance due to the number of patients at the practice. In addition, the practice does not offer weekend or evening hours. John usually catches a ride to work with a friend or relies on public transportation. (University of Phoenix, 2012). Based on the above scenario, John Q. needs to see a doctor to keep from becoming a victim of a heart attack. There are many factors involved with John Q. using health care services. He has a low income, receives Medicare, no local physician available, limited transportation, and yet he has a need to see a doctor. These factors are described as predisposing, enabling, need, mutable, or immutable. The immutable factors cannot be changed, whereas the mutable factors could change. How dose one change them is the question? This question is important because the changes need to be made so that everyone can have access to health care no matter what area they live in. One of the major factors affecting John Q’s access...
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...Indian Health Services Program Erika Western Governors University * * * * The Indian Health Service (IHS) was established in 1955 as a federal agency within the Department of Health and Human Service. IHS primary responsibilities include providing health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives. The goal of IHS is to raise the health status of the Indian population to the highest possible level while providing health services to Indians from 566 Tribes across the United States. The mission of IHS is to raise the physical, mental, social and spiritual health of American Indians and Alaska Natives to the highest level. (“Agency Overview,” n.d.) * In order to support their mission in raising the health status to the highest possible level and to improve and protect the health of every community, the IHS facilities have chosen to participate in accreditation through the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). Accreditation through JCAHO provides many positive benefits and outcomes for the IHS. By seeking accreditation through JCAHO, the community and patients in the IHS system are able to recognize that IHS is committed to clinical quality. JCAHO accreditation sets standards on levels of quality assessment and quality improvement activities. JCAHO monitors programs that are in place within the organization and reviews policies and procedures to ensure life-safety standards are being met. The benefits to...
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...The health care delivery system in Utah is set up much the same as many other states, from the opportunity for the community to participate in Medicaid or Medicare programs, to all sort of resources, from information on local health departments, campaigns and awareness programs, to allowing for easy access to the licensing bureau to ensure the safety and comfort of assisted living centers and nursing homes. According to health.utah.gov, growth rates in Utah for Medicaid have far exceeded the annual revenue for the last two decades. Health care costs are continuing to soar, while many people are suffering without insurance or proper care when they are in need of it most. The State of Utah has contracts with many health care organizations in which it can arrange quality care and continually improve on ways to manage health care costs, cover medical procedures, and allow opportunities for the community to be aware of how and when to utilize the benefits that they are provided, whether it be through state or government agencies, or employer’s plans. The State of Utah wants to reduce health care costs, which it can help maintain by providing out-of-network payment limitations when dealing with Medicaid, and with their budget management strategy the state makes supplemental payments to its teaching hospital. The State is also strategizing on making each Medicaid client responsible and accountable for their portion of the system, as well as replacing limits on the copayment amounts...
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...the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HHS) through a continuously approved legislation ask that “the Health Professions Education Partnerships Act of 1998 which gave the authority for the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee to study the personnel issues in medicine.” (Cooper, 2003) In a report by the” Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC) who predicted a doctor surplus in its 1979 report, and allopathic medical education has maintained an even level in its enrollment.” (Health and Human Services, 2011) The earlier statistical analysis of factors that were considered did not include the new technologies and the amount of medical specialist’s increase which has made changes to how the medical profession operates. The factors also did include the trend to have more salaried positions such as in the HMO market and the fact that more women are enrolling to practice medicine and enrolling in medical schools. These factors along with unanticipated population growth add to the shortage of medical practitioners in overall calculations that include rural needs for services. These factors remain in place about the future demand for physicians. The amount of growth in need for medically trained in America is disproportionately distributed in rural areas, thus barriers to providing healthcare in rural communities are resource limitations, serving in a low-volume environment challenges and “retaining health care professionals, and...
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