...To what extent does rural-urban migration from the Lake Bogoria area of Kenya relate to core-periphery perceptions? Introduction Migration is an important part of human geography, and an interesting topic to study in Kenya where there is, and continues to be a sharp increase in the number of people relocating to its cities. Currently, 40% of Kenya’s population live in urban areas and this figure is expected to triple in the next 40 years (Khazan 2013). Migration has many effects on the rural and urban communities involved, as well as the environment and the rate of development of certain areas. Furthermore, migratory patterns can be useful indicators of the geography of economic opportunities within a country (Potts 2013), therefore I wish to establish exactly why people decide to migrate. My research aims to look beyond the assumptions made about the reasons behind rural-urban migration in Kenya and relate the push and pull factors of migration to the core-periphery concept. I wish to find what the people of Lake Bogoria think about urban and rural areas, and where perceptions of these areas are derived from. It is important to carry out research in this field in order to obtain an idea of future migration patterns in Kenya and the reasons shaping them. A recent article (Khazan 2013) reporting of Kenyan migrants taking their cows with them to the city has sparked an idea that there is perhaps a blend in the boundaries between the urban core and rural periphery. Lake Bogoria...
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...the figure for of Indian rural-urban migrants of India has increased steadily. Firstly, a job deficiency is so serious that rural Indians move to cities in search of better careers. In addition, that health care system is substandard is one of contributing factors of rural-urban migration in India. Finally, rural education system cannot meet many citizens’ demands, so they have to migrate to urban areas with a view to further education. It is recommended that the Indian government should support family planning and non-farm employment, liaise with philanthropic organizations and found their own charitable organization. Introduction According to International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (2014), approximately 2 million people migrate from rural to urban areas worldwide every year and the total number of rural-urban migrants has been around 22 million people since 2001. Also, it is the most fundamental issue that makes a significant change in one country’s demographic structure. Rural-urban migration is such a chronic issue because it leads to a series of effects where this effect results in another effect, which has put negative pressures on community development. What is more is that the proportion of rural-urban migrants in developing and poor countries has witnessed a more remarkable growth than that in developed countries. India is one of the countries which have the highest rate of rural-urban migration. The statistics of rural-urban migrants in India showed...
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...chapter includes a detailed discussion of the theoretical and conceptual perspectives of rural to urban migration integrating these with the objectives of the study set out in briefer fashion in Chapter 1. Section 2.1 presents the theoretical literature review including the concept of internal migration, the nature of data on migration, conceptual issues in the measurement of internal migration, migration theories, gender dimension and social structure of India. Section 2.2 reviews the empirical literature showing the trends and patterns of internal migration in India, especially the rural to urban labour migration. Section 2.3 shows the conceptual framework of the proposed study. In academic research, relatively little...
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...The topic I chose to do is migration. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. There are four main types of migration permanent, temporary, voluntary or forced and they can be internal or international. Internal means going from your country to another within the same region and international means to from one country to another. There are various reasons why people migrate and migration has to do a lot with push and pull factors. Push factors are those which force a person to move. This can include drought, famine, lack of jobs, over population and civil war. Pull factors are those which encourage a person to move. These include a chance of a better job, better education and a better standard of living. In my article reviews I will reveal some of the reasons for migration. Since migration occurs all over the world I decided to go beyond the beautiful tranquil waters of The Bahamas into the regions of South Africa and China. I selected two out four articles which are related Africa and the other two on China these are all based on some form of migration. My first article is entitle Migration and Elderly Africans in the United States and this speaks distinctively on Immigration migration. The second article entitle The socio-economic impact of African immigration on urban development in South Africa: the case of Empangeni this speaks distinctively on African immigration in South Africa. My third article entitle Rural-urban migration and urbanization in Gansu...
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...Model Traditional migration models were developed largely in the context of advanced industrial economies and hence implicitly assume the existence of full or near-full employment. In a full-employment environment, the decision to migrate can be based solely on the desire to secure the highest-paid job wherever it becomes available. However, developing countries are beset by a chronic unemployment problem, which means that a typical migrant cannot expect to secure a high-paying urban job immediately. Therefore, in deciding to migrate, the individual must balance the probabilities and risks of being unemployed or underemployed for a considerable period of time against the positive urban-rural real income differential. Considering these factors in addition to the traditional model, Todaro model was developed. Thus the fundamental idea of Todaro model is that migrants should consider the various labour market opportunities available to them in the rural and urban sectors and choose the one that maximizes their expected gains from migration. It is a theory that explains rural-urban migration as an economically rational process despite high urban unemployment. Characteristics: 1. Migration is stimulated primarily by rational economic considerations of relative benefits and costs, mostly financial but also psychological. * The theory assumes that members of the labor force, both actual and potential, compare their expected incomes for a given time period in the urban sector with prevailing...
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...growth, Rural-urban migration, Push and pull factors, Push factors, Pull factors. i. Population Growth: Population growth is one of the main reasons to the urbanization. Fertility rates are largely dependent on economic considerations. As economic wellbeing increases, the fertility level decreases. Security about the future and alternatives to family life in the cities are the main reasons for this decrease Education level has similar effect as economic wellbeing to the fertility rates. For example in Taiwan and South Korea, rising education level has resulted in smaller families, and population growth has fallen by half. However, women’s knowledge of how to manage their own fertility has the biggest effects on birth rates. Nowadays only 25 per cent of the women do have access to family planning materials and the power to control the amount of their children. ii. Rural-urban Migration: Migration is a form of geographical or spatial motion between one geographical unit and another. Internal migration consists of rural-rural, rural-urban, urban-urban and urban-rural migration. Migration is continues and repeated process rather than a single event. Because of these facts, it is difficult to measure and study. The time of migration also varies; it can be periodic, seasonal, or long-term migration. Migration is the main reason for rapid growth of mega-cities. Migration has been going on over centuries and it is normal phenomenon. When considering urbanization rural-urban...
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...Migration has been significantly reshaping the traditional social and economic structures of rural communities of this country. The livelihood activities of rural families are no longer confined to farming and are increasingly being diversified through rural-to-urban and international migration. With the development of trade and industry and the awareness produced by the mass media, rural poor are shifting towards the urban areas in order to improve their living standards and to search for better livelihood opportunities. The lack of employment opportunities in the rural areas and better employment prospects and infrastructure facilities in the urban areas motivate people to migrate to urban areas. In the rural areas, sluggish agricultural growth and limited development of the rural non-farm sector raises the incidence of rural poverty, unemployment and underemployment. Moreover, absence of non-farm employment, low agricultural production has resulted in a growth of seasonal migration. Seasonal migration is the migration for a limited period of the year when no farming activity is underway. As most of the high productivity activities are located in the urban areas, people from rural areas move towards town or cities with a hope to grab diversified livelihood opportunities. Migration primarily occurs due to disparities in regional development. The causes of migration are usually explained by using two broad categories, namely, push and pull factors. Studies conducted in...
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...Introduction: The United Nations estimates indicate that at mid 1990s, about 43 per cent of the world population lived in urban areas. With the urban population growing two and a half times faster than its rural counterpart, the level of urbanisation is projected to cross the 50 per cent mark in 2005. United Nations projections further show that by 2025, more than three- fifth of the world population will live in urban areas (U. N. 1993). The growth rate of urban population of developing regions has been declining recently. It was estimated to be 3.9 per cent per annum during 1980-85, which declined to 3.79 per cent per annum during 1980-85, 3.62, and 3.43 during 199095 and 1995-2000 respectively. The decline in the rate of urbanisation is also continuing in developed regions of the world. As a result, some of the European countries have experienced negative urbanisation during 80s ( U. N. 1993 ). However, the continued absence, namely, adequate data on rural to urban migration in most developing countries as well as on natural increase in rural and urban areas separately precludes attribution of the slowing down of urban growth in most of the countries to any single demographic process. It reflects the effects the host of factors like the relatively week expansion of urban industries and price shifts unfavourable to manufactured goods, population aging, policies to alter migration and spatial distribution patterns in some countries, and no doubt other forces (Brockerhoff , 1998;1999 ). The...
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...RURAL TO URBAN MIGRATION IN CHINA 1. REASONS * http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/chinas-young-rural-urban-migrants-search-fortune-happiness-and-independence : * Interestingly, being tired of school was one of the most frequent answers to the primary migration motivation question, surpassing economic reasons. Many of our interviewees expressed little interest in school and did not complete their compulsory nine years of education before migrating. A secondary reason emerged, however, for not finishing school: the inability or unwillingness to pay for schooling when job opportunities in cities became available. After dropping out, the Chinese school enrollment structure all but precludes youth from going back to school and continuing their education where they left off. * Many interviewees also mentioned the attraction of city life, broadcast as exceptional and exotic by both earlier migrants returning to the village and the media, as a primary motivator in their decision to migrate. A related motivator is the desire for material things and luxury items available only to urban workers * http://projectpartner.org/poverty/untold-story-chinas-rural-urban-migration/ * About 362 million Chinese live on less than $2/day. With most of these poor living in rural areas, the need for income drives them to areas with a promise of new income. * Rural Chinese live a mainly agrarian lifestyle, farming the land and raising livestock. With access to clean water...
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...How Rural-Urban Migration Contributes to the Development of a Megacity: A case from Bangladesh Abstract Like other developing countries, rural-urban migration is the prime reason of developing megacity in Bangladesh. It is the most important factor for rapid urbanization as well. Dhaka, the only megacity in Bangladesh, became a megacity having more than 10 million of population in 2001. Dhaka is the center of attraction of this region since 7th century and the development phase of this megacity can be categorized into five- Pre-mughal period, Mughal period, British period, Pakistan period and independent Bangladesh period. Although rural-urban migration plays the crucial most role to turn Dhaka from a city to megacity, it was not very significant during the first three period. With the partition of subcontinent Dhaka became the capital of independent Bangladesh and huge numbers of migrants start to step into this city. Dhaka, the 9th largest of 21 megacities of the world, drags people towards it with several ‗forces of attraction‘. This study, on the rural-urban migrants residing over the slums of Dhaka city, finds that availability of jobs, easy access to informal economy, ‗Dhaka means Taka‘ conception and ‗illuminating Dhaka‘ are the prime forces of attraction of Dhaka megacity. Keywords: Megacity, Dhaka, Rural-Urban Migration, Migration toward Megacity, Forces of Attraction. Introduction Development of cities and urban centers as well is intrinsically related with...
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...(2002) Ultimately, people lack a productive and household asset, which leads to urban poverty. So urban poverty is indicated as an urgent issue to be addressed and realised as many policies and development work focus on the rural areas yet rural - urban migration influx is high and continues to perplex modernisation in the city. Kiguli,J. (2004) Woldiya in search of employment and to utilize urban services and education. Hence, the out flow of economically active people from the rural agricultural sector has a negative effect on production in the areas of origin and the receiving area now experiences problems such as a shortage of housing, unemployment, increasing cost of living, lack of access to social services, Therefore, to mitigate the problem of rural-urban migration is launching of integrated rural development policy. Miheretu, Birhan Asmame (2011-06) The regression analysis shows that rural-urban migration contributes significantly towards the development of their rural communities through monetary remittances and the involvement of the rural-urban migrants in community development projects. Based on the findings, recommendations such as initiation of development projects based on the identified needs of each of the rural communities to augment the effects of migration in the study area are made. (2013) Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero and Patience C. Onokala The adjustment of migrants to urban living is a difficult concept to analyze because the definition of adjustment varies...
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...traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. It is progressive concentration of population in urban unit. The traditional sector is viewed as a supplier of labor, whereas the modern sector is supposed to soak up its supply. Supply can’t be immediately soaked up because of the limited supply of capital. The Lewis model states that there is a surplus of labor in the traditional sector and labor is subject to diminishing returns and output is stagnant after a certain point. This sector is characterized by income sharing and disguised unemployment. Economic development proceeds by the transfer of labor from agriculture to industry and the simultaneous transfer of surplus food-grain production, which sustains part of the population engaged in nonagricultural activity. In the surplus labor phase, removal of labor from agriculture doesn’t affect the output or the wages. Industrial production expands without rise in industrial wage. But the increasing fall in supply of labor drives up the agricultural wages, also it reduces the output. To compensate these losses, the industrial wages have to increase. Labor moves from one sector to another on its own wishes. Classic theory of rural-urban migration is based on Harris-Todaro model. Migration in the Harris-Todaro model is viewed as a response to the sufficient wage gap that prevails between the two sectors. Not everyone can be absorbed in the formal sector at these high wages and the unlucky ones land up in the urban informal sector...
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...THE PROCESS AND PATTERN OF URBANIZATION AND LABOUR MIGRATION IN NIGERIA By Anyaele Samuel O. Mabogunje (1968), defined urbanization as the process whereby human beings congregates in relatively large number at one particular spot of the earth surface. The particular spot is refered to urban centers. Urbanization simply put, is a demographical phenomenon charaterized with the movement of people from the rural settings to permanently dwell in the city (urban areas). Labour migration on the other hand, is the process through which an individual move from an administrative territorial community to another community in order to gain an employment. There are two types of labour migration namely; the contemporary labour migration which is also refered to as oversea or contract workers. Here, an individual migrates for a little period in order to send money back home. And the highly skilled and business migrants; here, people with qualifications like executives, technicians, professionals and its similar prowless move within the international or national labour market to gain employment. Urbanization process are those factors that facilitates a place to turn into urban center. These factors includes; migration (PUSH – PULL FACTORS), natural increase, government policies, exchange of trade etc. MIGRATION- migration is a rational movement that invovles a change in place of residence across a defined geo-political boundary. Migration is age, sex, destination and reason selective. Factors...
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...country’s population that lives in urban as opposed to the rural area. We can see how urbanisation is increasing globally by the switch over of the majority of the global population living in rural areas to urban areas in 2007, and how the percentage of the global population living in urban areas is now 53% as well as their being 28 megacities around the world as of 2015. The primary reason for the increase in urbanisation around the world is the process of rural-urban migration (mainly in developing countries/NICs). This can be seen in the mega city of Delhi, where its total population is over 17million and has since increased by 285,000 due to migration alone. The reasons for these migrants to move from the rural to urban areas can be due to centrifugal or centripetal forces. A Centrifugal force is something that pushes people away from the rural areas and into the urban areas for example rural poverty and environmental degradation, while Centripetal forces is something that attracts people into cities which are usually the perceived benefits and opportunities of education, employment, shelter, electricity, food and water. These forces are demonstrated by migration of people into the city of Delhi. The Centrifugal forces include the pressure on the land in rural areas, such as parts of the state of Uttah Pradesh, and the farms being fragmented making farming inefficient and cause declining yields and therefore increasing poverty within the rural areas. Another centrifugal force...
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...Damian – Introduction – Migration in Canada * Why do we have to look at internal migration in Canada? Why is it important? * Even from the beginning of Canadian history, The Macdonald commission, found that when looking into the long term economic potential the Canadian federation will have problems in the regional disparity. * The question of regionalism and population distribution has been going on for a while and particular attention is placed on international and internal migration in Canada * Should Canada bring people to the jobs or the jobs to people? What do you think? VIDEO NEXT SLIDE Alex - Population distribution * Before the arrival of Europeans settlers, the aboriginal peoples were concentrated on the pacific coast and in the St Lawrence valley, extending in southern Ontario, but its very different now * Population distribution is an important indicator of the relative attractiveness of the various parts of the country and how that has changed with time * At the time of the 1986 census 72 percent of the population lived within 150km of the United States boarder and 85 percent lived within 300km of the boarder * If we look at the population distribution by regions that run east and west around the time of confederation, Ontario had 43 percent of the population, Quebec had 32 percent and the Maritime Provinces had 20 percent and the remaining 3 percent lived west of Ontario * The major changes in population distribution occurred...
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