...How Rural-Urban Migration Contributes to the Development of a Megacity: A case from Bangladesh Abstract Like other developing countries, rural-urban migration is the prime reason of developing megacity in Bangladesh. It is the most important factor for rapid urbanization as well. Dhaka, the only megacity in Bangladesh, became a megacity having more than 10 million of population in 2001. Dhaka is the center of attraction of this region since 7th century and the development phase of this megacity can be categorized into five- Pre-mughal period, Mughal period, British period, Pakistan period and independent Bangladesh period. Although rural-urban migration plays the crucial most role to turn Dhaka from a city to megacity, it was not very significant during the first three period. With the partition of subcontinent Dhaka became the capital of independent Bangladesh and huge numbers of migrants start to step into this city. Dhaka, the 9th largest of 21 megacities of the world, drags people towards it with several ‗forces of attraction‘. This study, on the rural-urban migrants residing over the slums of Dhaka city, finds that availability of jobs, easy access to informal economy, ‗Dhaka means Taka‘ conception and ‗illuminating Dhaka‘ are the prime forces of attraction of Dhaka megacity. Keywords: Megacity, Dhaka, Rural-Urban Migration, Migration toward Megacity, Forces of Attraction. Introduction Development of cities and urban centers as well is intrinsically related with...
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...Introduction :Bangladesh is one of the world's most densely populated countries with 150 million people, 26% of whom live below the national poverty line of US $2 per day.In addition, child malnutrition rates are currently at 48%, in condition that is tied to the low social status of women in Bangladeshi society.A small country in the South Asia, tucked between India and the Bay of Bengal, of the Indian Ocean. Stricken by poverty, overpopulation, and malnutrition many people in this country are destitute. Economy: While Bangladesh suffers from many problems such as poor infrastructure, political instability, corruption, and insufficient power supplies, the country's economy has grown 5-6% per year since 1996. However, Bangladesh still remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently-governed nation with about 45% of the Bangladeshis being employed in the agriculture sector. Rural and urban poverty: The World Bank announced in June 2013 that Bangladesh had reduced the number of people living in poverty from 63 million in 2000 to 46 million in 2010, despite a total population that had grown to approximately 150 million. This means that Bangladesh will reach its first United Nations-established Millennium Development Goal, that of poverty reduction, two years ahead of the 2015 deadline. Bangladesh is also making progress in reducing its poverty rate to 26 percent of the population.[4] Since the 1990s, there has been a declining trend of poverty by 1 percent each year...
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...BUS530 MACROECONOMICS ECONOMIC GROWTH & POVERTY REDUCTION IN BANGLADESH Prepared by Aadil Choudhury 112 0322 660 Section 1 INTRODUCTION The relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction is not always automatic. To achieve poverty reduction, robust economic growth is necessary but not sufficient. The financial allocation and source of finance play a crucial role in implementing the development endeavor and achieving macroeconomic objectives like growth, employment, and price stability. Investing in some sectors of the economy may contribute to rapid economic growth while others may contribute to poverty reduction. Again there are some sectors which may contribute to achieving both growth and poverty reduction. BANGLADESH’S CHALLENGES IN ECONOMIC GROWTH & POVERTY REDUCTION Bangladesh has had some success in attaining economic growth and reducing poverty. But many more challenges lie ahead of us which we must face to eradicate poverty and move towards a poverty-free Bangladesh. Challenge of better monetary management The country has opted for following a selective credit control measures with expansionary credit policy to essential sectors and contractionary policies to luxury items. It has been following 'free-float currency' policy which appears to be a mere luxury with both export and import sectors of the country suffering from structural rigidities. Free float of Bangladesh currency along with erosion of dollar vis-a-vis other currencies of...
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...multinational consumer product manufacturing giant operating in over hundred countries all around the globe. Unilever Bangladesh is the Bangladesh chapter of Unilever, where the company holds 60.75% share whereas the Government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh holds 39.25% share. Unilever’s one of the most popular brand is LUX. They segments LUX.’s market according to geographical locations. It further differentiates these segments into Socio Economic Cluster (SEC) which takes into account the criteria of education and profession which ultimately measures the financial ability of consumers. The cluster is divided into five parts starting from A to E. Unilever targets the urban and sub urban upper middle class and middle class segment of the population, who falls under A to C of SEC. Tactical marketing tools, 4P’s, are extensively used by the company to market LUX. Though LUX is produced in Bangladesh, Unilever Bangladesh maintains the same standard all around the globe. The product is available in six different fragrances under three different sizes. Since the demand for beauty soap market is to a great extent oligopolistic, variations in price lead to price war which can eventually break down the company’s market share. Thus Unilever cannot provide a better price than its competitors. But the price is affordable by most of the people. Unilever Bangladesh has outsourced its distribution channels to third party distributors which allow them to distribute LUX in massive bulks...
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...multinational consumer product manufacturing giant operating in over hundred countries all around the globe. Unilever Bangladesh is the Bangladesh chapter of Unilever, where the company holds 60.75% share whereas the Government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh holds 39.25% share. Unilever’s one of the most popular brand is LUX. They segments LUX.’s market according to geographical locations. It further differentiates these segments into Socio Economic Cluster (SEC) which takes into account the criteria of education and profession which ultimately measures the financial ability of consumers. The cluster is divided into five parts starting from A to E. Unilever targets the urban and sub urban upper middle class and middle class segment of the population, who falls under A to C of SEC. Tactical marketing tools, 4P’s, are extensively used by the company to market LUX. Though LUX is produced in Bangladesh, Unilever Bangladesh maintains the same standard all around the globe. The product is available in six different fragrances under three different sizes. Since the demand for beauty soap market is to a great extent oligopolistic, variations in price lead to price war which can eventually break down the company’s market share. Thus Unilever cannot provide a better price than its competitors. But the price is affordable by most of the people. Unilever Bangladesh has outsourced its distribution channels to third party distributors which allow them to distribute LUX in massive bulks...
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...GINI index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. GINI of Income A table containing the GINI indicator of income of Bangladesh over the years is given below: Year | National | Rural | urban | 1973-74 | .36 | .35 | .38 | 1981-82 | .39 | .36 | .41 | 1983-84 | .36 | .35 | .37 | 1985-86 | .38 | .36 | .37 | 1988-89 | .38 | .37 | .38 | 1991-92 | .39 | .36 | .40 | 1995-96 | .43 | .38 | .44 | 2000 | .45 | .39 | .50 | 2005 | .47 | .43 | .50 | 2010 | .46 | .43 | .45 | Table: GINI of income for Bangladesh from 1973 to 2010 A graphical representation showing the comparative difference among national rural and urban GINI for income in Bangladesh is given below: Figure: Income GINI index by rural urban area GINI of Expenditure A table containing the GINI indicator of Expenditure of Bangladesh over the years is given below: Year | National | Rural | Urban | 1991-1992 | .26 | .25 | .31 | 1995-1996 | .31 | .27 | .37 | 2000 | .33 | .28 | .37 | 2005 | .33 | .28 | .36 | 2010 | .32 | .27 | .34 | Figure: GINI of Expenditure for Bangladesh from 1991 to 2010 A graphical representation showing the comparative difference among national rural and urban GINI for expenditure in Bangladesh is given below: Figure: Expenditure GINI index by rural urban area...
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...Emerging Road Safety Problems in Urban Areas of Bangladesh Dr. Md. Mazharul Hoque1, S. M. Sohel Mahmud2, Abdus Shakur Qazi2 ABSTRACT: Developing countries like Bangladesh are experiencing very serious road safety problems. Latest studies revealed that there are 10000-12000 deaths from road traffic injuries each year in Bangladesh, nearly 25 percent occurring in the urban areas. Urban road accidents are a very serious and growing problem with vast majority of road accident fatalities comprising vulnerable road users viz. pedestrians, bi-cyclists and motorcyclists. Indeed, in urban areas of Bangladesh pedestrians represent often up to 70 percent of the total road accident fatalities. Their involvement varies between 35 and 62 percent of the road accident fatalities in the medium sized cities. This paper aims to present an overview of the dimensions and characteristics of the road traffic accident problems in Bangladesh, with a special reference to the situation in urban areas, metropolitan cities in particular. The paper also highlights the key safety issues and priority measures for mitigating urban road safety problems in Bangladesh. INTRODUCTION The combination of rapid urbanization and motorization has been a key cause of numerous transport problems in developing cities of Asia. Indeed, the rapid urbanization process, high vehicular population growth and that of the mobility, inadequate transportation facilities and policies, varied traffic mix with over concentration of non-motorized...
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...1. ------------------------------------------------- Unemployment problems of bangladesh ------------------------------------------------- Rising unemployment and declining share of the poorer populace in national income are two major challenges for the country in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), says a government report. “Appropriate interventions are required so that benefits of economic growth reach the poorest quintile,” observes the report prepared by Planning Commission on progress towards MDGs. In 1992, the poor’s share in national income was 6.5 percent. But it dropped to 5.3 percent in 2005, marking a decline of 18.46 percent in 13 years. A steady annual growth around 5 percent on average in the 1990s and 6 percent in the 2000s helped the country to draw nearer to implementation of many of the MDGs, eight goals that the United Nations member states have pledged to accomplish by the year 2015. Halving the number of people living in extreme poverty, ensuring universal access to primary education, eliminating gender disparities, reducing child mortality rate and maternal mortality ratio, and combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases are among the targets officially adopted in 2000. One of the shortcomings in Bangladesh’s efforts to attain MDGs is failure to make growth process sufficiently pro-poor, says the report, adding that depleting share of the poorer segments of the society in national income and consumption shows that the poor are not benefiting...
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...Companies In Bangladesh Taking Four Representing Companies as a Base Conceptual facts and previews DEFINING REAL ESTATE A piece of land, including the air above it and the ground below it, and any buildings or structures on it is defined as real estate. According to W. B. Brueggemon and D. Fisher the term real estate refers to the physical and improvements and the ownership rights associated with the real estate are referred to as real property. Basically according to the finance dictionary Real Estate means to the piece of land and all physical property related to it, including houses, fences, landscaping and all rights related to the air above and earth below the property. With rapid urbanization of the cities and metropolitan areas real estate is a familiar word to the city dwellers. Real estate deals not only with the architectural design and infrastructure of a building but also with its finance and potentiality. It is an area that is highly influenced by the population density, income generation and tastes of the people and economic growth of a country under different period of time. Perspective of Real Estate Business in Bangladesh (A Brief History) Urbanization is an outcome of both population growth and rural-urban migration. As urbanization increases, more and more people are becoming city dwellers. Bangladesh is not any exception to this picture. In Bangladesh, the problem of urbanization is further aggravated by limited land supply in urban areas,...
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...B-120203023 | 03 | LAMIA AKTER | B-120203036 | 04 | ASIF AL SAIF | B-120203139 | 05 | MAHMUDUL HASSAN | B-120203102 | 06 | MOHAMMAD MEHADI HASAN | B-120203097 | 07 | ROMANA AKTER PRIA | B-120203059 | 08 | MITHUN KUMER | B-120203041 | 09 | MD.ABU SAYED | B-120203026 | 10 | MOHAMMAD RUHUL AMIN | B-120203062 | TABLE OF CONTENTS SL. NO. | PARTICULARS | PAGE NO. | 1 | ABSTRACT | 4 | 2 | INTRODUCTION | 5-6 | 3 | LITERATURE REVIEW | 7-10 | 4 | METHODOLOGY | 11 | 5 | ANALYSIS | 11-21 | 6 | FINDINGS | 22 | 7 | RECOMMENDATION | 23 | 8 | CONCLUSION | 25 | 9 | REFERENCES | 26 | Effects of Public Expenditures on the distribution of income Abstract Income inequality between rich and poor as well as rural-urban...
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...Millennium Development Goal INTRODUCTION The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development targets, and were officially established following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders present adopted the United. The Millennium Summit was presented with the report of the Secretary-General entitled ‘We the Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century’. Additional input was prepared by the Millennium Forum, which brought together representatives of over 1,000 non-governmental and civil society organizations from more than 100 countries. The Forum met in May 2000 to conclude a two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide...
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...1 Marketing plan: FM Radio for to the rural people of Bangladesh Assignment Spring-2010 Marketing Plan: FM Radio for the rural people of the country. By M Faisal Nurnoby Badhan Saha Murshed M.A.Haque Arifa Akhtar 082-0529-060 091- 0123- 060 091-0964-460 091-0572-060 For Dr. Mohammad Bakhtiar Rana Course Faculty Marketing-620 North South University April 16, 2010 2 Marketing plan: FM Radio for to the rural people of Bangladesh Executive Summery Radio is one of the most effective medium of mass communication. Listening Radio is the major form of entertainment to the rural people. For a country like Bangladesh where majority of the people are the rural people, Radio is the frequently used medium for entertainment to them. From the past radio was the one and only source of communication, entertainment and recreation to them. We have launched a FM Radio for the rural people of our country named Dhak Dhol Radio recently and as a beginner we have completed a marketing plan for our Radio Service. We considered the total scenario by doing situation analysis, Distribution, Marketing Strategy, Financial Projection etc. In Situation analysis we did the SWOT Analysis to get the idea of the competitive advantages and weaknesses of our designated service. Also in product offering we consider the customer need of our target segment. Also we did the Market analysis and in market analysis we considered the 4Ps of our service and analyst them. Finally we did...
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...Country Reports on Local Government Systems: Bangladesh Bangladesh ________________________________________________ 1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY 1.1 Socio-economic profile Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation state in 1971. Although a new state, Bangladesh is an old country with a long recorded history of several thousand years. In its recent past it was part of Pakistan (1947-1971) and was known as East Pakistan. Prior to this, different parts of present Bangladesh were under British India (1765-1947), the Mughals and other Muslim rulers, and before them under Buddhist and Hindu rule. Bangladesh lies in the northeastern part of South Asia. The country is bounded by India in the west, north, northeast and east, by Myanmar in the southeast and by the Bay of Bengal in the south. The area of the country is 147,570 square kilometers. Climatically, the country belongs to the humid tropics and is vulnerable to a number of natural hazards like cyclones, floods and riverbank erosion, which almost regularly displaces a large number of people. Bangladesh is predominantly a delta plain of one of the largest river systems of the world. Only a part in the southeastern area is hilly. In spite of the apparent physical homogeneity and small territorial size, Bangladesh shows regional variations in physical, infrastructural and socio-economic development. Since its independence, the development planners of Bangladesh have given consideration to the importance of regional...
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...[pic] GROUP MEMBERS |SR NO. |NAMES |ROLL NO. | |1 | |* | | |** | | |2 | |* | | |** | | |3 | |* | | |** | | |4 | |* | | |** | | |5 | |* | | |** | ...
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...Bangladesh has a subtropical monsoon climate characterized by wide seasonal variations in rainfall, moderately warm temperatures, and high humidity. Regional climatic differences in this flat country are minor. Three seasons are generally recognized: a hot, humid summer from March to June; a cool, rainy monsoon season from June to October; and a cool, dry winter from October to March. In general, maximum summer temperatures range between 32°C and 38°C. April is the warmest month in most parts of the country. January is the coldest month, when the average temperature for most of the country is 10°C. Winds are mostly from the north and northwest in the winter, blowing gently at one to three kilometers per hour in northern and central areas and three to six kilometers per hour near the coast. From March to May, violent thunderstorms, called northwesters by local English speakers, produce winds of up to sixty kilometers per hour. During the intense storms of the early summer and late monsoon season, southerly winds of more than 160 kilometers per hour cause waves to crest as high as 6 meters in the Bay of Bengal, which brings disastrous flooding to coastal areas. Heavy rainfall is characteristic of Bangladesh. With the exception of the relatively dry western region of Rajshahi, where the annual rainfall is about 160 centimeters, most parts of the country receive at least 200 centimeters of rainfall per year (see fig. 1). Because of its location just south of the foothills of the...
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