...Clash Of civilisation The Clash of Civilizations (COC) is a hypothesis that people's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world. It was proposed by political scientist Samuel P. Huntington in a 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise Institute, which was then developed in a 1993 Foreign Affairs article titled "The Clash of Civilizations? in response to his former student Francis Fukuyama's 1992 book, The End of History and the Last Man. Huntington later expanded his thesis in a 1996 book. Huntington began his thinking by surveying the diverse theories about the nature of global politics in the post-Cold War period. Some theorists and writers argued that human rights, liberal democracy, and capitalist free market economy had become the only remaining ideological alternative for nations in the post-Cold War world. Specifically, Francis Fukuyama argued that the world had reached the 'end of history' in a Hegelian sense. Huntington believed that while the age of ideology had ended, the world had only reverted to a normal state of affairs characterized by cultural conflict. In his thesis, he argued that the primary axis of conflict in the future will be along cultural and religious lines. As an extension, he posits that the concept of different civilizations, as the highest rank of cultural identity, will become increasingly useful in analyzing the potential for conflict. In the 1993 Foreign Affairs article, Huntington writes: ...
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...The Clash of Civilizations? by Samuel P. Huntington (SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON is the Eaton Professor of the Science of Government and Director of the John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University. This article is the product of the Olin Institute's project on "The Changing Security Environment and American National Interests”. THE NEXT PATTERN OF CONFLICT WORLD POLITICS IS entering a new phase, and intellectuals have not hesitated to proliferate visions of what it will be -- the end of history, the return of traditional rivalries between nation states, and the decline of the nation state from the conflicting pulls of tribalism and globalism, among others. Each of these visions catches aspects of the emerging reality. Yet they all miss a crucial, indeed a central, aspect of what global politics is likely to be in the coming years. It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will be the battle lines of the future. Conflict between civilizations will be the latest phase of the evolution of conflict in the modern world. For a century and a half after the emergence of the...
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...Torn culture means that the country has experienced major assaults on the core values of their culture. They have been separated from their cultural roots that have nourished them for decades. After reading the book it gives us a clear picture of how divided Russians are over whether their society belongs to one civilization or another. The question of whether Russia is part of the West or the leader of the Slavic-Orthodox civilization or communist ideology or capitalism imported from the west (during the fall of USSR) and adapted it to Russian conditions and then challenged the West in the name of that ideology is still confusing. The dominance of communism after world war – II shut off the historic debate over previous cultures. In the last century alone, Russian people from one generation to the other saw different cultures evolving in their society and made their lives hard and made them strong to adapt to rapid changes in the society. In the Russian Drama, the dancer through the ballet seeks audience approval by delivering lofty performance. Apart from this the book explains about the autocratic authority ranking culture where nepotism and corruption is rampant in the system. It’s no surprise to read news about Russia for wrong reasons lately, such as corruption, Oligarchs, income inequality, low standards of health care and an aging multi ethnic population. A good example to describe this is Russian President Vladimir Putin. Vladimir Putin transformed Russia less as an...
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...examples presented in Gannon and Pillai (2012) (understanding Global Culture) and analyse the extent to which the metaphor explains or describes the prevalent business culture in that country. The Russian Ballet Word Count: 2450 This essay is going to examine a chapter from the book “Understanding Global Cultures” of Gannon and Pillai (2012) – “The Russian Ballet” and for what extend it speaks the truth about the Russian business culture. As well, the essay is going to provide some extra information and will provide a clearer example of what is the Russian business culture like. Through the essay, I am going to provide different examples and case studies, which explains why do culture clashes matter. The world has become more globalised and connected through the internet. It made possible the formation of all kinds of communities of people with common interests, who are all around the world. Today, information is much more accessible and easily exchanged, as a result from today’s technology, as well as many people can afford to travel around the world. As a result, from this business practices have become more global and cross-cultural. Business must learn to market products in different countries and to deal with their different government restrictions. As a conclusion from the above in the future business ethics would become increasingly less adequate. (Shirin, 2011) Culture is day- to- day patterns of what we do in an organisation without...
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...Clash of Civilizations In 1993 Samuel Huntington wrote an article titled “Is there a clash of civilizations”. The thesis was very much born in the context of the end of the cold war. The idea of “clash of civilizations” suggests that twenty-first century global order will be characterized by growing tension and conflict between rival cultures or civilizations, as opposed to the political, ideological or economic conflict of old. Huntington furthermore argued that the world was split into 9 different civilizational orders, and the West would clash with all of them, but in particular it would clash with the Islamic world, Japan and Russia. The realists have given little attention to the issue of identity or cultural politics. They focus on the behavior of states. However the liberals have recognized this thesis to some extent. Huntington’s view that the West would clash with the Islamic world was vindicated after the September 11th terrorist attacks, neoconservatives looking for a response distanced themselves from Huntington’s rhetoric. Neoconservative George W Bush was keen to emphasize that not all Muslims were to blame for 9/11, and indeed it was just a tiny minority of extremists holding the Islamic world back. Whereas Huntington had argued that the Islamic world was hostile to western ideas of liberal democracy, George W Bush ignored this insight and fought two wars to try and bring democracy to the Middle East, ignoring Huntington’s claim that there would be a backlash...
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...Amanda Pritchett Dr. Kenneth Currie ISS- 1200 3 September 2012 Clash of Civilizations “The West won the world not by the superiority of its ideas or values or religion, but rather by its superiority in utilizing organized violence. Westerners often dismiss this fact, non-Westerners never do.” Samuel P. Huntington, Eaton professor of the science of government and director of the John M. Olin Institute for strategic studies at Harvard, wrote a thought-provoking article; “The Clash of Civilizations” was published by Foreign Affairs in the summer of 1993. (Foreign Affairs). Huntington’s article given in nine topics, gives the reader a big-picture look at the world which nerved to imagine that a bi-polar rivalry between communism and capitalism was about to be reinstated by a multi-polar world of contradicting civilizations. He argues that the short-term warfare between ideologies is being replaced by the ancient warfare between civilizations. People’s cultural and religious identities will result in future conflicts. Huntington cautions that all this proposes that there will be cultural clangorings in the future. He says the troubling ones "are likely to arise from the interplay of Western arrogance, Islamic intolerance, and assertiveness." This is indeed a debated statement. Such clangoring’s are by no means an evident necessity, after all. Neither is it at all apparent that in the lack of such exterior issues, Western society would not have very uncompromising internal complications...
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...Pattern of Conflict The source of conflict is not merely ideological or economical, cultural tradition is the greatest reason for division in our world. The western countries had conflicts between princes, their armies, even constitutional is because of their economic stand and the land that they ruled. During the ancient times, the Americans fought for their land because of the British Empire that wants to colonize their land. The Founding Fathers stood against them and later on made a move to make a constitution for their protection. The western civil war is not because of their religion but because of the borders that they can conquer, they want to own more territories for power. The conflict was set because of the difference in our culture, style, and way of living....
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...up until after World War 1 (Holt 693). Since various ethnicities within the empire wanted to gain independence from each other, but the emperor wanted to keep all of his territory under his control, the empire neither separated into many nationalist states, nor unified as one nationalistic country. In other words, the conservatives and radicals disagreed, thus leading to one weak and disunited empire. Another example of leaders trying to control a disunited empire is Russia. The Romanov Dynasty forced their culture upon all ethnic groups in their empire, also known as Russification, in order to keep them under control. However, the idea backfired on the Czars, as Russification only strengthened nationalistic feelings within the different groups, thus disunifying Russia (Holt 693). Similarly to Austria, the “tug of war” between those who wanted an empire and those who wanted independence only weakened Russia. Conversely, the Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all ethnic groups, rather than forcing a certain culture upon them. Despite this, the empire still fell apart as this act angered conservative Turks, and they began to massacre and deport other ethnic groups, the most famous being the Armenians (Holt 693). The similarity between all three of these failures is the fact that there was great opposition between those who wanted to remain part of an empire, and those who wanted independence,...
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...Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region, located at the crossroads of the Western Asia and Eastern Europe. It is bordered by the Black sea to the west, Russia by the north, Turkey and Armenia to the south and Azerbaijan by the southeast. The capital city of Georgia is Tbilisi, and the population is almost 4 million. It is a semi-presidential republic with the government elected through a representative democracy. Georgia was occupied by the Soviet Russia in 1921, and became the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and part of the Soviet Union. After gaining independence in 1991 post-communist Georgia suffered from civil unrest and economic crisis most of the 1990a. This lasted until the Rose Revolution of 2003 after which the new government introduced democratic and economic reforms. Georgia is a member of the Council of Europe and the GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development. It contains two de facto independent regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which gained limited international recognition after the 2008 Russia Georgian War. Georgia and a major part of the international community consider the regions to be part of Georgia's sovereign territory under Russian military occupation. Firstly what happened before the Rose Revolution and who was in power? At that time the president of Georgia was Eduard Shevardnandze. At first Shevardnadze had good reason to support and foster such freedoms. On return¬ing to Georgia from exile in 1992, he needed support for his...
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...divided it came out that the Soviet Union should get most of the countries that Nazi Germany controlled, which were the eastern part of Europe. The division gave East Germany to the capitalist states, and West Germany to the socialist, with Berlin also divided into the two sides. Berlin was on the western side claimed by the USSR, but the city was divided into east and west just like the country had. This division of the capital happened pretty much over night and many were separated from their families and friends. The USSR built the Berlin Wall that would separate all contact with the east side. This forced a Socialist way of living that in the long run created many conflicts of Socialism against Capitalism. The Berlin Wall was eventually torn down and it marked the defeat of the Soviet Union in Europe and the end of the cold war, the wall was essentially the symbol of the Cold War. After the collapse there was much to do about where the continent was headed forward. Since there had been so much conflict in years past Europe as a whole came to the agreement of no more wars, hoping that the Eurozone would play a part in this...
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...Running head: SST TASK 1 1 SST Task 1 - Cultures and Institutions Paula L. Miller Western Governors University SST TASK 1 2 Cultures and Institutions It is the author’s intent, through the course of this paper, to discuss the European Union a contemporary nation-state. In addition to this, correlating foreign policies of the United States of America (U.S.A.) will be explored. This will be done with the end in mind that readers of this document will obtain a more profound understanding of what constitutes a modern nation-state and be able to identify examples of political entities that are recognized as nations or states. Before exploring the operational definition of “nation-state”, one must first dissect the term and then seek an understanding of its individual components. Hence, one must arrive at an understanding of what makes a state a state and what makes a nation a nation. A state is an entity that accepts and wields responsibility for a country’s citizens and for the country itself. States have definitive boundaries that determine their land ownership and usage and, hierarchically speaking, they are merely a part of a greater politically ruling power. Nations are, in part, philosophically based political entities made up of a culture or cultures of people with a similar belief system. By combining the various elements found between nations and states, one arrives at the modern nation-state. Therefore, modern nation-states have prescribed territorial ...
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...qualitatively different () from other countries. Therefore in terms of America’s identity historically, politically, economically and socially, these should be understood differently because America was created differently. Hence why the idea of American exceptionalism’ stems from the principle of America being unique. Furthermore, In addition to this the idea that “American exceptionalism” implies superiority is a key concept to embrace and identify through out America history, contemporary politics, foreign policy and social culture. However, due to the essay title I will be analyzing and examining to what extent is “American exceptionalism’ identified as U.S superiority. Although due to the wide context of the theoretical term ‘American exceptionalism’’ and word limit. I will focus on the significant impacts that has led to the idea of ‘American exceptionalism’ to be implied as U.S superiority such as American history, foreign policy, economic and social culture. History Explaination The significant impact of America’s revolutionary history sparked an inspirational movement of independency to pervious colonized nations although on a later stages for them. This highlights America as exceptional historically in being “the first new nation” () to become independent and also being the ideology for independency for previous colonies nations. To an extent on this note “American exceptionalism” in terms of it’s revolutionary independency can be amplified as a model to other...
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...Operating a Goodwill in Ukraine Abstract The Ukraine is currently experiencing a crisis which started when former President Viktor Yanukovych disregarded a deal with The European Union for strong relations with Russia. Riots have been going on for over a year and gangs have formed. The number of deaths occurring are increasing, while The Happy Planet Index scored The Ukraine a 37.6 and is ranked number 100 out of 150 countries. There are many influences regarding business in The Ukraine including: cultural, economic, legal, political, and government. The Ukraine is involved in some international organizations including The United Nations. When trying to open and operate a Goodwill in The Ukraine there will be many importing, exporting, and marketing strategies. By opening and operating a Goodwill in Ukraine, there is an opportunity for the company to help the citizens who are effected by the crisis which may help bring The Happy Planet Index for the country up. Operating a Goodwill in Ukraine The Ukraine has a long historical background. From the beginning of The Ukraine’s creation to the year 1712, there has been four significant periods. “During the Miocene Period in Tertiary Age of Cenozoic Era, some 12 million years ago, most of Ukraine was covered by sea” (Hrushevs'ky, Skoryk, "History of Ukraine"). Between the years 879 and 1913, The Ukraine had been dominated by several groups. Originally, The Ukraine was divided between three Princes who were brothers. PriceVolodymyr...
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...Causes of war and conflict Nationalism; Nationalism is when people are loyal and devoted to their country, they are passionate about protecting their way of life from other peoples cultures, this can be applicable to small tribes to whole countries. Nationalism can easily lead to war or conflicts because nationalism can make people blind to another culture bar their own and makes them less understanding this can lead to persecution of those people that do not belong in the dominant culture. An example of a war or conflict caused by nationalism is Kashmir, The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict between India and Pakistan which started just after partition of India. India and Pakistan have fought three wars over Kashmir. Politics; Politics is a group of people who run a country from there parliament, if a political party disagrees with another party (whether that’s in the same country or another) this can cause major agro and lead to war or conflict. Loads of wars and conflicts have happened because of politics for example the cold war. The cold war this was when two of the biggest superpowers (U.S.A and Russia then named Soviet Union) had a stand off which caused the earth to come to the brink of destruction even when there was no physical fighting going on, America was a Democracy and the soviet union was a dictatorship and basically the two countries disagreed on how both their countries were run, this caused tension and scare all over the world. Some recent conflicts...
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...To what extent has Putin’s Russia become a Dictatorship? Mussolini once said that ‘Democracy is beautiful in theory; in practice it is fallacy’ (ERepublik, 2009) and to some extent, this could be seen as true. However, how is it that a dictatorship can be truly defined? In the English dictionary (Oxford Collins Dictionary, 2003), a dictatorship is defined as ‘a government by a dictator or dictators’ however, whilst this does hold some truth, in the context of this question, this definition is far too simple, vague, and it does not help in any way to explain the extent to which Russia has become a dictatorship under Vladimir Putin since this only could really apply to a ‘yes, no’ question, which would abruptly end this investigation. But there are several questions that can be asked which will help in answering this query. In the context of Putin’s Russia and dictatorship we can inquire as to whether Russia has become a dictatorship under Putin, and if so why; is it politically correct to call it a dictatorship when compared to other countries such as Belarus and Zimbabwe, which are instated and well-known dictatorships; and another question we can ask ourselves is whether it is actually right for us, as westerners, to call it a dictatorship when it could be our own westernised and capitalised views affecting the way we see other political non-capitalist regimes, causing us to call Russia as such. To help answer these questions, several issues and subtopics will be addressed...
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