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Using Supply and Demand

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A f t e r r e a d i n g t h i s c h a p t e r, y o u s h o u l d b e a b l e t o : Show the effect of a shift in demand and supply on equilibrium price and quantity. Explain real-world events using supply and demand. Demonstrate the effect of a price ceiling and a price floor on a market. Explain the effect of taxes, tariffs, and quotas on equilibrium price and quantity. State the limitations of demand and supply analysis. State six roles of government.

It is by invisible hands that we are bent and tortured worst.
Nietzsche

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n the last chapter we introduced you to the concepts of supply and demand. In this chapter we will (1) show you the power of supply and demand, (2) show you how the invisible hand interacts with social and political forces to change the outcome of supply and demand analysis; and (3) discuss how one must adjust supply and demand analysis with other issues kept at the back of one’s mind.

THE POWER OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
To ensure that you understand the supply and demand graphs throughout the book, and can apply them, let’s go through an example. Figure 5-1(a) deals with an increase in demand. Figure 5-1(b) deals with a decrease in supply.
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USING SUPPLY AND DEMAND s CHAPTER 5

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Figure 5-1 (a and b) SHIFTS IN SUPPLY AND DEMAND When there is an increase in demand (the demand curve shifts outward), there is upward pressure on the price, as shown in (a). If demand increases from D0 to D1, the quantity of cassette rentals that was demanded at a price of $2.25, 8, increases to 10, but the quantity supplied remains at 8. This excess demand tends to cause prices to rise. Eventually, a new equilibrium is reached at the price of $2.50, where the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded is 9 (point B). If supply of cassette rentals decreases, then the entire supply curve shifts inward to the left,

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