...Running head: Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Trina Pettus University of Phoenix Abstract Sarcoidosis was discovered by two dermatologists working in England and Norway. It was originally called Hutchinsons disease or Boecks disease. Sarcoidosis is the most misdiagnosed illness and is the least understood. It can occur in anybody organ, but mostly found in the lungs or lymph nodes. This disease can appear suddenly and disappear just as fast. It can also develop gradually and produce symptoms that come and go. No one yet, since it was first discovered over 100 years ago, knows what causes sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis is a common disease, but there are many unanswered questions about it. Identifying what causes the illness, along with the inflammatory mechanisms that set the stage for alveolitis, granuloma formation, and fibrosis that characterize the disease, is the main aim of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI) program on sarcoidosis. The ultimate goal is to develop a reliable method of diagnosis, treatment, and the prevention. Since there is not a lot known about the disease, what we do know will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Description Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that can affect almost any organ in the body. It is most commonly found in the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes and skin (Table 1). The classic feature of sarcoidosis is the formation of granulomas, microcopy clumps of inflamed cells that are grouped together...
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...Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology April 28, 2016 Chronic Inflammation and Wound Repair Mark A. Lerman, D.M.D. Associate Professor and Division Director of Oral Pathology Tufts University School of Dental Medicine Inflammation • Introduction • Acute inflammation – Vascular changes – Cellular events – Hereditary defects • Chronic inflammation – Cellular mediators – Granulomatous inflammation • Tissue Repair Inflammation • Chronic inflammation – Cellular mediators – Granulomatous inflammation • Tissue repair – Cell and tissue regeneration – Scar formation – Factors influencing repair Chronic Inflammation • Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks-years) – Continuing inflammation – Tissue injury – Healing Chronic Inflammation • Characterized by – Lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages – Tissue destruction – Repair Chronic Inflammation • Arises in setting of – Persistent infections • Treponema pallidum • Mycobacterium, viruses, and fungi – Immune-mediated disease • Hypersensitivity reactions • Autoimmune diseases – Prolonged exposure to toxins • Silica • Crystal Macrophages Dominant cells of chronic inflammation Tissue cells derived from blood monocytes Fusion of activated macrophages forms multinucleated giant cells Mononuclear phagocyte system (reticuloendothelial system) includes cells scattered in connective tissue, liver (Kupffer cells), spleen and lymph nodes (sinus histiocytes)...
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...easy transition, but with any transition there is guaranteed change for sure. However, with an unplanned pregnancy I had to give up many things in order to be a parent. The difficulties it came with social, mental, and emotional feelings by the sudden change in the course of life. To begin with, if it wasn’t for my mother support I don’t know what I would have done. Though my mom had eight children did not mean it was smooth sailing for me. I am the seventh to the last, the baby girl in the family. My parents had six boys and two girls. First, my parents are very loving. They love us all, though my dad was very strict. My mom’s balance him out. I missed my father deeply; my dad had passed away with an illness call “(Sarcoidosis (sar-koy-DO-sis). Sarcoidosis is a disease of unknown cause that...
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...sinus, with a lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration, giant cell granulomas, and proliferation of fibroblasts. The inflammation produces pressure and secondary dysfunction of the structures within the cavernous sinus, including cranial nerves III, IV, and VI, as well as the superior divisions of cranial nerve V. While reports of intracranial extension of the inflammation exist, there are no reports of systemic involvement. Cases of Tolosa-Hunt syndrome have been reported in patients with other inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, but this may simply represent an association of the two autoimmune conditions. Cases of orbital inflammation may be the initial presentation of systemic inflammatory disorders such as sarcoidosis and Wegener's granulomatosis Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is described as "episodic orbital pain associated with paralysis of one or more of the third, fourth, and/or sixth cranial nerves which usually resolves spontaneously but tends to relapse and remit". Patients may present at any age, from the first through the eighth decade of life. Men and women are affected at the same frequency. Patients report a constant pain behind the eye that may begin several days (up to 30 days) prior to the ophthalmoplegia; in one series the median time interval between onset of pain and cranial nerve palsy was two days. The pain is characteristically described as a steady gnawing or boring pain. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is typically unilateral; bilateral symptoms...
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...were exposed to noxious pollution. Itchy eyes and runny noses envelope people including nearby residents and commuters; 3,800 – 12,600 people have developed asthmas as a result3. Conditions such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis (where the alveoli within the lungs cause hypersensitivity to inhaled organic dust)4. Lung abscess containing necrotic debris flood microbial infections. Restrictive lung disease (pneumoconiosis caused by long term exposure to dust); and pulmonary edema (accumulation in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs leads to impaired gas exchange of the respiratory cycle)5 restrict workers from having a normal like symptom-free livelihood. Asbestosis (a fibrosis within the lung tissue form asbestos exposure); sarcoidosis, granulomatous pulmonary diseases and pulmonary fibrosis limit the workability of workers and residents alike6. In conclusion, the effects from the World Trade Center tragedy live on and on as responders (EMT workers, firefighters, truck drivers, police officers, construction workers, transit workers, debris removal crews, nearby office workers, lower Manhattan residents, volunteers, and etc.), residents living and working in the immediate area continue to suffer from conditions as a result of the disaster7. The list of conditions in general consist of: interstitial lung diseases; chronic cough syndrome; upper airway hyper-reactivity; chronic respiratory disorder; asthma; reactive airways dysfunction syndrome; WTC-exacerbated...
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...it is a highly sensitive test. V/Q scanning is particularly useful when renal insufficiency precludes the use of contrast that is otherwise required for CT angiography. Also, perfusion scans can be useful when done portably for patient too unstable to undergo CT scanning. Results are reported as low, intermediate, or high probability of PE based on patterns of V/Q mismatch. A completely normal scan excludes PE with nearly 100% accuracy, but a low probability scan still carries a 15% likelihood of PE. Perfusion defects may occur in many other lung conditions (eg, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, pleural effusion). Mismatched perfusion defects that may mimic PE may occur in pulmonary vasculitis, pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, and sarcoidosis. ...
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...My curiosity for the relationships between an individual’s physiology and behavior came at an early age. While I was in elementary school my family experienced the consequences of an unfortunate medical illness: my mother was diagnosed with Sarcoidosis. Towards the beginning of her medical treatment, my parents were very secretive about the seriousness of her condition and the physiological problems that she faced. While I was initially blind to the diagnosis and severity, the mental toll that it took on her was quite obvious. In addition to the obvious inflammation that my mother’s body experienced, the breakdown of her typical joyous spirit became noticeable to me. For example, due to her significantly decreased lung functioning, activities...
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...Health Care Resources Questionnaire Answer each question based on your personal experiences as a consumer receiving health care services or as a professional providing service. The questions are related to real-life experiences in which health care services are received or provided, to the consumer’s satisfaction with those services, to changes you have seen or experienced over time, or to insurance coverage benefits you have or provide. Be prepared to discuss your completed questionnaire in Week One. 1. How can you locate health care resources? What health care resources are you familiar with? How did you locate information on those resources? * * There are a couple different ways I am able to locate various health resources and that is by looking on the internet, attending health fairs, trainings and/or seminars, and by asking around. The health resources I am familiar with are Center for Disease Control (CDC), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Ryan White Program, Medical Assistance, Maryland Drug and Pharmacy Program (MDAP), Catholic Charities Archdiocesan Health Care Network, Local Health Departments, and the Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DHMH) to name a few. I am able to locate information on the various health care resources by looking on their website, from handouts I received from the organizations, or by calling the organization directly. * * 2....
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...such as rheumatoid factor and/or antinuclear antibody. If all four criteria are met, the presence of definite Sjogren’s syndrome is confirmed5. When three of the four are met, it is taken that there may be possible Sjogren’s syndrome, but not definite6. There are also specific exclusions for this criteria in diagnosing Sjogren’s syndrome, such as pre-existing lymphoma, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), sarcoidosis, and acquired immune deficiency diseases such as AIDS10. It is also important to note that with regards to symptoms of Sjogren’s syndrome, there isn’t usually a lack of emotional or reflex tearing5. Exposure to prolonged reading, tear evaporation, air-conditioned rooms, wind and central heating are all factors that exacerbate the symptoms of KCS and Sjogren’s5. Although most dry eye conditions are a cause of Sjogren’s, there is also KCS which occurs non-related to Sjogren’s5. The following are the causes of non-Sjogren KCS5: 1. Primary: Age-related hypo secretion is the most prevalent5. 2. Lacrimal tissue destruction5: • Tumour. • Inflammation related to sarcoidosis. 3. Reduction or possible absence of lacrimal gland tissue due to surgical removal5. 4. Conjunctival scarring due to chemical burns, long standing trachoma, or other syndromes5. 5. Neurological lesions with sensory/motor reflex loss due to Parkinson’s disease5. 6. Vitamin A deficiency5. Pathophysiology An abnormal change in the tear film of the eye is what mainly causes any dry eye symptom1. Tear film...
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...Nursing Lab Values Cheat Sheet permalink ________________________________________ Lab Values: Cheat Sheet Red Blood Cells (RBC): - Normal: male = 4.6- 6.2 female = 4.2- 5.2 - Actual count of red corpuscles Hemoglobin: - Normal: male = 14-18 g/dl female = 12-16 g/dl - A direct measure of oxygen carrying capacity of the blood Hematocrit : - Normal: males = 39- 49% female = 35- 45% - = the percentage of blood that is composed of erythrocytes Mean Cell Volume (MCV): - Normal: male = 80- 96 female = 82- 98 - Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH): - Normal: 27- 33 - = % volume of hemoglobin per RBC * Increase: indicates folate deficiency * Decrease: indicates iron deficiency Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration): - Normal: 31- 35 Reticulocyte Count: - Normal: 0.5-2.5% of RBC - An indirect measure of RBC production Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW): - Normal: 11-16% - Indicates variation in red cell volume * Increase: indicates iron deficiency anemia or mixed anemia - Note: increase in RDW occurs earlier than decrease in MCV therefore RDW is used for early detection of iron deficiency anemia Platelet Count: - Normal: 140,000 - 440,000 * Low: worry patient will bleed * High: not clinically significant White Blood Cell (WBC): - Normal: 3.4 – 10 * Increase: occur during infections and physiologic stress * Decreases: marrow suppression and chemotherapy Sodium (Na): - Normal: 136- 145 - Major contributory to cell osmolality...
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...diomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy Topic presentation on Cardiomyopathy INDEX S.N | CONTENT | PG.NO | 1 | Introduction | 5 | 2 | Definition Cardiomyopathy | 5 | 3 | Classification | 6 | 4 | Risk Factors | 7 | 5 | Clinical Manifestations | 7 | 6 | Diagnostic Evaluation | 7-9 | 7 | Dilated CardiomyopathyDefinition,Charecteristics,Types , Causes,Diagnostic Evaluation,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Medical Management | 10-17 | 8 | Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyIncidence,Causes,Charecteristics,Clinical Manifestations,Medical And Nursing Management | 18-21 | 9 | Restrictive Cardiomyopathy-Other Names,Causes,Pathophysiology,Clinical Manifestations,Diagnostic Evaluation,Medical Management | 23-26 | 10 | Surgical management | 27-32 | 11 | Prevention | | 12 | Nursing Management,Home Care Management | 32-40 | 13 | Complications | 40-42 | 14 | Conclusion | 42 | 15 | Research Abstract | 42-43 | 16 | References | 44 | GENERAL OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students aquires indepth knowledge regarding cardiomyopathy and able to apply this knowledge with a positive attitude. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: On completion of the course the students are able to ...
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...| Pulmonary Fibrosis | University of South Dakota NursingPathophysiology 351 | | Amanda J Neugebauer | 10/21/2013 | | Abstract Diseases of the lung are an increasing problem in today’s population. The likely hood that healthcare professional will deal with lung disease in their practice setting is very possible. Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that can present as many different health problems and affect multiple systems of the body. Through this reviewed of pulmonary fibrosis, I will discuss the epidemiology, genetic and cultural component, pathophysiology, clinical signs and symptoms, and current research for pulmonary fibrosis. Epidemiology In the United States 132,000 to 200,000 people are affected by pulmonary fibrosis. It’s estimated that over 50,000 pulmonary fibrosis patients are diagnosed in one year, at the same time 40,000 patients are dying from the disease in the United States. The researchers cannot develop a good profile for pulmonary fibrosis, but found equal in the urban and rural areas of the United States. As the population lives longer researchers believe that the population of the pulmonary fibrosis patients will increase ("Pulmonary fibrosis foundation:," 2013). Genetic and Cultural Component Pulmonary fibrosis effects are most commonly men between ages of fifty to seventy. This population group is even at higher risk if they have a history of smoking. The medial age of survival is three years after diagnosis...
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...Nursing Care Plan The patient is , a 72 year old man who has been admitted for dyspnea or shortness of breath. reported that he has been coughing for the past week and his coughing has accompanied sputum discharge. His past medical history includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. He used to smoke but has stopped since a year ago for economical reasons as well as it is also bad for his asthma. His bowel movements have also been irregular since his admission. He also reported that he is feeling depressed and fearful about the future. Further examination revealed that he has crackles in his left lower lobe with diffuse expiratory wheezing throughout his chest. Chest percussion also revealed his left lower lobe to be dull. Needs / Problems Goals Interventions Evaluation Dyspnea or shortness of breath Use the visual analog scale (VAS) to make an objective assessment of dyspnea. The VAS is a 100-mm vertical line with end points of 0 and 10. zero is equated with no dyspnea and 10 is equated with the worst brethlessness the client has experienced ( & , 2004) Dyspnea is difficult to quantify and to treat (Potter & Perry, 2004). Interventions need to be individualized for each patient, and more than one therapy is usually implemented. The underlying process that causes or worsens dyspnea must be treated and stabilized initially. Three additional therapies have to be implemented: pharmacological measures, physical techniques,...
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...Chapter 2 Restrictive Resp. Disorders * Resulting from basically a collapsed lung - Alterations in lung parenchyma, pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular function * Decrease in vital capacity (VC), lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV) * The greater the decrease in lung volume, greater the severity of disease Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease * Immune reaction * Begins with injury to alveolar epithelial or capillary endothelial cells * Interstitial and alveolar wall thickening * Increased collagen bundles in interstitium * lung tissue becomes infiltrated * Persistent alveolitis leads to obliteration of alveolar capillaries, reorganization of lung parenchyma, irreversible fibrosis * Lead to large air-filled sacs (cysts) with dilated terminal and respiratory bronchioles * Occurs early, reversible * Triggering event leads to inflammatory response and increased inflammatory cells * Injury leads to increased membrane permeability and movement of fluid/debris into alveoli * Fibroblastic proliferation and deposition of large amount of collagen * Caused by increased mesenchymal cells and fibroblasts in interstitium * Alveolar walls become thickened with increased amounts of fibrous tissue * Progressive dyspnea with exercise with desaturation * Rapid-shallow breathing * Irritating, nonproductive cough * Clubbing of nail beds (40%-80%) * Bibasilar end-expiratory...
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...Definition; Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding your brain and spinal cord. It’s easy to mistake the early signs and symptoms of meningitis for the flu (influenza). Meningitis signs and symptoms may develop over several hours or over one or two days. Signs and Symptoms; The signs and symptoms that may occur in anyone older than age of 2 include: • Sudden high fever • Severe headache that isn't easily confused with other types of headache • Stiff neck • Vomiting or nausea with headache • Confusion or difficulty concentrating • Seizures • Sleepiness or difficulty waking up • Sensitivity to light • Lack of interest in drinking and eating • Skin rash in some cases, such as in meningococcal meningitis Signs and symptoms in Newborns; Newborns and infants may not have the classic signs and symptoms of headache and stiff neck. Instead, signs of meningitis in this age group may include: • High fever • Constant crying • Excessive sleepiness or irritability • Inactivity or sluggishness • Poor feeding • A bulge in the soft spot on top of a baby's head (fontanel) • Stiffness in a baby's body and neck Infants with meningitis may be difficult to comfort, and may even cry harder when picked up. Causes; Meningitis usually results from a viral infection, but the cause may also be a bacterial infection. Less commonly, a fungal infection may cause meningitis. Because bacterial infections are the most serious and can be life-threatening...
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