...University of Phoenix Material Terms and Definitions Worksheet Write brief descriptions for each of the following terms. If you use an outside source to define them, include an APA citation for the source. |Scientific method |a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant dataare gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically | | |tested. | |Environmental science |The interdisciplinary study of how humanity interacts with other organisms and the nonliving physical environment. | |Anthropocentrism | The Focusing primarily or exclusively on human needs and interests | |Biocentrism | Focusing on all life-forms as equally important | |Dualism |A theory that considers reality to consist of two irreducible elements or modes | |Ecocentrism |A term in ecological political philosophy used to denote a nature-centered...
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...Energy Summary Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Not many people are familiar with the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and how we as a nation benefits from it. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, is located in the Northeast corner of Alaska, is positioned north of the Arctic Circle and 1,300 miles south of the North Pole. The Alaska National Wildlife Refuge is approximately 19.2-million acres that was created in order to give provisions to a variety of plant and animal life of any Park or Refuge in the circumpolar arctic. This area served as a vital factor due to the ecological and evolutionary process because of the fact that different kinds of life forms can grow. In 1980 Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act renamed "Range" to "Refuge," and increased the two areas of the Refuge and assigned a big part for Wilderness, let Congress have a portion of the coastal plain for oil and gas development, and designated three Wild Rivers (Voss, 2006). There were mixed feelings in reference to discovering of oil on the land with concerns of whether or not the drilling would cause harm the areas of the ecosystem. Even with the concerns, and after confirmation was made on the negative impact that the drilling would cause with the ecosystem the senate and the House of Representatives passed measures to allow it. There was jobs created from this, and the cost of the oil was less than imported oil in 2004. This also created an ecological...
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...Simulation Paper Sean Adams Submitted to Heidi Hales For SCI/362 January 4, 2013 Case-In point: Lake Washington Environmental pollution is an issue that knows no borders. Some countries are more successful than others in addressing these issues for both short and long-term results. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the environmental problems in Central and Eastern Europe caused by decades of pollution. In this paper, I will identify unintended consequences of humankind’s activities that has led to environmental problems, describe the effect of current scientific or technological activities, discuss how the scientific method approach could have helped the current issues, and address any alternative solutions beyond the scientific method. The environmental pollution problems of Central and Eastern Europe come largely from the neglect of environmentally safe work and behavior practices of the previously communist-run countries. During the communist era, there was little to no incentive for an industrial company to consider the company’s affect on the environment. Production quotas took precedence over environmental awareness or public health concerns. Polluting the clean air, water, and soil was acceptable as these commodities were given no economic value (University of Phoenix, 2010). In Russia, the consequences have been severe, affecting human health along with the destruction of Russia’s ecosystems. By the 1990s...
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...Terms and Definitions Worksheet SCI/362 – Environmental Issues and Ethics University of Phoenix University of Phoenix Material Terms and Definitions Worksheet Write brief descriptions for each of the terms below. If you use an outside source to define them, include the citation for the source. Scientific method | The scientific method is a process that is used to answer questions and solve problems. Although there are different variations of the scientific method, it contains 5 basic steps. (1) Recognize a question or an unexplained occurrence in the natural world. Once this question has been developed examine scientific literature to determine what is already known about the subject matter. (2) Develop a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess that will serve as a possible solution to the problem that is define in step (1). A good hypothesis is can be tested to either be approved or disapproved. The evidence that is presented that is factual is used to develop other alternative hypothesis which are also then tested and proved to be factual or disapproved. (3) Create and preform and experiment to test the hypothesis that was developed in step (2). This is done by collecting data through observation and careful measurements. This step never proves anything, instead is disproves each alternative hypothesis until only a reasonable hypothesis is left. (4) Analyze and interpret data to reach a conclusion. This step is used to determine if the evidence supports the hypothesis...
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...M. van den ThillartFish Physiol Biochem. 2010 September; 36(3): 297–322. Published online 2010 April 14. doi: 10.1007/s10695-010-9397-4 2.)Olivia J. Mullins, John T. Hackett, James T. Buchanan, W. Otto Friesen Prog Neurobiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 February 1.Published in final edited form as: Prog Neurobiol. 2011 February; 93(2): 244–269. Published online 2010 November 18.doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.11.001 3.)Marek RejmanJ Sports Sci Med. 2013 March; 12(1): 171–181. Published online 2013 March 1. 4.)Chiung-Chi Peng, Kuan-Chou Chen, Chiu-Lan Hsieh, Robert Y. Peng PLoS One. 2012; 7(6): e37388. Published online 2012 June 27. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037388 5.) J. Chen, W. O. Friesen, T. Iwasaki J Exp Biol. 2011 February 15; 214(4): 561–574. Published online 2011 January 26. doi: 10.1242/jA.P Farrell 6.)Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2007 November 29; 362(1487): 2017–2030. Published online 2007 May 21. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2111eb.048751 7.)Wen-Chang Li, Peter R MoultJ Neurosci. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 November 2 Published in final edited form as: J Neurosci. 2012 May 2; 32(18): 6220–6230. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6289-11.2012 ...
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...Energy Summary SCI/362 January 18, 2012 The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge source of energy is oil. The oil drilling is harming or kills so many animal species. It is taking up the land they are living on and the ground they find food on. They closed the oil drilling in 1989 due to the oil spill in the Prudhoe Bay. A lot of animals were killing with the oil spilled. They are to help the animals in the Prudhoe Bay area. The Yucca Mountain was the first commercial power plant it gives off nuclear waste. They have done many of studies on Yucca Mountain to make sure the site is safe. With the earthquakes and volcanic it can make the nuclear waste come out. The Three Gorges Dam was needed to be done to save people’s lives. People have drought and floods from the waters. The toxic in the water is what will make it hard to make the Dam. The waterborne diseases and human and animals wastes in the water. They will have to move from the area the build it. The one thing is we could save money by doing our own oil. The thing is when we have oil spill it hurts the animal and gets in our water. We would have to find away the make it work to not do that. We make more jobs too. We would not have to spend so much on gas and oil if you would drill the oil in the US. We have enough in the US to have. The Yucca Mountain with the nuclear waste in it will cause people to die from cancer and other illnesses. If they take the nuclear waste out of the mountain it can cause earthquakes...
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...Case In Point Analysis Kristine Santacruz SCI/362 July 19. 2012 Mr. Anthony Pitucco Case in Point Analysis Case Hurricane Katrina Along Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama the North-Central Gulf Coast Hurricane Katrina was hit in August of 2005. It produced a storm surge that caused severe damage to the city of New Orleans as well as the other coastal cities and towns in the region. The damage from Hurricane Katrina caused a little more damage that some have expected. Not only has Katrina wiped out homes, and has left thousands of people homeless. The high waters caused levees and canals to fail, flooding 80% of New Orleans and many nearby neighborhoods. In New Orleans, long-term searching and settling of the area created a shoreline without its natural buffers and a town which was below sea level. Natural environment services controlling water flow and drainage were substituted for machines levees and pumps to prevent water off the roads. The unintended consequences that led to the disaster in New Orleans from Katrina was the delta formed over millennia from sediments deposited of the mouth of The Mississippi River. The city’s development has disrupted the delta building process at the locations of New Orleans. For sea and river commerce, over the years engineers have constructed a system of canals to aid navigation and of levees to control flooding, since the city is at or below sea level. The canals allowed salt water to intrude and kill the freshwater march vegetation...
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...Case-In-Point - Influenza Pandemics Past and Future Julian H. SCI/362 August 9, 2011 D. Lenz Case-In-Point Influenza Pandemics Past and Future “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it” (SANTAYANA, 1905) Unintended consequences of humankind’s activities that have led to the spread of the influenza virus during flu season are the lack of dispersing of the vaccine to the poor and homeless, non restriction of travel to or from known areas with high infection rates, and the quarantining of the infected in industrialized areas. Review of the past influenza epidemics and pandemics have shown that the reaction time is far too slow when dealing with such a communicable disease. In the US, the ill are not forced to stay home to prevent the spread of the disease. During the past H1N1 outbreak, travel was not restricted to and from areas with a high infection rate, nor was the border sealed. Scientific or technological activities that are improving the situation are in the area of research and study of influenza. This study has allowed scientists to develop vaccines that often aid in preventing severe illness or death. There are two forms of the vaccine, an inactivated (or killed virus) vaccine delivered via needle intramuscularly, or a weakened live virus delivered via nasal spray. These vaccines are updated every year. Study of influenza is done year round in over 130 national centers in over 101 countries (CDC, 2011) The application of the scientific...
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...Biocentric Ethics Analysis SCI/362 December 16, 2013 Biocentric Ethics Analysis Inherent value is to have value in and of oneself, objects are ends in themselves not merely means to some other end (Desjardins, 2013). It has been said that some people value what they consume and this is why genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) are so controversial. Some feel that GMO’s are our only option to the demand of the current population growth, because farmers have said that using the genetically modified seeds have helped the crops grow faster, longer and more fruitful (Robertson, 2003). This is the topic that will be covered in this paper; first, it is important to understand the history of this debate. In 1986, genetically engineered tomatoes were developed and it proved to make the tomatoes more resistance to many herbicides. The Department of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency was not concerned with the thought of possible side effects at this time. In 1990 when “Forbes article “The Lesser of Two Weevils” was released stating “that cotton farmers in the United States had put 100 million pounds of agricultural chemicals on their crop each year for the last several years” (Newton, Dillingham, Choly, 2006) the media went rampant on this information. This caused the controversy to explode into worldwide news headlines. Some countries were claiming that the over use of chemicals in the United States were reckless and dangerous to them as well, with the...
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...Energy Planning Proposal ********* SCI/362 November 10, 20** *************** Energy Planning Proposal To service a large populated area, it takes more than just money when it comes to evaluating not only the energy needs, but the environmental needs and considerations as well. Renewable energy has many important and positive aspects that make it a great choice not just for the city and its inhabitants, but for the environment near and far. This energy renews itself, without the threat of running out, or depleting. Renewable energy is cost effective, does not cause pollution, nor emit greenhouse gases, which is good for the city environment and far from causing global warming. There are many energy sources available, and after evaluating the pros and cons of each one, as the city planner I have come up with the best choice that can suit our needs, which is wind power, hydroelectric, and nuclear power sources. With a budget of 10 billion dollars, we can build the three new power sources and have money left over. Wind is a clean source of renewable energy, it does not produce any air or water pollution, plus wind is free. The cost of its operations is nearly nothing once a turbine is erected. Mass production and technology are making turbines cheaper, and many governments offer tax incentives to encourage wind development. Hydroelectric is a renewable energy is generated by the force of falling water. It is considered as one of the cleanest sources of energy, reliable...
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...City Panning SCI/362 ENERGY SOURCE | INITIAL SET UP COST | MONTHLY COST | ENERGY OUTPUT LIMIT | Solar Power | $3.5 billion | $300,000 | 1,000 Megawatts | City Planning The state of Florida is known as the sunshine state. It is probably most famous for its beautiful, tropical like weather. South Florida (City of Miami) is probably the sunniest place in the state of Florida. Due to the Miami’s almost constant exposure to the sun, it would make Miami an ideal place for a Solar Power Plant. To set up a solar power plant in Miami, a couple of necessities have to be established first. For example, one would need to know the initial set up cost for the energy production. The cost to set up solar power plant will cost approximately 3.5 billion dollars. So if the yearly budget only allotted ten billion dollars for set up cost, there could be the potential for three facilities to be built. Also, the monthly cost will have to be figured out and calculated. If the monthly cost was $300,000.00, and the yearly budget after the initial receipt of the 10 billion dollars for set up cost was 1 billion dollars per year, there could only be one solar power plant built. The building of three would take the plans over the allotted budget because, although there would be set up funds available, the monthly cost would fall short. Moreover, the energy output limit would have to be established and maintained. Take a look at the chart above, it would take 1,000 megawatts to power Miami...
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...Energy Summary Sarah Guillen SCI/362 Dr. May 6, 2013 Abstract This energy summary will review three cases, The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, The Yucca Mountain, and The Three Gorges Dam. The summary will recognize each kind of energy source, its comparative abundance, environmental impact, and the ethical and economic concerns of each of these cases selected. This summary will pinpoint prominent stakeholder’s, value the disadvantages and advantages of each of these energy sources according to the stakeholder’s vision, and possible tactics for resolving limited-resource issues raised in these selected cases while adding the role of conservation into these tactics. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge The debate about opening the refuge for oil drilling has been going on since 1980. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is closer one of the world’s largest pipeline systems, which is the Trans-Alaska Pipeline that starts in Prudhoe Bay and goes to the south of Valdez. Fourteen barrels of crude oil have been produced by Prudhoe Bay, making it the first time in the United States history to import more than half the oil it uses since the early 1900s. Such interest to open the oil drilling began after it decreased for five years after the Alaskan oil spill. The Department of the Interior admitted the opening the oil drilling will damage the area’s ecology and consequently the House of Representatives and the House settled to allow it. The ethical and economic problems...
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...China is known for its rich cultural history, large population and some of the grandest mountain ranges in the biosphere. This country is the third largest continent and contains the world's largest population. It is also home to one of the very first recorded civilizations. Thanks to its vast mountains, it is rich in natural resources that have come up from the earth. China produces a large variety of things from steel, to cameras and synthetic materials. Since the beginning of time, China has risen significantly in all aspects of life through agriculture, politics, economics, and population. The rapid development of such country has attracted worldwide attention in recent years. Compared with the population of 1265825048 from the 2000 population census (zero hour of November 1, 2000), the total population of the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and the servicemen of the mainland of China increased by 73899804 persons, or 5.84 percent over the past 10 years. The average annual growth rate was 0.57 percent. In the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of the mainland of China, there were 401517330 family households with a population of 1244608395 persons. The average size of family household was 3.10 persons, or 0.34 people less as compared with the 3.44 persons in the 2000 population census. Of the population enumerated in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and servicemen of the mainland of China, 686852572 persons or 51...
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...Energy Summary SCI/362 April 25, 2011 Energy Summary This summary of Energy will review three cases, The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Yucca Mountain, and The Three Gorges Dam. It will identify each type of energy source, its relative abundance and environmental impact along with evaluating the economic and ethical issues of each energy source highlighted by these three cases. The summary will identify the interests of prominent stakeholders, and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each energy source according to each stakeholder’s point of view and present possible strategies for solving the limited-resource issues raised in these case studies with explaining the role of conservation in these strategies. The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Since 1980 there has been an on and off debate regarding opening the refuge to oil drilling. The refuge is close to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, one of the world’s largest pipeline systems that begins at Prudhoe Bay and continues south to Valdez. Prudhoe Bay has produced 14 billion barrels of crude oil. In the early 1990’s, it was the first time in history that the United States would import more than half the oil it used. The interest of opening the refuge to oil drilling started again after it subsided for five years following the Alaskan oil spill. The Department of the Interior admitted that the oil drilling will harm the area’s ecosystem and therefore both the Senate and House of Representatives agreed to allow...
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...Environmental Justice Simulation Gregory Smith SCI/362 August 7, 2011 Zafer Miqdadi Environmental Justice Simulation In an environment such as explained in the simulation, environmental justice is a key factor. While Colney and Pitts as a company will benefit many people with their medicine. There will be some irreversible repercussions to the Kikuyu tribe as well as the environment. Although there are precautionary measures that may be in place, once the project is put in place this area will never be the same. When exploring the thought of environmental justice one would have to recognize the stakeholders. This would also lead one to weigh the pros and cons to actually find which has the most to gain and which has the most to lose. In this situation the stakeholders are the Kikuyu tribe, Colney and Pitts, International Center for Ethno Botanical Research and Eco Smile. All of these entities have a direct connection and impact on the other. Kikuyu Tribe The Kikuyu tribes are natives to the Aberdares mountain range. The impact of the development of this land will not only change their lives, but it will also alter their culture. As a people the Kikuyu tribe has lived on this land for centuries. Colney and Pitts have made some offers that give the tribe all options except for leaving things as they are. First of all the Kikuyu people have already discovered uses for the trees that the pharmaceutical company is wanting to make money from. These...
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