...Over the past thousands of years natural science has been the focal point of scientific research, drawing in the world’s greatest minds as they attempt to solve the most puzzling and intriguing of questions. One such mind is Newton, who’s simple observations of an apple falling from a tree led to the recognition of one of the most remarkable scientific breakthroughs of our millennium, gravity. However, another field of science has emerged in recent times, the field of the humanistic sciences. While natural sciences concentrate on chemistry, physics, and biology, human sciences surround history, economics, anthropology, and psychology. However, as these fields attempt to answer age-old questions concerning human behaviour, and the laws of the world, it is easy to wonder to what extent we can accept their discoveries as fact. Furthermore, what causes these scientific fields to be so intuitively appealing? Finally, as the majority of research performed in both fields relies on observation, to what extent can we trust observations utilizing sense perception? And what are the limitations of this trust in our human sense perception? Despite these several questions, the natural sciences serves a significantly more convincing field than human sciences, as more scientific research can be validated and accepted as truth. Furthermore, the human sciences relies almost solely off perception of past events, or behaviour, which can be contorted by bias, as well as several other limiting factors...
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...Theory of Caring Science - - The nursing theory is essentially a set of beliefs, ideas, thought, and hypotheses that are influenced from former nursing representations that have a structured view of the purposes of nursing attempting to explain the correlation of each concept with predictability. (personal experience with nursing theory). This paper will address the core elements of Dr. Jean Watson’s theory of caring science. We will scrutinize the essential key concepts of the theory and its relationship with the other elements, emphasize its effects in a clinical situation, and how it views the nursing policies with definite personal examples. Nursing theories and having knowledge of the theories are important to any nurse. They serve as guides as to how a nurse should treat patients mentally and psychologically, aside from the structured education system a nurse goes through typically. Nursing theories predict and try to explain phenomenon that relates to nursing, giving nurses the necessary mindset to deal with clinical situations that are sometimes out of educational premises. It also provides them insight on what direction to take with their profession, if they pursue such a thing. It strengthens ideas that nurses already know, and encourages them to seek out knowledge of what they need to know. Most importantly, nursing theories also effectively enforce implied rules of professional boundaries between the nurses and their patients. The theory of caring science is...
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...[Background conversation] So Bucky died 30 years ago. And when he died everybody went Buckminster Fuller is dead and I went, “Wait a minute!” because I was working with the institute at the time, I went, “This is the guy who said, ‘death is yet --- [Background conversation] So Bucky Fuller 30 years --- [Background conversation] [0:01:47] So Bucky Fuller died 30 years ago and everybody went, “Bucky Fuller’s dead, we should wrap up all the stuff, put it in an archive.” And I went, “Wait a minute! This is the guy who said, ‘this is not me, this is yesterday’s breakfast. And when this is gone doesn’t mean I am gone, it means that you need to find other ways to communicate with me.’” And I actually just got an email yesterday from a woman who said, “Oh! I’ve been dreaming about Bucky Fuller and I actually saw him in the mall the other day.” And I am like, “Whoa! This is pretty interesting she’s in Australia.” And I think that his influence is like everywhere. [0:02:27] What I decided was that I was going to do -- that he had conducted a 56 year experiment to determine and document what one individual could achieve that could not be accomplished by any religion, government, organization of any kind. So it’s basically what one man can do and he documented it and I said, “Well, when somebody does an experiment, you don’t just archive it away. You actually examine it.” So that’s what I’d spent the last 30 years doing literally. And doing what he told us to do, which is what all...
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...Gender and the Biological Sciences Kathleen Okruhlik –Philosophy of science professor and Dean of Arts at Western. –This paper was published in 1994. –Offers a sophisticated feminist critique of the philosophy of science. Feminist critiques of biology are politically important Because biologically determinist arguments are often cited to ‘explain’ women’s oppression. E.g., genes, hormones, and evolution ‘explain’ why it is ‘natural’ for women to function in a socially subordinate role, why men are smarter and more aggressive than women, why women are designed to be homebodies, and why men rape. Thus, promoting a more equalitarian and just society is useless or counterproductive. Feminist critiques of biology are also epistemically important. Because of the status of biology among the sciences. Social sciences are often dismissed as not real sciences, so to criticise them is not as effective. But biology is not easily dismissed as a pseudo-science, and so to criticise it can teach us something about the nature of science (i.e., its rationality, objectivity, degree of insulation from social influences, etc.) Some cases studies: (1) gender and reproduction The Sleeping Beauty/Prince Charming model of the relationship between egg and sperm in reproduction. –Just as women are seen as passive and men as active, the egg and sperm are traditionally assigned these roles. –The sperm is the one doing all the work to get to the egg and penetrate it, while the egg merely ...
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...most commonly known for the goal of converting metals, such as lead, into gold. However, around the 17th and 18th century, alchemy’s relevance diminished as chemistry went on the rise during this time. With this decline of alchemy continuing, should alchemy be titled as a dead science, pseudoscience or to never actually be considered as a science? In recent history, chemistry emerged from alchemy, and ever since then alchemy was only a thing of the past. Ultimately, one classifies the practice of alchemy as no more than just a pseudoscience. Alchemy has been practice universally and has undergone multiple forms causing a lack of accuracy and clarity in its purpose. The practice of alchemy also revolved around the spiritual view of the world,...
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...Common Course in English 2011 Admission onwards HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE MODULE I & II Prepared by : House No. 21 “Pranaam” Keltron Nagar, Kolazhi, Thrissur Ms. GAYATHRI MENON .K MODULE III & IV Prepared by: Ms. SWAPNA M.S. Department of English K. K. T. M. Govt. College Pullut, Thrissur Dr. Anitha Ramesh K Associate Professor Department of English ZG College, Calicut © Reserved 2 Scrutinised by : Layout: Computer Section, SDE History and Philosophy of Science School of Distance Education Contents MODULE I ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE 1. Introduction 2. Origins of Scientific Enquiry 3. European Origins of Science 4. Contributions of Early India 5. Science in China 6. The role of Arabs in the History of Science MODULE 2 7. Science in the Middle Ages MODULE 3 MODERN SCIENCE 8. Newton and After 9. The Advancing Frontiers: Modern Medicine to Nanotechnology MODULE 4 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 10. Basic concepts in the Philosophy of Science 11. Some Issues in the Philosophy of Science Pages 5 10 17 24 31 36 44 53 64 79 88 History and Philosophy of Science 3 School of Distance Education History and Philosophy of Science 4 School of Distance Education MODULE 1 ANCIENT HISTORY OF SCIENCE UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION Objectives This chapter will help you to: 1. Understand what is science 2. Understand...
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...– Principle of Sciences. WHAT IS SCIENCE? Science, for me is a word that was introduced to me when I was 10, back in class 4. I still remember my first science book and how enthusiastic I was when I brought it home. The very first chapter of the book was ‘Our Universe’; I was so fascinated by those aesthetic pictures of the galaxy, Milky Way and the nine planets that I almost had thought of becoming an astronomer. But, as I grew up, I realised that science was much more than I had thought of. It is not only limited to the incomprehensible galaxies, but, it is present everywhere, even within us. Everything we do involves science. At the age of 16, science for me was a fat textbook, which horrified me day and night. Science for me was white lab coats and microscopes, which I always had fascinated about. It was about numerous theories which are still argued upon. It was about Newton’s equations scribbled on a blackboard. At that age I was looking Science as a topic which took information from the past, to be analysed, processed and experimented in the present to make our future better. And when I was 17, I asked myself what science was, I looked at it as a subject, which I had to part with to pursue my dreams in the corporate world. But no, science is not just that. Science is my mother cooking luscious food; science is in my father’s archaic camera which has captured me as I have become an adolescent from an infant. Science is a way of discovering...
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...Life Span Perspective Life Span Perspective People are natural social creatures who progress through life by growth personally and physically. The life span development or science of human development follows the scientific method in order, to prove or disprove development theories. It will be described what life span development is and the purpose of human development. From there an understanding of two development theories will be explained. The theories are to give the reader and understanding of how scientists have tried to partly explain human development. This is also why heredity and environmental influences will also be examined, considering the theories place emphasis on both. The science of human development is “to understand how and why people—all kinds of people, everywhere—change or remain the same over time” (Berger, 2008. p. 3). Further, human development has three fundamentals that help define the study. The first is the science, as stated before the science of human life span development is based on the scientific method. Theories are hypothesized, data is collected on experiments or observation, the data reveals whether the hypothesis is correct or incorrect and form here scientists can determine what the conclusion means (Berger, 2008. p. 4). The second is diversity, in which considering the different kinds of people (Berger, 2008 p. 4). Studying the different people of all ages, race, and around the globe allows further compare and contrast of different...
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...Why Should People Hate Science? Science has conquered so many diseases and is promising to cure genetic diseases and even grow us new organs. It has given us mobile phones, tablets and computers that have reduced the global village to a global mall; and yet, there are people who still refuse to accept the power of science as the major agent of change in our society. Some people find it easier to believe that special people can cure serious diseases by simply placing their hands on the diseased, while others cannot accept the fact that human beings evolved from lower animals by a process of Natural Selection over billions of years. Locally, it is a no-brainer that the lack of science teaching at a primary level has had a negative lasting effect on people, and this can be seen in newspaper, radio and TV station editors, opinionists, politicians and talk-show hosts, all of which wield the power of mass media and can influence public opinion and what people think. Unfortunately, many of them are educating the masses in the concept of GIGO - Garbage In Garbage Out. GIGO is an interesting concept that refers to the fact that people are continously bombarded by pseudo-scientific and mistaken ideas, and eventually start believing their veracity and transmit them to others. These people are not necessarily uneducated individuals, but usually pick the information online and reinforce false opinions by choosing websites that agree with their views. For example, they follow...
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...AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IN 10 MODULES E. Kolawole Ogundowole, Ph.D., D.Sc. Professor & Head of Philosophy Department University of Lagos. Akoka, Lagos. Nigeria Correct Counsels Limited Research. Counselling. Publishing. Book Supply First published 2003 Correct Counsels Ltd. P. O. Box 53 Akoka, Lagos. C E. Kolawole Ogundowole, 2003 ISBN: 978 -37004 - 0 – 5 This book is copyright. All rights reserved under the Copyright La Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. Printed in Nigeria by: Mustard Press Enterprises 16, Ogundola Street Sungas-BAriga. PREFACE A few words about the overall objectives of the course is appropriate as a starting point. Historically, philosophy was the first form of theoretical knowledge. As a rational theoretical tool of comprehending the world, philosophy arose in ancient Greece in stiff battle with mythology and religious consciousness. It came out to lay the foundation for the evolvement of scientific consciousness and the emergence and development of the sciences - Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc. In an environment rife with various and varying superstitions and myths, the study of the History of Science and Philosophy of Science becomes crucial, lest science itself falls within the ambit of mythology and superstition and becomes another form of myth even in the hands of the tutored. The study of the History of Science is particularly important...
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...University of South Florida Scholar Commons Textbooks Collection USF Tampa Library Open Access Collections 2012 Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices Anol Bhattacherjee University of South Florida, abhatt@usf.edu Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks Part of the American Studies Commons, Education Commons, Public Health Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Bhattacherjee, Anol, "Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices" (2012). Textbooks Collection. Book 3. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/oa_textbooks/3 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the USF Tampa Library Open Access Collections at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Textbooks Collection by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact scholarcommons@usf.edu. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH: PRINCIPLES, METHODS, AND PRACTICES ANOL BHATTACHERJEE SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH: PRINCIPLES, METHODS, AND PRACTICES Anol Bhattacherjee, Ph.D. University of South Florida Tampa, Florida, USA abhatt@usf.edu Second Edition Copyright © 2012 by Anol Bhattacherjee Published under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices, 2nd edition By Anol Bhattacherjee First published 2012 ISBN-13: 978-1475146127 ...
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...Geology and its Ramifications for Life in the 21st Century, by Doctor Terry Mortenson, is a journal article that claims to be about Old Earth Geology history, and perceived consequences that this ideology has inflicted on our society today. In actuality, this article provides little knowledge or background on the Old-Earth theory. This article utilizes most of its text explaining Scriptural Geology, key individuals of Scriptural Geology, arguing the validity of the Young-Earth belief, and closing with an over generalized assessment of Old-Earth theory’s impact on society. Article Strengths The article clearly identifies the writer’s discontent with the flaws in modern science, and the downfall of modern society. Doctor Mortenson provides, with vast detail, the belief of validity regarding Scriptural Geologist theories, and their credentials. Mortenson provided a section, consisting of seven paragraphs, which discussed the development of Scriptural Geologists, and dynamic backgrounds for various individuals of importance in this geological community. This article immaculately depicted the flaws in modern science, historical science, and in scriptural science. Mortenson wrote, “They were in fact just as biased as the scriptural...
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...to social science for the solution of our social problems. Society seems to be saying, in effect, "Scientific methodology in the natural sciences and their accompanying technologies has brought us to the brink of extinction; let it save us through the social sciences and their technologies." The great foundations, governmental agencies, business organizations, and the universities are repsonding to this demand by directing increasing amounts of money and personnel to activities dealing with human relations, intergroup relations, and social "problems" in general. Social Psychology Applied vs. Basic Research In a time where social work and social psychology are often seen as similar to the uneducated, I want to use this research paper to look into the differences of how psychologists are using their research. I’ll try to use this paper to address both basic questions regarding human behavior and applied issues of social concern. In (Kelman, 1968)described the tension between the rigor and vigor within science in general and within social psychology. In presenting the different styles of research, I’ll attempt to show strengths and limitations of each approach and argue that both are needed for social scientists to achieve a complete and systematic understanding of social behavior. Few if any researchers have been able to incorporate both rigor and vigor into their work when using the various methods of applied social psychology frameworks in testing theories. I hope...
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...Feb 11, 2011 OnlineFirst Version of Record - Jul 15, 2010 What is This? Downloaded from org.sagepub.com at Sheffield Hallam University on January 18, 2014 Article Organization 18(1) 23–44 © The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1350508410372151 http://org.sagepub.com Ways of constructing research questions: gap-spotting or problematization? Jörgen Sandberg Mats Alvesson UQ Business School, University of Queensland, Australia Department of Business Administration, University of Lund, Sweden Abstract This article examines ways of constructing research questions from existing literature, which are likely to promote the development of interesting and influential theories. We review 52 articles in organization studies and develop a typology of how researchers construct their research questions from existing literature.The most common way across paradigmatic camps is to spot various ‘gaps’ in the literature and, based on that, to formulate specific research questions. The dominance of gap-spotting is surprising, given it is increasingly recognized...
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...europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in philosophy,art,music,science,religion,and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Humanists emphasized the importance of worldly pleasures and studied classic texts from philosophers like Plato and Aristotle for inspiration. It brought many famous paintings including the mona lisa and philosophy discover such as the Copernican heliocentrism. One of the famous philosopher contributed to movement galileo galilei. Galileo was a well known astronomer,philosopher,and engineer that live during the renaissance era. Galileo had a major role in the revolution in scientific discoveries, some are still important in modern science. His inventions included the telescope, copernican system and some discoveries with the different effects with motion of objects. Although most of his theories are relevant now, they were ignored by the way he found proof and the catholic church. Galileo was born february 15, 1564 in pisa,italy. He was the oldest of our six sibling of vincenzio galilei and Giulia ammannati. Galileo met woman named Marina gamba who he had three children with,but never married. He had two daughters named virginia,and livia and...
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