Organic Chemistry
Name: Rochelle Bailey
Lab #: 7
Date: March 9, 2015
Introduction:
Aldehydes and ketones are two of several types of compounds that contain the carbonyl group. Reactions that occur because of the presence of the carbonyl group include nucleophilic addition reactions and base catalysed condensations. Aldehydes are also easily oxidized, which provides a convenient means to distinguish them from ketones. The carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones is highly polarized; the carbonyl carbon bears a substantial partial positive charge and is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Further, since it is sp2 hybridized it is relatively open to attack. Because the carbonyl contains no good leaving group, addition occurs rather than substitution. Aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds; however, the pure compounds do not undergo hydrogen bonding as the alcohols do. Thus the boiling points of aledehydes and ketones are lower than alcohols, but higher than alkanes or ethers. Low molecular weight carbonyl compounds are water soluble.

Tests used to classify aldehydes and ketones
Question 1
Identify the tests used to classify aldehydes and ketones. For each test identify the reagent(s) used and tell what observations/ results are expected. Write equations to show reactions (where appropriate).
There are various tests that can be used to identify aldehydes and ketones. Some tests can be used to identify the carbonyl group in compounds while others can be used to distinguish between and aldehyde and a ketone.
1)2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone
Aldehydes and ketones react with a number of nitrogen containing compounds through nucleophilic addition and subsequent loss of water to give products that have a carbon nitrogen double bond. These reactions are useful in distinguishing an aldehyde or ketone from other functional groups.
Most aldehydes and ketones will