Free Essay

Scotish

In: Historical Events

Submitted By alexisperezlp
Words 293
Pages 2
Scottish Enlightenment
The Scottish Enlightenment was a period in the 18th century often described as Scotland’s ‘Golden Age’. It was an intellectual movement that ranged across the fields of philosophy, chemistry, geology, architecture, poetry, technology, economics, sociology, medicine and history.
Sharing the humanist and rationalist outlook of the European Enlightenment of the same time period, the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment asserted the fundamental importance of human reason combined with a rejection of any authority that could not be justified by reason. They held to an optimistic belief in the ability of humanity to effect changes for the better in society and nature, guided only by reason. This latter feature gave the Scottish Enlightenment its special flavour, distinguishing it from its continental European counterpart. In Scotland, the Enlightenment was characterised by a thoroughgoing empiricism and practicality where the chief virtues were improvement, virtue, and practical benefit for the individual and society as a whole.
The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books, and intense discussions which took place at intellectual gathering places in Edinburgh as The Select Society and, later, The Poker Club as well as within Scotland’s ancient universities such as St Andrews, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen. In these places great thinkers sought to understand the natural world and the human mind like Sam Smith and David Hume
The Scottish Enlightenment had effects far beyond Scotland, not only because of the esteem in which Scottish achievements were held outside Scotland, but also because its ideas and attitudes were carried across the Atlantic world as part of the Scottish diaspora, and by American students who studied in Scotland.
Today, many historians believe that the ideas and advances that emerged from the Scottish Enlightenment helped to shape the modern world.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Hugh Williamson Historical Background

... - The state of North Carolina was established on 1729. - North Carolina was founded by colonists in Virginia on 1653. - North Carolina has approximately 200,000 free people, most of these people were white, and not colored. - North Carolina had about 100,000 slaves. - North Carolina colonists made money by plantations, where they produced tobacco, sugar, cotton, grain, fruit, and more. - North Carolina had the largest slave work on plantations in any other colony. II. Personal background - My delegate, Williamson Hugh, was born on December 5, 1735 near Octorara creek in the West Nottingham township, Pennsylvania. - Hugh had a big family. He was the oldest of ten, four girls and six boys. - He was taught by his dad in a Scotish-Irish home, where his dad taught him about thrift, industry, and presbyterian devotions. - As he grew older his dad decided he needed a better teacher and got him a better teacher named Reverend Francis Allen. - Hugh finished first in his class at university of Pennsylvania. - He was married to Mary Davidson, until she passed away, and then he got married to Maria. - Hugh had multiple occupations throughout his years being a educator, physician, legislator, merchant, scientist, and a scholar. - By 1787, Hugh was at the age of 52. - Hugh Williamson did not fight in the revolutionary war, instead he was appointed, when the Revolutionary War came to the south, a surgeon general in North Carolina's militia. - Hugh Williamson...

Words: 568 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Critical Political Economy

...large-scale corporations, the growing association of the state and capitalism and the decline of the public sphere’ (Abercrombie et al. 2006:176). Although, despite his undoubted influence in this field of study, nowadays many academics consider Habermas’s position to be primarily outdated. Of course, structural criticism is hoarier and more wide-ranging than this simplistic equivalence would suggest, but it would be tangential to engage any further in this dialectic. During the nineteenth century, the classical economist Adam Smith scrutinised the production of wealth in the marketplace while nominally pondering the broader establishment of society and the nation-state (Holt and Perren 2009, p.7). By grounding his work in social theory, the Scotish philosopher set the stage for the arrival of Karl Marx and Frederick Engles. Indeed, these two highly influential figures presented a radical form of social criticism. Where Marx, alarmed by the social stratification of nineteenth-century industrial Britain, offered a moral critique of capitalism. Through ‘historical materialism and class analysis’, Marx highlighted the unjust characteristics of the free market system. Furthermore, Marx delineated that the primary focus of capitalism was the mere accrual of wealth. Moreover, although not inherently deterministic, he postulated that the construct of the free enterprise framework, what he termed as the ‘superstructure’, was built around two opposing classes. Principally, the bourgeoisie...

Words: 1082 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

George Washington's Strategic Skill or British Operational and Strategic Failures

...Patriot Success: Washington’s Strategic Skill or British Operational and Strategic Failure Introduction Sun Tzu considered war as a necessary evil that must be avoided whenever possible. Many opportunities were presented to the British rule by the Americans to prevent the Revolutionary War and vice versa. The design, execution and effects of operations played a significant role on both sides from the outset of the war thus completely affecting the Clausewitzian Trinity of government, people, and army. Operational and strategic mistakes of the British led to Patriot success. However, it can be argued that the strategic skill of George Washington led to Patriot success. Center of Gravity The first, the supreme, the most far-reaching act of judgment that the statesman and commander have to make is to establish by that test the kind of war on which they are embarking; neither mistaking it for, nor trying to turn it into, something that is alien to its nature (Clausewitz, 88). He says this is the first of all strategic questions and the most comprehensive. Strategically, the British never established the type of war they would be committing themselves to until the passion of the people within the Colonies reached a point of no return. George Washington saw Great Britain’s center of gravity (CoG) as the will of its government (Weigley, 5). The British government deduced...

Words: 1936 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Gravelin Case

...Business Competitiveness Management Competition on the market The main and the most important process on the market Competition is a combat between individuals, groups, nations, animals, etc. for territory or allocation of resources. It arises whenever two or more parties strive for a goal which cannot be shared. Competition occures among naturally living organisms which co-exist in the same environment. Business is associated with competition as most companies are in competition with at least one other firm over the same group of customers. The Latin root for the verb „to compete” is „competere”, which means „to seek together” or „to strive together” Competition is a process in which companies try to realise their aims, and try to offer better product or service using price, quality and other tools, which influence customers decisions whether to buy something or not. The success of one group is dependent on the failure of the other competing groups. The object of competition can be a product (or service) or resource. In the first case the companies compete beetwen one another about customer, whereas in the second case about resource and conditions of buying it. At the same time companies compete for customers and resources because in order to buy resources they should sell products and to generate the product they should buy resources. Very impotortant is who competes (subject). That is why competition can occur among: - Blocks of nations (unions)...

Words: 3417 - Pages: 14

Premium Essay

The Last Leaf's Analysis

...1.History Prehistory Two thousand year ago there was an Iron Age Celtic culture through-out the Bristish Isles.Its seems that the Celts, who had been arriving from the eighth century BC onwards, intermingled with the peoples who were already there.For people in Britain today, the chief significance of the prehistoric period is its sense of mystery.This sense finds its focus most easily in the astonishing monumental architecture of this period, the remains of which exist throughout the country. Wiltshire, in south-western England, has two spectacular. The Roman period (43-410) The Roman province of Britannia covered most of present-day England and Wales. The Romans imposed their own way of life and culture, making use of the existing Celtic aristocracy to govern and encouraging this ruling class to adopt Roman dress and the Roman language. They exerted an influence, without actually governing there, over the southern part of Scotland. The remarkable thing about the Roman is that, despite their long occupation of Britain, they left very little behind. To many other part of Europe they bequeathed a system of law and administration which forms the basis of the modern system and a language. Moreover, most of their villas,bayhs and temples, their impressive network of roads, and the cities they founded, including Londinium, were soon destroyed or fell into disrepair. The Germanic invasions (410-1066) Duringthe fifth century, a number of tribes from the north-western...

Words: 3090 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Skills Development in Namibia

...Topic: Skills development in the financial sector: A Namibian case study HN Muyoba Student No. MYBHER001 Assignment 1: Literature Review Research Methods BUS5004W MPhil: People Management (2014 intake) Contents 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Definitions 3 1.2 Background of the Study 4 1.3 Aims of the Study 5 1.4 Study objectives 5 2 The research problem 6 3 Research Questions: 6 4 Literature review 6 4.1 International perspective 6 4.2 African perspective 8 4.3 Namibian perspective 9 5 Conclusion 12 6 Bibliography 13 1. Introduction A functional financial sector is essential for economic development. Importantly, a strong financial sector, however, relies not only on the sound organized infrastructure, but also on the ability of its human resources. Human resources are critical in the development of the financial sector. Investments in human capital are influential in shaping the financial services industry where knowledge, skill, competencies and capabilities have become key strategic drivers of productivity, competitiveness and growth (BNM Financial Sector Development, 2015). With globalization, the need for capacity building in any country’s financial sectors becomes even more critical to ensure that experts within the industry will be able to keep up with the new changes brought about by the implementation of the international financial standards, such as IFRIS. In the next decade, there are likely to be many changes...

Words: 3202 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Academics

...EFFECTS OF INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN HISTORY IN NIGERIA BY Dr. (Mrs.). A. A. Jekayinfa ABSTRACT This study was carried out to find out the effects of instructional resources on the academic achievement of secondary school students in History. For the purpose of the study, data were collected from five hundred and five (505) form IV history students, eleven (11) History teachers and seven (7) principals in eleven (11) selected secondary schools in Ogbomoso North and Central Local Government areas of Oyo State. Teachers and students in the sampled schools were administered, an investigator – constructed questionnaire. History Achievement Test was also administered on the students in the selected schools. Results of the study indicated that adequate supply of instructional resources have significant effects on students’ performance in history. Furthermore, the results revealed that schools with adequate teacher quality and material resources in History showed superiority in achievements on the history test than schools without adequate teacher quality and material resources. INTRODUCTION Education, according to Coombs (1970) consists of two components. He classified these two components into inputs and outputs. According to him, inputs consist of human and material resources and outputs are the goals and outcomes of the educational process. Both...

Words: 4633 - Pages: 19

Premium Essay

Olive Oil Consumption for Canada

...Types of olive oil While all kinds of oil become usable in cooking only after having been refined, olive oil is the only one which can be used in its natural form. Kinds of olive oil are collected under four basic groups by their production methods: Virgin Olive Oil Obtained from olives solely through mechanical or physical processes such as washing, draining, centrifuge and filtration so that there will be no alteration in their natural characteristic, no additives are added to the olive oil included in this group. Virgin olive oil is divided into three according to the Turkish Food Codex: Extra Virgin: Oleic acid of maximum 0.8%. Virgin: Oleic acid of maximum 2%. Ordinary Virgin: Oleic acid of maximum 3.3%. Virgin olive oil is recommended to be consumed raw mainly in salads and dressings. Refined Olive Oil |Obtained through refining of olive oil which is not suitable for direct consumption, acidity of this olive oil is below 0.3%. Refining| |is a kind of cleaning process which eliminates the undesired qualities of the oil. Refined olive oil is prepared to be consumed mainly| |by those who are not used to the sharp aroma of olive oil. | |Being a light kind of olive oil, it would be the most ideal and healthy choice for marinating vegetables, baking or frying | Pure Olive Oil Obtained by mixing refined olive oil and virgin olive oil, the maximum acidity of this kind of...

Words: 5785 - Pages: 24

Premium Essay

Factor Affect Academic Performance

...Mr. OGIDI DR. (MRS) N.E EDEMA DATE (Coordinator) This seminar work is dedicated to God Almighty, for his love, care, kindness and mercy towards my academic and life in general. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere acknowledgment goes to my heavenly father, God Almighty who has been my guide and source of strength throughout my seminar work period. I wish to most sincerely express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. (Mrs.) O.M. Agbogidi, for her constructive criticism and contributions that enabled me to produce this piece of research work. Special appreciation goes to my lovely parents, Mr and Mrs Julius Akpan, for all their assistance and encouragement during the course of this work. Lastly I am grateful to my friends and course mates for the contributions and support they rendered to me, and I wish them well in their academics pursuit. ABSTRACT This study was carried out to find out the effects of non availability of teaching aids on the effective teaching of biology in some selected secondary schools in ethiope east local government area of delta state. For the purpose of the study, data were collected from five hundred and five (505) SSI-SSIII.biology students, () Biology teachers and seven (7) principals in eleven (11) selected secondary schools in Ethiope East Local Government areas of Della State. Teachers and students in the sampled schools were...

Words: 7055 - Pages: 29

Free Essay

Research

...Vol. 2, No. 2 International Business Research Case Study of Factors Influencing Jobs Satisfaction in Two Malaysian Universities Edward Sek Khin Wong (Corresponding author) Faculty of Business & Accountancy University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: edwardwong@graduate.uwa.edu.au Dr Teoh Ngee Heng Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman 46200, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia E-mail: tiohnh@utar.edu.my Abstract This work identifies the factors that measure job satisfaction of faculty members at two selected and major universities in Malaysia, using ten major factors corresponding to job satisfaction using the Herzberg Two-factor Theory to determine how these selected factors are related to job satisfaction of Malaysian faculty members. The conclusions drawn from this study are that the major sources of job satisfaction for Malaysian faculty members are shown to be policy, administration, and salary. The relevant sources of dissatisfaction are personal achievement, personal growth, interpersonal relations, recognition, responsibility, supervision, the work itself, and the overall working conditions. This study has a number of practical implications for institutional administrators, because if the educational institution has no instrument designed to measure faculty perceptions of their jobs and work, these administrators could elect to use the same instrument that investigates the areas of job satisfaction to gain similar results. Keywords: Higher education, Herzberg Two-factor...

Words: 7780 - Pages: 32

Premium Essay

The Process of Beer Production

...Introduction Brewing beer is really a very simple process, a unique mix of art and science that consists of a number of key steps. Brewing begins with malted barley that is milled and mixed with hot water to form a mash. During mashing, the malt starches are converted to sugars. The sugar rich water is then strained through the bottom of the mash and is now called wort. The wort then goes to the brew kettle where it is brought to a boil. During this stage, hops are added at different times during the boil for either bitterness or aroma. The wort is then cooled and aerated, and brewers' yeast is added for fermentation. The yeast produces alcohol and carbon dioxide and other byproducts from the sweet wort. After fermentation the "green beer" undergoes maturation. The last step in the brewing process is filtration, and then carbonation. Next the beer is moved to a holding tank where it stays until it is bottled or kegged. For a more detailed description of the brewing process click "Continue." Barley Malt Barley malt is to beer as grapes are to wine. It is ideally suited to brewing for many reasons. Malted barley has a high complement of enzymes for converting its starch supply into simple sugars and contains protein, which is needed for yeast nutrition. Of course, one important element is its flavor. There are two types of barley: six-row and two-row. [pic] Pale Ale Malt Barley Malt Six-row Barley Malt Generally, six-row barley has a higher enzyme content...

Words: 33569 - Pages: 135

Free Essay

The Outline of English Literature

...Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан Кокшетауский государственный университет им. Ш. Уалиханова An Outline of British Literature (from tradition to post modernism) Кокшетау 2011 УДК 802.0 – 5:20 ББК 81:432.1-923 № 39 Рекомендовано к печати кафедрой английского языка и МП КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, Ученым Советом филологического факультета КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, УМС КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова. Рецензенты: Баяндина С.Ж. доктор филологических наук, профессор, декан филологического факультета КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова Батаева Ф.А. кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры «Переводческое дело» Кокшетауского университета им. А. Мырзахметова Кожанова К.Т. преподаватель английского языка кафедры гуманитарного цикла ИПК и ПРО Акмолинской области An Outline of British Literature from tradition to post modernism (on specialties 050119 – “Foreign Language: Two Foreign Languages”, 050205 – “Foreign Philology” and 050207 – “Translation”): Учебное пособие / Сост. Немченко Н.Ф. – Кокшетау: Типография КГУ им. Ш. Уалиханова, 2010 – 170 с. ISBN 9965-19-350-9 Пособие представляет собой краткие очерки, характеризующие английскую литературу Великобритании, ее основные направления и тенденции. Все известные направления в литературе иллюстрированы примерами жизни и творчества авторов, вошедших в мировую литературу благодаря...

Words: 82733 - Pages: 331