...polarization of small patches of the surface coating on a (normally) metal disk. The maximum areal density is defined by the size of the magnetic particles in the surface, as well as the size of the "head" used to read and write the data. The areal density of disk storage devices has increased dramatically since IBM introduced the RAMAC, the first hard disk in 1956. RAMAC had an areal density of 2,000 bit/in². Commercial hard drives in 2005 typically offer densities between 100 and 150 Gbit/in², an increase of about 75 million times over the RAMAC. In 2005 Toshiba introduced a new hard drive using perpendicular recording, which features a density of 179 Gbit/in².[1] Toshiba's experimental systems have demonstrated 277 Gbit/in², and in 2006 Seagate Technology demonstrated a drive with a 421 Gbit/in² density.[2] It is expected that perpendicular recording technology can scale to about 1 Tbit/in² at its maximum. [3] Compact Discs (CDs), another common storage media of the early 2000s, stores data in small pits in plastic surface that is then covered with a thin layer of reflective metal. The standard defines pits that are 0.83 micrometers long and 0.5 micrometers wide, arranged in tracks spaced 1.6 micrometers apart, offering a density of about 0.90 Gbit/in². DVD disks are essentially a "product improved" CD, using more of the disk surface, smaller pits (0.64 micrometers), and tighter tracks (0.74 micrometers), offering a density of about 2.2 Gbit/in². Further improvements in HD...
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...The Price of RAM And Hard Drive Storage Over The Past 30 Years The price and capacities of RAM and hard drive storage have come a long way in the past 30 years. Take for instance, in 1981 an 18MB hard drive cost $2500, today a 1TB hard drive costs $150. In 1990 RAM costs were $50 per MB and today one can purchase 2GB RAM for approximately $50. Observe the following table pertaining to hard drive cost vs GB capacity from 1980-2009: Table Source: iStockAnalyst Observe that there is a strong exponential correlation in the capacity vs cost ratio, where r=0.9916. During the last 30 years the capacity per unit cost ratio has nearly doubled approximately every 14 months. The regression equation is given by: Many TB+ drives have become available which recently broken the $0.10/GB boundary, whilst the next milestone being $0.01/GB or $10/TB. If historical trends continue, then 10 years from now the cost per GB of hard drive capacity will become $0.0000351 per GB or $0.0351 per TB. For $100, one could purchase a 2,849TB drive 10 years from now, based on the analysis of historical trends. Although 120 PB drives are currently available in the server and super computing market, consumer grade hard drives aren’t available in these sizes, as the physical size and cost per PB is too great for the marketability in the consumer market. Based on historical trends, one could forecast the availability of a consumer level 100TB hard drive in the next five years. It must be noted all figures...
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...WHEN YOU'RE IN front of your PC, waiting for something to transfer to removable media, seconds can feel like minutes, and minutes like hours. And backups to USB 2.0 appear to crawl along at a snail's pace--so much so that users often become reluctant to perform that essential chore. Such data-transfer scenarios are where the new SuperSpeed USB 3.0 standard and its theoretical, blazing-fast throughput of 5 gigabits per second--as promised by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF)--will change your life for the better. And if our tests of four new USB 3.0 hard drives from Buffalo Technology, Iomega, Seagate, and Western Digital are indicative, the change will certainly be dramatic. USB 3.0's impressive speed is its raison d'être, part of its beauty is its backward compatibility with USB 2.0. You need a new cable and a new host adapter (or one of the new motherboards built to but support USB 3.0) to achieve USB 3.0 performance. But you can still use a USB 3.0 device on a USB 2.0 port and achieve typical USB 2.0 performance. You may also use USB 2.0 devices on a USB 3.0 port--though, again, with no gain in speed. The technology behind USB 3.0 more closely resembles PCI Express than USB 2.0. Backward compatibility comes from clever connector design, and a dual bus. The designers added four data lines and a ground wire for the new USB 3.0 signals, and retained the existing pair of data lines for use with USB 2.0 devices. The two technologies share the existing power and ground wires...
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...8Gb $689 / 12Gb $1088 Kingston HyperX DDR3 1600 ( 3 x 4Gb ) =12Gb $988 OCZ 1333 OCZ3G1333 Gold 69 159 223 OCZ DDR3 1600 OCZ3X1600R2LV4GK 169 OCZ OCZ3OB1600LV4GK CL9 Obsidian 149 OCZ DD3-1600 Fatality OCZ3F1600LV4GK CL7 179 OCZ DD3-1866 OCZ3P1866LV4GK CL9 235 OCZ DD3-1333 OCZG1333LV6GK CL9 218 OCZ DD3-1600 Platinum OCZ3P1600LV6GK CL7 299 OCZ DD3-1600 intel XMP OCZ3X1600LR2LV6GK 259 Team Elite DD3-1333 CL9 123 179 Team Elite DD3-1600 CL9 149 Team Xtreem DDR3-1600 CL8 138 179 269 Team Xtreem- DDR3-1866 CL8/9 209 305 Team Xtreem-LV DDR3-2000 CL9 229 HardDisk 3.5" internal Sata Sata3 H1tachi 500GB 16M Rpm7200 53 Hitachi 1.TB /16Mb Rpm5400 82 CoolSpin Hitachi 1.TB /32MbRpm7200 83 Hitachi 2.TB / 32M 179 Seagate 500GB / 16M 58 Seagate 1.TB/32M 2 Platter 90 Seagate 1.5TB / 32M RPM7200 120 Seagate 2.TB 7200rpm LowPower 160 Samsung 1.TB / 32M HD103SJ Rpm7200 82 WD 320GB /16M Caviar Blue 56 WD 500GB /16M Caviar Blue 56 WD 500GB /32M Caviar Green 57 WD 500GB /32M...
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...An Integrated Approach to Strategy Running Case Featuring Wal-Mart Wal-Mart’s Competitive Advantage (Chapter 1) ● Working Conditions at Wal-Mart (Chapter 2) ● Wal-Mart’s Bargaining Power over Suppliers (Chapter 3) ● Human Resource Strategy and Productivity at Wal-Mart (Chapter 4) ● How Wal-Mart Became a Cost Leader (Chapter 5) ● Wal-Mart’s Global Expansion (Chapter 6) ● WalMart Internally Ventures a New Kind of Retail Store (Chapter 8) ● Sam Walton’s Approach to Implementing Wal-Mart’s Strategy (Chapter 9) Strategy in Action Features A Strategic Shift at Microsoft (Chapter 1) ● The Agency Problem at Tyco (Chapter 2) ● Circumventing Entry Barriers into the Soft Drink Industry (Chapter 3) ● Learning Effects in Cardiac Surgery (Chapter 4) ● How to Make Money in the Vacuum Tube Business (Chapter 5) ● The Evolution of Strategy at Procter & Gamble (Chapter 6) ● Diversification at 3M: Leveraging Technology (Chapter 7) ● News Corp’s Successful Acquisition Strategy (Chapter 8) ● How to Flatten and Decentralize Structure (Chapter 9) Practicing Strategic Management Application-based activities intended to get your students thinking beyond the book. Small-Group Exercises Short experiential exercises that ask students to coordinate and collaborate on group work focused on an aspect of strategic management. Exploring the Web Internet exercises that require students to explore company websites and answer chapter-related questions. Designing a Planning System (Chapter 1) Evaluating...
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...An Integrated Approach to Strategy Running Case Featuring Wal-Mart Wal-Mart’s Competitive Advantage (Chapter 1) ● Working Conditions at Wal-Mart (Chapter 2) ● Wal-Mart’s Bargaining Power over Suppliers (Chapter 3) ● Human Resource Strategy and Productivity at Wal-Mart (Chapter 4) ● How Wal-Mart Became a Cost Leader (Chapter 5) ● Wal-Mart’s Global Expansion (Chapter 6) ● WalMart Internally Ventures a New Kind of Retail Store (Chapter 8) ● Sam Walton’s Approach to Implementing Wal-Mart’s Strategy (Chapter 9) Strategy in Action Features A Strategic Shift at Microsoft (Chapter 1) ● The Agency Problem at Tyco (Chapter 2) ● Circumventing Entry Barriers into the Soft Drink Industry (Chapter 3) ● Learning Effects in Cardiac Surgery (Chapter 4) ● How to Make Money in the Vacuum Tube Business (Chapter 5) ● The Evolution of Strategy at Procter & Gamble (Chapter 6) ● Diversification at 3M: Leveraging Technology (Chapter 7) ● News Corp’s Successful Acquisition Strategy (Chapter 8) ● How to Flatten and Decentralize Structure (Chapter 9) Practicing Strategic Management Application-based activities intended to get your students thinking beyond the book. Small-Group Exercises Short experiential exercises that ask students to coordinate and collaborate on group work focused on an aspect of strategic management. Exploring the Web Internet exercises that require students to explore company websites and answer chapter-related questions. Designing a Planning System (Chapter 1) Evaluating...
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...SOFTWARE AS A TOOL OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE: INTERNATIONAL RETAIL BANKING 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction: Objectives of this Benchmarking Study……………………………………2 Approach: Methodology and Questions…………………………………………………..9 Introduction to Case………………………………………………………………………10 The Industry Context: Global Financial Services and the Retail Consumer……………...12 Organization, E-Citi and Citi’s Global Consumer Strategy Product Market Segmentation, Cross-selling and International Leverage…………....24 Mobile Phone Basis Citi’s Future Global Retail Banking Strategy…………………..30 Products, Service Support and IT Selection Strategies……………………………….34 6 7 8 Japan, A Microcosm – Synergies, Affiliations and Reach ……………………………….36 Trust Bank, Complementary Services, and Interactive Strategic Benefits……………….55 Summary - Owning the Future of International Retail Banking……………………….…57 Appendix I - Summary Answers to Questions for Citigroup - IRB Strategy & Operations….65 Appendix II - Some Firm and Market Data Tables 1-6…………………………………………………………………………......73 Highlights from Citi’s Assessment of Global Consumer Business 1999 and 1998…..83 Bibliography and References………………………………………………………………….89 Introduction: Objectives of this Benchmarking Study This international retail banking study for Citigroup (CG)1 was completed under a three-year research grant from the Sloan Foundation. The project’s overall purpose has been to examine in a series of case studies how U.S. and Japanese firms who are recognized leaders in using...
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...Windows Server® 2008 FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Ed Tittel and Justin Korelc Windows Server® 2008 For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http:// www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission...
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...Windows Server® 2008 FOR DUMmIES ‰ by Ed Tittel and Justin Korelc Windows Server® 2008 For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http:// www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission...
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...Fundamentals of Database Systems Preface....................................................................................................................................................12 Contents of This Edition.....................................................................................................................13 Guidelines for Using This Book.........................................................................................................14 Acknowledgments ..............................................................................................................................15 Contents of This Edition.........................................................................................................................17 Guidelines for Using This Book.............................................................................................................19 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................21 About the Authors ..................................................................................................................................22 Part 1: Basic Concepts............................................................................................................................23 Chapter 1: Databases and Database Users..........................................................................................23 ...
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...CORE CONCEPTS OF Accounting Information Systems Twelfth Edition Mark G. Simkin, Ph.D. Professor Department of Accounting and Information Systems University of Nevada Jacob M. Rose, Ph.D. Professor Department of Accounting and Finance University of New Hampshire Carolyn Strand Norman, Ph.D., CPA Professor Department of Accounting Virginia Commonwealth University JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT & PUBLISHER SENIOR ACQUISITIONS EDITOR PROJECT EDITOR ASSOCIATE EDITOR SENIOR EDITORIAL ASSISTANT PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION EDITOR MARKETING MANAGER CREATIVE DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT SERVICES SENIOR ILLUSTRATION EDITOR PHOTO EDITOR MEDIA EDITOR COVER PHOTO George Hoffman Michael McDonald Brian Kamins Sarah Vernon Jacqueline Kepping Dorothy Sinclair Erin Bascom Karolina Zarychta Harry Nolan Wendy Lai Laserwords Maine Anna Melhorn Elle Wagner Greg Chaput Maciej Frolow/Brand X/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12pt Garamond by Laserwords Private Limited, and printed and bound by RR Donnelley/Jefferson City. The cover was printed by RR Donnelley/Jefferson City. This book is printed on acid free paper. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of knowledge and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. Our company is built on a foundation of principles that include responsibility to the...
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