...Seawater Paper Tia M. Williams SCI/209 July 6, 2015 Dr. Linda Martin Seawater Paper When you drink that glass of cold drinking water, and you enjoy it. Do you think to yourself where did this begin. It comes from seawater. Seawater has been strongly transformed to pure drinking water for personal drinking. Seawater properties are primarily salt. The eradication of the physical and chemical properties shift seawater into a current recyclable unit. Reverse osmosis and multi flash distillation are two approaches that a few countries are using to turn seawater into drinking water, but there are some risks and assets to this procedure that individuals should examine. Physical and Chemical Properties of Seawater Seawater has water and various salts. Atoms and molecules are present in the physical and chemical properties. Potassium, magnesium, sulfate, calcium and bicarbonate are seen in seawater alone. This is the salinity of seawater alone. Sodium Chloride is about 86% of the chemical compound. Magnesium sulfate is about 11%, 3% is related with the combination of potassium bromide and calcium bicarbonate. The moderate combination of all salts dissolved in seawater fluctuates somewhat. (Fischetti, 2007) The Mediterranean Sea has about 40,000 milligrams of salt per liter whereas the Pacific Ocean has about 33,000 milligrams of salt per liter. Conversion of Seawater to Drinking Water Seawater is converted into drinking water in two parts; Reverse Osmosis...
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...University of Phoenix Material Earth’s Dynamic Ocean and Atmosphere I Worksheet From Visualizing Earth Science, by Merali, Z., and Skinner, B. J, 2009, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Copyright 2009 by Wiley. Adapted with permission. Part 1 Sections 12.1 and 12.2 of the text discuss the origin and composition of the world ocean’s seawater. What is the current theory on the evolution of the world ocean? Discuss the origin of the salinity of seawater and how the ocean maintains salinity. A: The current theory on the evolution of the worlds ocean is that, it was possibly formed between four, and four and a half billion years ago. The oldest grain found was a grain called zircon. It was found in Australia. That element shows to have made contact with water, yet the origin of the water is still undetermined. Salinity of sea water is created as salt water evaporates. When sea water evaporates, three quarters of what is left is sodium chloride, which is table salt. The ocean maintains its salinity because it is constantly receiving fresh water from precipitation and tributaries. Minerals are also used by many different forms of sea life, thus resulting in sea water maintaining its salinity. Part 2 Surface currents obtain their energy from the wind blowing over the surface waters. The currents do not exactly follow the wind direction because of an apparent force known as the Coriolis force. Using Figure 12.11 from the text, briefly explain surface currents of the world ocean and how the Coriolis...
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...Seawater desalination for sustainable water supply Contents I. Introduction 2 II. Seawater desalination and its advantages and disadvantages 2 III. Environmental impacts 3 IV. Policy for desalination plant 3 V. Conclusion 4 Student ID: z5084901 Student name: Boheng Zhu School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales April 2016 Introduction Australia has uncertain rainfall and most parts of it have droughts, and has increasing population in large cities in recent years (Legislative Council Secretariat 2015). These conditions pose a threat to water supply. In addition, it is more and more limited and improper to build water pipes to draw water from dams and reservoirs. Due to these facts, seawater desalination plants have been constructed to ensure the water supply in Australia’s large population urban centers. Seawater desalination mainly uses membrane process to desalinate seawater rather than thermal process, because reverse-osmosis (RO) in membrane process consumes less energy, and in the RO desalination, seawater is divided into two streams: one with very high dissolved salts and the other one with less salts (Gary Crisp, E.A. (Bob) Swinton and Neil Palmer* 2010). However, seawater desalination has its drawbacks: energy intensive, generation of greenhouse gases, impacts of desalination discharge on marine environment and its high operating costs. These issues are associated with Australia’s environment and economy (Reza Dashtpour...
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...Geology Current Event There have been reports of Acidification in the Arctic Ocean that seems to rapidly increase the melting of sea ice. This process may bring in some important consequences for the health of the Artic Ecosystem. The question is what is Acidification and how dangerous can it be. Acidification is the process by which pH levels of seawater decrease due to the great amounts of carbon dioxide being absorbed by the oceans from the atmosphere. Currently the oceans absorb about ¼ of greenhouse gasses. Lower pH levels make water more acidic which decreases the calcifying for many organisms and reduces their ability to build shells or skeletons. These species of organisms happen to be ranging from coral to shrimp, and they have the potential to impact many species up and down the food chain. University students from Florida found out that the decline of sea ice in the Artic summer has major consequences for the surface of the Arctic Ocean. As the sea ice cover recedes the seawater beneath is exposed to carbon dioxide, which is leading cause of Arctic Acidification. The fresh water melted from the sea ice dilutes the seawater, lowering the pH levels and reducing the calcium and carbonate, which are building blocks of a mineral called Aragonite. Aragonite and other carbonate minerals make up the hard part of the microorganisms shells and skeletons. The lowering of the calcium and carbonate may impact the growth and development of these species that rely on for food. Still...
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...are the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Artic Ocean. The ocean has many functions. It keeps the Earth’s temperature moderate by absorbing solar radiation. It is then stored as heat energy which is distributed around the globe by the ocean currents. This keeps the land and air warm during the winter and cools it down during the summer. According to MarineBio, temperature and density share an inverse relationship. As temperature increases, the density—spaces between the water molecules—decreases. On the other hand, salinity and density share a positive relationship. As density increases so does the salinity—the amount of salt in the water. Temperature will always change within the depths of the ocean because warm seawater floats and cold seawater sinks. When the temperature, density, or salinity of a layer of ocean changes rapidly, the region is known as a cline. Thermoclines are areas of rapid change in temperature, where most people swim in the ocean and are the most important. Pycnoclines are areas of rapid change in density and haloclines are areas of rapid change in salinity. Living in San Francisco, the ocean is pretty hard to ignore. Around my neighborhood tons of people head out to Ocean Beach on a hot sunny day. Watching the waves go back and forth from the shore to the ocean is hypnotizing. The ocean is always interesting because you’ll never know what the waves will bring you. Maybe a pretty shell will wash up that you can keep as a memento. Although the...
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...Organism Physiology Paper Sarah Szafranski BIO / 101 6/26/2013 Alena Aviles There are many organisms that have survived throughout the history of the earth by adapting to ever-changing environments. One of these, dating back over 220 million years, is the turtle. With over 250 different species still around, this reptile has established a legacy of perseverance and resiliency. They have overcome numerous adversities such as earthquakes, floods, fire, droughts, predators, disease, and urban sprawl. Turtles can be found in every ecosystem spanning the globe from the tropics, the desert, to the ocean. While turtles have been known to predominantly live in the water, they have adapted to conditions on land. Their species have evolved over the years through breeding and acclimation to their environment. This evolution includes changes to their physical characteristics such as shells, shapes, and color, but also incorporates psychological changes such as breeding habits, defensive tactics and migration patterns. My favorite of these would be the majestic sea turtle. Sea turtles can be found in just about every sea throughout the world regardless of fresh water, salt water, light water, or brackish water. As seaworthy as they are, sea turtles still have a strong tie to land and coastal habitats. As seen in the diagram below, the sea turtle has many of the same organs and functions of other mammals however; their bodies are shaped hydrodynamic, meaning that they can...
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...would be higher. However, if I were to do the same experiment for a one week period with cooler days, and added 10 gallons of water to the drum, the salinity of the solution would be less. Additionally, other influences from nature such as rivers, volcanoes, and select types of animal and plant life assist in keeping the water at consistent salinity levels. This would indicate that the overall levels of salt in sea water remain unchanged. As a result, the water which is at the equator most likely has decreased salinity due to the high amount of rainfall which affects the volume of water. This would also play a key role in the lack of evaporation due to cloud cover preventing the sun’s direct light and heat from evaporating large amounts of seawater (Talley,...
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...How to fish Fishing really is not as simple as it may seem, however just about every child has been fishing once in their childhood. There are many different kinds of fish just as there are many different kinds of techniques. You can use artificial bait, as well as live bait, aswell as many different everyday household items. But before you can pick any of that you need to pick a location, location and weather is the key! When it comes to being successful at fishing, location is everything. You can not catch what is not there. Typically, Fish and other critters like structures, dips and dives in the creek, river, or ocean floors. Depth of the area is not always that important. But tide usually is. When fishing a river, bay or ocean you have to pay attention to the tide. High tide is usually best as the water is deeper, which allows fish access to areas where they can only feed periodically. Bridges are great spots; they offer cover and protection to the fish. And if the bridge has lights they can act as a bonus since most fish are attracted to the lights. But then you need to figure out which fish is in season. When fishing a bay, ocean or river the time of year and the temperature play a big role in whether you will have a successful day on the water. A lot of fish are only around for certain months. Some migrate north, while others migrate south, and then some will go out into the deeper water. Although water temperature in my book is more important than air temperature...
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...I hypothesis that it will take about 24 hours to freeze and desalt the water. I hypothesis that it will take about 24 hours to freeze and desalt the water. Hypothesis Problem Results In the time I spent on this experiment, the water didn’t desalt. The huge amount of salt missing at the end has caused me to believe that on day nine or ten the water would have purified. In the time I spent on this experiment, the water didn’t desalt. The huge amount of salt missing at the end has caused me to believe that on day nine or ten the water would have purified. How long does it take to desalt salt water by freezing it? How long does it take to desalt salt water by freezing it? My hypothesis was incorrect. The salt water didn’t desalt in 24 hours. If I did the experiment longer I believe it would have desalted within a few days after I ended the experiment. My hypothesis was incorrect. The salt water didn’t desalt in 24 hours. If I did the experiment longer I believe it would have desalted within a few days after I ended the experiment. After you mix the sea salt and the water, freeze it. Check the saltwater every 24 hours to see if the water has been desalted. After you mix the sea salt and the water, freeze it. Check the saltwater every 24 hours to see if the water has been desalted. For this experiment you will need a freezer, measuring cups, six 280 ml. plastic containers...
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...The Great Salt Lake INT1 Task 2 (Ha’Eri, 2004) Location ● The Great Salt Lake is located in northern Utah. (USGS, n.d., b) Biotic Components ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Brine Shrimp Brine Flies Algae Ducks Geese Gulls Pelicans (Wikipedia, n.d.) (Wurstsbaugh, 2014, d) Abiotic Components -Surface elevation 4200 feet above sea level -Depth averages 14 feet -Railroad crosses through the lake -Averages 15.7 inches of precipitation per year -Water temperature varies from below freezing to 80 degrees Fahrenheit. (Gwynn, 2002) Current Human Impact -Humans building a railway through The Great Salt Lake has divided the lake and caused that half of the lake has a higher salinity percentage than the other half. This is caused by the South end has more fresh water flowing into it and the North end has more salt water flowing through it. Because of the railway, it doesn’t pass through to the other side. The percentage of salinity is affecting the brine shrimp eggs harvest. It has decreased. The residents in the Salt Lake area use more water than the average people in the country. Not conserving and using so much water is affecting the water levels of the Great Salt Lake. The lake is getting smaller each year. (USGS, 1999) Future Human Impacts -If current water usage trends continue, the lake will continue to get smaller and smaller. With future growth of the area expected to triple in the next 50 years, Utahns are facing...
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...Kanzius was experimenting with desalinate seawater. While doing so, he found he could keep the water “burning” as long as it was exposed to the proper frequencies from his machine. Rustum Roy, a professor at Penn State University, tried this experiment in the lab at the university, and, to his surprise, it actually worked. He explained that the salt water wasn’t actually burning. It was, in fact, the radio frequency that helped weaken the bonds holding together the salt water’s constituents. Roy says that he will continue to investigate on this, and he can see the potential applications of this process of burning saltwater as a source of alternative energy. Another recent breakthrough in relation to this topic is the topic on Power Generation. A team of researchers from the US and China have discovered a new desalination process that could produce electricity and clean water. They did this by modifying a microbial fuel cell, which is used to desalinate saltwater into drinkable water. Bruce Logan from Pennsylvania State University says that desalination of saltwater uses a lot of electricity, but by using the microbial desalination cells, one can desalinate saltwater and produce electricity while removing the organic material from the saltwater. Previously, most desalination plants need electricity and high pressure to desalinate saltwater, but with this new technique uses organic matter to remove most of salt from brackish water or seawater. The older process uses 2 chambers in the...
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...equation for Ca reaction with HCl. Predict with reason physical state of At at room temperature. 8) Predict what would happen if chlorine were bubbled into a solution of astatine salt. Give reason for prediction. 9) Write balanced equation for reaction when aqueous chlorine is bubbled into aqueous potassium oxide. 10) Predict with reason reactivity of hypothetical metal below barium in the periodic table. Give reason for your answer. 11) Deduce bonding between strontium and chlorine based on its position relative to other group 2 elements. 12) Write a formula for strontium chloride. 13) Name the property of compounds upon which fractional distillation is based. 14) Plan and design experiment to obtain solid sea salt from a mixture of seawater and sand. List main observations as separation proceeds. 15) Calculate solubility of substance X at different temperatures. Plot graph of solubility data. Use graph to make deduction about solubility of X. Use graph to determine volume of water required to dissolve given mass of solvent. Use solubility curve to calculate mass of X deposited due to drop in temperature. 16) Use simple distillation to determine the percentage of ethanoic acid produced...
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...litter, and trash you can actual see floating from space, and so much more. The oceans are our biggest resource for living, for life on Earth… they supply us with our air in every breath we take. Oceans gives us 50% to 70% of our air!! They need our help if we want to continue the joys of salt life and watching our fellow salt-water friends swim about happily. * Describe the problem and how it came about I would like to discuss acidification and the harms of it. I didn’t know that much about this problem before going into all the research, I knew our oceans we in dire need of help, but I had no idea how bad the acidification has gotten. Ocean acidification is when carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed by seawater and those chemical reactions that occur reduce the seawater pH, carbonate ion concentration, and saturation states of biologically important calcium carbonate minerals (NOAA, 2014). Our carbon footprint is killing not only the oceans animals, but we are killing ourselves here. Acidification is especially harmful to the little plankton, oysters, and shellfish. It’s harmful to the coral and the star fish that attach themselves to the coral, the fish that swim in the reefs, sea otters, and even the whales until eventually it finds its way right back to us on our dinner tables. Oceans supply a lot of protein to those who depend on it to supply meals for them and their families. The scary thing is that we are the ones that made this happen; we have made fossil fuels predominate...
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...INDEX Question number Page number Question 1: discuss the distinctive characteristics that set chordates apart from all other phyla Page 3 Question 2.1: Describe the events that takes place during metamorphosis of solitary ascidians Page 4 Question 2.2: Discuss the feeding method of larvaceans Page 5 Question 3: discuss each of the following aspects of Hemichordates Phylogeny body organisation Page 6 Question 4 write explanatory notes on each of the following 4.1) Adaptation of sharks which promote buoyancy in water 4.2) Osmoregulation in freshwater and marine bony fishes Page 7 Page 8 Question 5 discuss the different types of snake venom and their effect on pray Page 10 Bibliography Page 11 Question 1 Discuss the distinctive characteristics that set chordates appart from all other phyla: (Hickman et al 1994) The animals most familiar to most people belong to the great phylum chordate. Humans themselves are members and share one of the common characteristics from which the phylum derives its name, the notochord. 1) Notochord A structure to prevent body shortening. All chordates have as their primary internal longitudinal skeletal element the notochord, a stiff but flexible rod that runs the length of the bilaterally symmetrical animal just ventral to the nerve cord. The notochord develops in every chordate embryo and is retained in many adults. 2) Dorsal tubular nerve cord A structure to coordinate movement. In...
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...Clay Eaton Environment and Society News Brief Camille Washington-Ottombre 12/2/2010 Oceans Where Fish Choke In Australia, marine biologists have found more and more dead zones appearing all across the world in our rivers and oceans. They are stating how the problem is getting worse and that the area of the dead zones is getting larger. These dead zones are low oxygen areas that are having a huge impact on the marine life and fisheries, because the organisms simply can’t survive. Overfishing and rich nutrient runoff from land masses are causing areas of algae, which then turn into spots of bacteria that take oxygen out of the water. Scientists think this new problem is related to climate change, due to the warmer oceans and rivers that lay stagnant. Wind and current are also factors and the lack of mixing shallow water with deep water does not allow for good nutrient distribution. The number of dead zones in oceans has been doubling every decade since the 1960’s, and range from small patches to enormous 70,000 square kilometer areas. This is very detrimental to our world’s fish habitat and is slowly killing off fish egg and larvae due to the high stress levels of fish in a low oxygen environment, and some scientists believe that this could possibly wipe out all ocean life. We basically are deciding the fate of our world’s fish and other marine wildlife, so we must take different approaches to try to help the situation. Over-fishing on coastlines is one main factor that...
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