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Seismic Assessment

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Submitted By riyonggota40
Words 1262
Pages 6
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1) Background of the Study
Earthquake is very evident in the Philippines since this country has various volcanoes that are active in which this country located in the Pacific ring of fire wherein continuous series of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. There are already many records of strong earthquakes that happened especially in the most populated region of Philippines, National Capital Region (NCR), where casualty reports due to the damage and collapse of structures are about 34,000 people recorded after the strike of Casiguran Earthquake with magnitude 7.2 which landed in Metro Manila in 1968. Considering the event, people nowadays are less concerned about lifelines like bridges as they focus on the danger that vertical structure’s failure can lead to while people are lacking of preparedness and assessment. Bridges allows people to move from remote location by connecting them therefore these play important role in the society (Imhof, 2004). Regarding this, when bridges matter it is subjected to Seismic loading where it is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering there are factors to consider like the people who use the bridge and the residents nearby to attain the safety at all cost. Retrofitting is the strengthening of the bridges’ foundation by driving additional piles and reinforcing its columns thus there will be the increase of strength of the foundation.
Substantial data cited that Metro Manila will possibly be separated into four regions following the earthquake. The study pointed out that separation into four regions is summarized as: Western part of Metro Manila will be isolated from other parts of Metro Manila by fire and building collapse; northern and southern part of Metro Manila will be separated by building collapse and geographical condition; while all road networks running east-west, which are on the fault will be broken due to the movement. The West Valley Fault is being monitored by experts that could possibly trigger earthquakes in Metro Manila. There are fears that the West Valley Fault could make a major movement at any time. Likewise, the damage analysis results of Metro Manila’s vulnerability showed that the areas of Navotas Bay, Manila North Port, and South Eastern Manila City, Central Manila Bay, and Valenzuela-Caloocan South-Quezon west intersection are at high risk for fires. A risk assessment study funded by the Japan International Cooperation Agency noted that the West Valley Fault had moved four times and generated strong earthquakes within the last 1,400 years (De Vera, 2013). 1.2) Statement of the Problem
In this century limited sources and research are available regarding seismic risk assessment of lifeline like bridge thus; those structures are not ready when strong earthquake will occur. When low level seismic activity takes place, high probability that certain lifelines will be damage therefore another expense will be release for its repair and rehabilitation. Before an earthquake will happen there should be assessment so that damage will be prevented as well as the structure to collapse.
The probability of the failure of Bangkulasi Bridge is predetermined by using the fragility curves applying the principles of nonlinear static and dynamic analysis under large magnitude earthquakes. By creating the 3D model of the bridge it can locate the weakest point where certain greatest damage will occur thus using this study will help to pinpoint certain weakness and imply retrofitting and rehabilitation. 1.3) Significance of the Study Researches in the past are less concern in assessing lifelines such as bridges because most of the occurrences of damages are in the vertical structures but for the past years several years as the population increases, the demand for transportation lifelines such as bridges, calls for improvement and thus managing risk. If certain low level earthquake happens, there would be a probable damage of the bridge hence, imposing a hazard in utilizing the structure consequently, the course of life of the society would be influenced. When this study is successful and be implied, it would benefit the people who use the structure especially the people of Navotas that they will not be incur in the incoming earthquakes in a certain degree of magnitude thus, making them safe. Another benefit is to lessen the degree of damage when proper assessment is done meaning before seismic activity happens the Bridge is ready and reliable. 1.4) Objectives
General
The researchers aim to use seismic fragility curve method to Bangkulasi Bridge, Navotas referring to the ground motion data from recent earthquakes of Metro Manila and analyzing the structural plans of the bridge to acquire the assessment needed when certain damage is to occur upon the incoming seismic activity.

Specific a. To properly and accurately assess the performance and vulnerability of the Bangkukasi Bridge under shear and flexure failure from seismic load. b. To provide a better understanding on the behaviour of Bangkulasi Bridge when subjected to a high magnitude earthquake. a. To construct seismic fragility curves of the bridge.

1.5) Scope and Delimitation of the study
As the researchers we choose Bangkulasi Bridge in Navotas to assess seismic performance because there is yet no study provided. The research will develop fragility curves applying nonlinear static analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis based on the gathered ground motion data and structural plans of Bangkulasi Bridge. 3D modelling of the bridge will be based on the acquired structural plans.
The fragility curves will only produce the scope of probability damage of the bridge thus assessing certain expected magnitude will be controlled.

1.6) Definition of Terms
Analysis
It is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic.
Displacement
It is the difference between the initial position of a reference point and any later position. The amount any point affected by an earthquake has moved from where it was before the earthquake.
Earthquake
It is a term used to describe both sudden slip on a fault and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth.
Fault
It is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement along the fractures as a result of earth movement.
Fragility curves It is a statistical tool representing the probability of exceeding a given damage state (or performance) as a function of an engineering demand parameter that represents the ground motion.
Ground motion
It is the movement of the earth's surface from earthquakes or explosions. Ground motion is produced by waves that are generated by sudden slip on a fault or sudden pressure at the explosive source and travel through the earth and along its surface.
Kinematic
This refers to the general movement patterns and directions of the earth's rocks that produce rock deformation.
Magnitude
It is a measure of the “size,” or amplitude, of the seismic waves generated by an earthquake source and recorded by seismographs.
Lifelines
These are structures that are important or critical for a community to function, such as roadways, pipelines, power lines, sewers, communications, and port facilities.
Static
It is exerting force by reason of weight alone without motion or relating to bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium.
Seismic wave
It is an elastic wave generated by an impulse such as an earthquake or an explosion. Seismic waves may travel either along or near the earth's surface or through the earth's interior.

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