...“Self” was defined by Burns 1980 as a “set of attitudes a person holds towards himself.” To assess what stage children develop a sense of self, Lewis and Brooks Gunn (1979) conducted a study whereby babies had red dye put on their nose and put in front of a mirror at 9 and 15 months respectively. At 9 months, the baby showed no awareness of it having red dye on themselves, and therefore no self-awareness. However, at 15 months, the baby made attempts to remove the dye, showing that it had developed a sense of self. It was further shown in this study that babies, at the age of 2, babies can distinguish themselves in photos whereas at 3 months they prefer to look at videos rather than themselves (Berk 2006). Also, when discussing a child’s development of sense of self, it is important to relate it to the Theory of Mind (ToM). This is the ability to understand the fact that others have different beliefs to your own, and the ability to reason with them, and perhaps predict what actions they’ll make, and for what reason. Baron-Cohen et al (1985) researched into ToM, and aimed to find out if ToM is present in every child and discover whether it develops at the same rate. They used typically and atypically developing children, 61 in total, divided into 3 groups, normally developing, autistic, and downs syndrome. There were 20 autistic children, 14 children with downs syndrome, and 27 normally developing children. The children were then told a story about two dolls, named Sally and...
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...are, or are constantly worried if others see them the way they see themselves; which is not always the greatest. There are many factors that contribute to an individual’s perception of themselves. Self-concept is the image that we have of ourselves and how we view ourselves to be. Self-concept refers to how someone thinks about or perceives themselves. While the term self-esteem is used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal value. Self-esteem is often seen as a personality trait, so it remains generally the same throughout the course of ones life. Self-esteem can involve a variety of beliefs about the self, such as the judgement of ones own appearance, beliefs, emotions, and behaviors. Self-esteem sets it’s foundations in our childhood and develops throughout our lives. There are four distinctive parenting styles that reflect ourselves later in life. The types are Authoritative parenting, Authoritarian parenting, Permissive parenting, and Neglectful parenting. Authoritative parenting is a style where the parent(s) have a lot of emotional support with firm limits on what their child can and can’t do. This parenting style has a high acceptance of their children as well as high control. Authoritative parenting is shown to have produced people with high self-esteem and shows that it could also reduce adolescent smoking and drinking (Piko and Balázas, 2012). Authoritarian parenting style refers to having very strong rules, limits, and restrictions with...
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...The Importance of Self-Esteem in Child Development Anastasia Jones Bakersfield College The Importance of Self-Esteem in Child Development Self-esteem is a vital part of a child’s development. The development of a positive self-concept or healthy self-esteem is extremely important to the happiness and success of children and teenagers (Child Development Institute, 1999). Self-esteem is how the individual sees themselves; an individual's perception of their own abilities. But it doesn’t stop at one’s self perception, the perception and expectations of important people in their life, e.g., caretakers also shape a child’s self esteem. A child’s self esteem changes at different ages. They will need different types of support in different stages in order for them to have a healthy self-esteem. Babies don’t have a sense of self yet, but you are able to start building it by answering to their cries, smiling and just being loving. This is letting the baby know that they are loved and develops a sense of security. They are secure because they know that there is someone who loves them and that they are apart of something, such as family, a group of friends, or some type of community. Without this a child won’t have a sense of belonging and feel rejected. This is why it’s important for a child to have a family, group, community, something that makes them feel accepted. We want children to feel accepted and have a sense of purpose so that they believe in themselves. When there...
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...build relationships/interact with others. Developmental psychologists believe that a sense of self develops at around 18 months and is the starting point when children begin to understand others, they also comment that in order for children to understand others first they must have an understanding of their self. Lewis and Brook-Gunn 1979 conducted a study on a group of mothers and their babies, aged 9-24 months. The aim of the experiment was to see what age a baby recognised itself in the mirror. The babies were placed in front of a mirror and observed to see how they reacted, then the mother would remove the baby and wipe their nose with red blusher (the mother would wipe the baby's face in a way that the baby would just think the mother was cleaning dirt off its face.) The baby was then placed back in front of the mirror and observed again. They found that babies under 15 months tended not to recognise the baby in the mirror as themselves, they may have found the reflection similar but there was no difference in reaction when they saw the red spot on their nose. By 21 months though the babies were actively trying to wipe the red mark off their face, this shows a heightened sense of self awareness compared to the 15 month olds as they recognised that the baby in the mirror was them. Researchers also studied childrens self-awareness to learn about the development of emotions such as embarrassment. Lewis conducted a further study in 2000, he believed that embarrassment...
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...Role of an employee in a Self-development is directed related to the will of the Department or agencies to have professionals, highly educated and trained professional working for them. A fewer agencies, departments or business will leave the employee by himself, without the necessary support to grown professionaly Some Agencies will leave the process of professional evolution under the motivation and thirst to manage the obstacles of time, and financial support on the hands of the Employee. It will be up to the employee to arrange and plan his professional development, by the way this system of management is an invitation for failure and professional stagnation, due to external factor that will prevent professional to looking for improvements, and being satisfied with the job that he or she has. Modern Departments or agencies will be the employees’ partner; they will invest and plan the individuals development, just leaving the rest for the employee own will to succeed. Nowadays promotions and raises are based on the most developed and competent candidates. Naturally it is expected that the employee will initiate the process of self-improvement. Because professional stagnation will lead the individual to less important positions, fewer promotions and most important less money or a poor resume. Below it is described three organizations and their view about the topic on employee self-development. Researching at the Department of interior website, it is expected...
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...Helping Your Child Develop A Healthy Sense of Self Esteem & How Parents Influence Their Children’s Development Pages: 8 The first article I research is title “ Helping Your Child Develop A Healthy Sense of Self Esteem” this article basically explains a child self-esteem and how parents, teachers, and friends have an important role in how the child perceive their self. Self-esteem is the way an individual perceives herself, her thoughts and feelings about herself and her ability to achieve in ways that are important to her. The article talks about how this self-esteem reflects a child’s own perception and expectations, but also by the perceptions and expectations of important people in their life. This article also talks about some of the characteristics that a child needs to develop or obtain in life. These characteristics are a sense of security, a sense of belonging, a sense of purpose, a sense of personal competence and pride, a sense of trust, a sense of responsibility, a sense of contribution, a sense of making real choices and decisions, a sense of self-discipline and self-control, a sense of encouragement, support and reward, a sense of accepting mistakes and failure, and a sense of family self-esteem. The most important characteristics children depend on are a sense of family self-esteem. A child’s self-esteem development starts within the family and is influenced deeply on the feelings and perceptions that a family has on itself. The second article I research...
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...CHAPTER 2:- SELF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNSELOR – NEED, HOW AND WHY Need For Counseling: * * To empower the organization. * * * To express management’s concern. * * * To uplift the spirit. * * * To empower individual. * * * To inspire the spirit. * * * To build a team. * * * To spread competence. Counseling is vast field and its area of specialization are : Parental./ child./old age. Educational stress. Personality development. Industrial/Organisational. Community. Marriage. Career. Factors responsible for counseling. 1. Conflict. 2. Frustration. 3.Stress. 4.Moral & Philosophical issues. 5.Economic changes and challenges. 6.Educational aspects. 7.Psychotherapy. 8.Social theories. Conditions for counseling: 1. General climate of openness and mutuality. 2. General helpful & empathic attitude of management. 3. Sense of uninhibited participation by the subordinates in the performance review process. 4. Dialogic relationship in goal setting & performance review. 5. Focus on work related problems& difficulties. 6. Avoidance of discussion of benefits & rewards. Major role of counselor: 1. To prevent emotional tensions, anxieties and indecisions. 2. Resolution of problems. 3. Improving personal effectiveness. 4. Help in introducing...
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...the years or that they naturally have. Many skills are needed to be a successful in life and in the workplace. These skills are based on one's emotional and social intelligences. The four categories of the emotional and social intelligences are self awareness, social awareness, self management, and relationship management. According to the Hay Group survey, I have a strong aptitude to self awareness and social awareness. I believe that my strongest skills are being aware of my emotions, adaptability, and working in a team. I have always been aware of my emotions whether they be positive or negative emotions. My strongest ability is being able to adapt. I have done this many times, even by living in other countries. Adaptation is necessary because it shows that you are able to change. I also believe that having the ability to adapt allows me to work in an environment that has many different cultures since I want to work in an international firm. Not only do I want to work in an international firm, but I would like to be a leader who is able to liaison between different cultures. I want to be able to aid different cultures to work together to an end business goal. I have much more that I need to develop as I had low scores in self management and relationship management. One of my main issues I believe that has causes me to have these weak emotional and social intelligences is that I have been unemployed for over four months. Unemployment has been the largest setback in...
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...Self-Reflection - Leadership Development Many varied management and leadership philosophies exist and no single style or approach can be considered to be the ‘correct’ one. Regardless of management and leadership philosophies, self-reflection has played, and will continue to play, a significant role in the shaping of a managers leadership philosophy. Depending on the level of consciousness that a manager has in regards to self-reflection, along with how they communication their management and leadership philosophies, will affect their performance as a manager. Like all managers, my management and leadership philosophies have developed through experiences and the meaning assigned with these. The philosophies that I have previously employed have not always allowed me to adequately address a situation; however, by being reflective the experiences have expanded my knowledge base, resulting in refined management and leadership philosophies. Self-reflecting and communicating management and leadership philosophies is essential for managers in realising their personal potential due to the need to actively learn and interpret experiences for future use. Life experiences shape how individuals manage and lead due to the self-perceptions developed through these experiences. The traits, values and competencies associated with different experiences “dictate how people interpret their environment and what motivates them to act” (Brent and Matheny, 2000, p. 3). This important concept...
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...The development of the self: Implications for organized youth sport programs George Herbert Mead was a noted social psychologist who taught at the University of Chicago in the 1930s. He is famous for his theory of the self in which he used the game of baseball to illustrate the complexity of the relationship between the individual and the social environment. In his theory he explained that the social and conceptual abilities required to fully comprehend relationships between different positions in a complex game were similar to the abilities required in the role taking processes that underlie all social relationships and, ultimately, serve as the basis for all social order in society. My own interests in social psychology and the self has led me to use Mead’s theory to (1) understand the process through which sport participation affects the behavior and development of young people, and (2) describe and set the limits of what can be expected from the children in organized youth sport programs. Interaction, the Self, Role Taking, and Participation in Organized Team Sports Mead states that people or selves, as he chooses to call them, are the products of social interaction. "The self,” he said, “is essentially a social structure, and it arises in social experiences (1934: 140). He also explained that the development of the self occurs as people interact with others and learn to give meaning to their experiences. In the case of youth sport participation this means that...
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...VOICING MYSELF The objective of this exercise is to explore some of the levers that affect my Voice. My use of a capital ‘V’ is intentional – to signify the Voice here refers to my voice in both the literal and figurative sense i.e. the quality of my voice when I speak, as well as my outlook and opinion. One of the primary levers which affect my voice is the state of my body (health, injury, habits). When I feel healthy, am not suffering from injuries, and am generally rested, I feel confident – a confidence which manifests itself in my Voice. On the other hand, when I feel unhealthy, am injured, fatigued, haven’t slept enough or am hung over, I tend to want to keep quiet and minimise my interaction with others. My environment also tends to play a major role in determining my Voice. In a formal setup, I tend to be reserved, while I am fairly outgoing in an informal setup. At work, I tend to maintain some distance with my colleagues, barring the odd colleague with whom I feel especially comfortable. Amongst friends as well, I do maintain some distance, though less so than with colleagues at work. Amongst family members, for the most part I tend to voice my opinion frequently, actively and with little hesitation. It appears, therefore, that like most others, my inclination to Voice myself is a function of (directly proportional to) my level of comfort within a group. While I have used colleagues, friends and family as the environment defining parameters here, the parameter...
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...My Self-Development & Evaluation Plan My name is Margret Smith and I have been a nurse for nine years. I have a BA in Health Administration and a BS in Accounting from Samford University. While I was in college I worked at a local hospital as a unit secretary and care assistant. When I graduated from college I went to work for a HCA facility as an accountant. When the hospital closed I knew I didn’t want to find another accounting job. A friend suggested I go into medical sales because of my personality. I traveled all over the US selling medical devices to surgeons. It was a great job for a single person. Once I got married I entered into the nursing field. I obtained my degree from Florida State College in 2005. I think I always knew I would end up being a nurse. I danced around the idea many times but with each job I got the idea of becoming one seemed imminent. So in 2003 I decided to quit my job. With much praying and conviction I decided nursing was my calling. It is not a decision I have regretted. It is a job though I have loved and not loved at times. After graduating from nursing school I became an ER nurse. Nothing intrigued me more than the idea of fast pace blood and cuts kind of nursing. I loved the trauma the best. It was something I was perfectly suited for so I thought. I had the mental agility, the physical abilities, and the most important asset I had was I really wanted to learn. I was not afraid to ask questions. I was always one of those people that...
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...Module Code. Module Tittle Title of assignemnet Before I was entering SEGi University I completed my studies from my high school and I did my certificate in accounts which is LCCI in a small center. While doing the short course I have been working part time at the local restaurant as a waiter as I always wanted to learn the way to communicate with people because I was kind of shy type. And I guess it wasn’t a bad idea as I eventually learned how to communicate with customers and also be respectful to them plus on how nor loose your customers from coming to the shop. Later on moving life I decided to pursue my Degree in Accountancy at SEGi University. My top of the line as a graduate understudy was more important than all my classes taken as an undergrad. As I was rung to the front of the class to be a piece of the hula-circle exhibition, a considerable measure of contemplations hustled through my brain. "Goodness! It's a hula band. I'm going to need to flow my hips before the entire class. OK, don't worry about it, its a group building activity. We could all stand as close as possible, however perhaps everybody would be uncomfortable with our bodies touching. I could recommend it and see what the gathering considers, yet perhaps my thought will get close down in light of the fact that we are not happy with one another. Gracious look! there is a more seasoned noble man in our gathering. I ought to simply listen to what he says." In chinese society, I was taught to appreciation...
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...Self Evaluation and Personal Development Plan Creating a personal development plan involves more than simply contemplating what you want from your life and how to go about achieving it. If you want to create a personal development plan that helps you to achieve your goals, preparation is the key. To prepare, one must have a great deal of self-awareness. This includes clear understanding of personal values and ethics, analyzing personality characteristics, evaluation of learning styles and identifying strengths, weaknesses, motivators, opportunities and threats. Preparing for this personal development plan has been a thought-provoking study encouraging self-evaluation, reflection and realization within the context of self-improvement in career education and relationships. I have analyzed my personality traits to understand how each correlates with my strengths, weaknesses and tendencies. I have learned that my own perceptions and actions may be motivated by feelings that influence me instinctively. Although many traits stem from my personality, that doesn’t mean I can’t develop and improve. I can learn how to use my strengths in better ways and turn weaknesses into strong suits. I have learned through the Jungian Typology that my personality tendencies are moderately introverted, sensing and feeling, and distinctive judging (ISFJ). I have studied the key traits of this personality type and contemplated how it defines me in relationships, parenthood...
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...profiles of their friends and groups to determine with whom they will be more compatible in the long-term, mature level. Facebook’s impact on students holds true in one final vector of Chickering and Reisser’s theory “Establishing identity.” While one could argue the development of student identities takes place during the creation of a profile, the development of the students’ true identity is something that a profile is likely dependent upon. A student’s Facebook profile will not stay the same throughout the duration of a student’s career, but instead grows and changes with the student as they move along a path of self-discovery. It is through the assimilation of friends, relationships, activities, experiences, education and other factors that a student truly defines a sense of self that can be reflected both corporally and digitally. It is in this vector, among others, that the cyclical pattern of Chickering and Reisser’s developmental process stumbles. As most of the vectors concern processes that are ongoing throughout a student’s collegiate or university career and beyond, the development of identity is itself an ongoing, likely never-ending process students will not cease until some point of complete self-actualization....
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