...Introduction Psychologists studying perceptual development tend to make a distinction between sensation - "the functioning of our sensory system", and perception - "the interpretation of those sensations" (Foley & Matlin, 2010, p. 2). Perceptual development provides the foundation for interpreting the events of the world around us. Stimuli from the environment that evoke sensory experiences of hearing, seeing, and touching promote brain growth and development. Our sensory systems do indeed change over time, just like the rest of our body. At birth our senses are not completely developed giving us an incomplete view of the world. As we age, our senses will decline leaving us with less of a connection with the world. The path and nature of the development of our senses are important for several reasons. Understanding development helps the medical field intervene in problems to help people of all ages have more normal sensory systems. Understanding development also yields important insight into the basic operations of our sensory systems. Seeing how they change gives researchers peaks into the nature of their general operation. In perceptual development, many focus area does exist, but for the purpose of this paper, emphasis will be placed on discussing the significance of nature vs. nurture to perceptual development in infants, as well as discuss other sensation and perception concepts like visual abilities – acuity and eye movements. Nature vs. Nurture Nature and Nurture in...
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...4: Sensation and Perception Lecture 6 & 7 • Learning Outcomes • Define and differentiate between sensation and perception. • Identify the parts of the eye, describe the properties of light and the theories of color vision. • Learning Outcomes • Describe how visual perception is organized. • Identify the parts of the ear; explain the sense of hearing. • Learning Outcomes • Describe the chemical senses. • Identify the skin senses and theoretical explanations for pain. • Learning Outcomes • Describe the kinesthetic and vestibular senses. • Explain why psychologists are skeptical about extra sensory perception. • Sensation and Perception • What are Sensation and Perception? • “I have perfect vision” –Heather Sellers has problem with her perception. She cannot recognize faces-prosopagnosia (face blindness) “In college, on a date at the Spaghetti Station, I returned from the bathroom and plunked myself down in the wrong booth, facing the wrong man. I remained unaware he was not my date even as my date (a stranger to me) accosted Wrong Booth Guy, and then stormed out of the Station. I can’t distinguish actors in movies and on TV. I do not recognize myself in photos or video. I can’t recognize my stepsons in the soccer pick-up line; I failed to determine which husband was mine at a party, in the mall, at the market” This curious mix of “perfect” vision and face blindness illustrates the distinction between sensation and perception. • 1. What are Sensation and...
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...The Backstory of Minato (D&D Character) Minato, known to be a Pally that aligns himself with the Deity, Kord, and is considered to be a valuable asset to Vasant’s group of mercs after joining them in their aid to fight the evil known to as Damon Zausz and his son David. Though Minato is a powerful paladin by nature, he also knows that even he and the group can have limits and has learned how to heal along his journey to redeem his past, and though Vasant maybe his leader, Minato sometimes chooses not to listen to his leader’s orders. No one in the group really knows why Minato does this from time to time, but they naturally assume it deals with his past, and they rather not ask him questions about it. Minato mainly keeps to himself rarely speaks up, but when he is pissed off about something, he lets the group know that he is and sometimes, he gets in shouting matches with Clank about it. But there was a time when Minato wasn’t like this. He was once the complete polar opposite of what he is today. It dates back when he was just 4 years old, in the kingdom called Lilacia. A place that is located in East Istheria. When he was 4, He used to watch as the soldiers and king’s battle guard of warriors, and clerics would march on to take out the rival kingdoms that tried to take his kingdom away, and sometimes, his parents would be in that battle guard. While they were away, he was looked after by friends of the family. He always was happy to see that his parents fought valiantly...
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...Social media has changed family relationships in a negative way by causing people to become addicted, losing communication skills, and by causing bad behaviors. Social media is something everyone uses now a days. People can use it for work, for their homeworks, or maybe just for entertainment. Sometimes people abuse social media. They use to much of it and its hurting familities. It can sometimes change someone in a bad way. Social media has been becoming more useful; it's been changing a lot of familities in a very negative way. Many people become addicted to social media by never taking their eyes off their phones when their walking, spending a lot of time on Facebook, Twitter, etc., and causing people to lose sleep, people walk around all the time with their eyes glued to their phones bumping into everything. The kids in elementary who are already addicted to social media now a days. They shouldn't be addicted to the Internet, they should be outside playing with their friends like the good old days. Social media can cause people to lose communications with their families by making them forget whats around them, they just want to be playing online games and it can sometimes cause parents to not pay attention to their kids. Children tend to forget that they can go outside and play instead of just being inside on the Internet. Being on social media all the time can cause people's attitude to change in a negative way. It can cause families to divide. In an article I read...
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...Ryan Fahey Case Study Assignment 2 Prof. Griffith 1. Why would Captain Mueller and his copilot sit in darkness for an extended period of time before taking off on a night flight? Be sure to describe in detail the parts of the eye and the processes involved that explain why this was a useful step for the pilot and copilot to take. * Captain Mueller and his copilot would sit in darkness before taking off on a night flight so their eyes would already be adjusted to the darkness. Adaption is defined as an adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli. By shutting off the light before they take off, they would be changing their frame of reference. This is commonly referred to as dark adaption which is the phenomenon of adjusting to dim light after being in brighter light. The rate at which dark adaption occurs is a result of the change in the chemical composition of the rods and cones. The rods take 20-30 minutes to reach their maximum level, while cones reach their greatest level of adaption in just a few minutes. If this would have occurred, their pupil size would have changed. The size of the pupil opening depends on the amount of light in the environment. In a dimmer environment, the pupil opens to allow more light to enter. Although, wide-opened pupils have a harder time of discerning things. 2. Why would the mysterious object have first appeared to Mueller in his peripheral vision? * After the light travels through the...
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...Sensation, Perception, and Attention Outline Mary Bazile Psychology/300 October 6, 2013 Carlton Bowden Explanation of Sensation, Perception, and Attention The recommendations for the authority sensations, perceptive, and attention to learning would be like if a person would sit down to study, the person would not be bother by the distracting environmental stimuli. Why? Because some people and certain other people cannot lie in the difference of ability to focus and control each other attention toward their own perceptive processes derived from sensations. A report says that (Kowalski & Westen, 2009) acknowledges that the human sensory systems, visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, touch, proprioceptive, vestibular, and kinesthetic all specialized cells that respond to environmental stimuli called sensory. A short term for olfactory is small. The term for gustatory is taste. An example for touch is pain. Proprioceptive is sensory information about body’s position and movement. Vestibular is sensory information on position of body in space by sensing gravity and movement. Kinesthetic is a sensory information about movement and position of limbs and other parts of the body relative to one another. All the words are transformed...
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...Sensation, Perception, and Attention Teri Abshier, Melissa McCullar, Lupe Contreras PSY 300 July 3, 2012` Osagie Amayo Sensation, Perception, and Attention An individual’s attention is affected by their sensation and perception of the environment. Learning Team A (Teri Abshier, Melissa McCullar, and Lupe Contreras) discussed their personal comfort levels of learning in environments with different levels of auditory stimuli. Through this discussion, Learning Team A concluded that it was easier for them to learn in an environment with little to no outside auditory stimuli as opposed to a noisy environment. Increases in auditory stimuli can cause divided attention, which is not typically conducive to learning and memory retention. The threshold for auditory stimuli is defined as the slightest perceptible sound (American Psychological Association, 2009). Dichotic listening, also known as the “Cocktail Party Effect”, is the ability to focus on the auditory input in one ear while ignoring extraneous environmental auditory input. Initially, researchers thought that the extraneous input was not learned. However, further research showed that the peripheral input cannot be completely ignored and is stored in memory, although usually very weakly. Because the brain senses and perceives the additional auditory stimuli, it is more difficult to give full attention to the intended task (Kowalski & Westen, 2011). Learning Team A met at a fairly busy coffee shop. For the purposes...
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...Sensation & Perception * Sensation is the detection of physical energy from the environment which we encode as neural signals. * Perception is when we organize and interpret our sensations * The beginning level of sensory analysis is also known as bottom- up processing * Top-down processing is the information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when someone constructs perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. * Bottom up processing is sensory analysis that begins at the entry level, with information flowing from the sensory analysis that begins at the entry level with information flowing from the sensory receptors to the brain * Psychophysics is the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. * Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time Sensory Adaptation * Sensory Adaptation- lowered sensitivity due to constant exposure from stimulus. For example, when you go into someone’s house you notice an odor…but this only lasts for a little while because sensory adaptation allows you to focus your attention on changing environment. * This adaptation allows the person to focus on informative changes, leaving out uninformative constant stimulations. Vision * Transduction refers to Sensory energy being convert (transformed) into neural energy/impulses...
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...Sensation and Perception The human brain is much more complex than any other organism because humans have the ability to perceive information. Any organism can experience sensation, or a response caused by the presence of a stimulus (Baar and Warden, 1928). Because humans have such complex cerebral cortexes, they can interpret the sensations caused by stimuli and decide what to do with the information. This interpretation is called perception and it gives meaning to sensations (Harrison and Geller, 2014). The difference between sensation and perception is that a sensation is just the experience of a stimulus, while perception is the interpretation of the sensation. A sensation can happen at any time and can be caused by all types of stimuli. Sensations can be cause by all the five senses that are sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Sensations are also a “native” (Baar and Warden, 1928) response, meaning they just occur and need no prior learning for translation. Perception on the other hand can only happen when there is a sensation. Without a sensation, there would be nothing to perceive, therefore there would be no information to be put together. Perception must be “acquired by experience” (Baar and Warden, 1928), meaning they require prior learning in order to interpret and understand sensations. For example, when an adult witnesses someone being hit, they will think something is wrong, because, as a child, they were taught that hitting was bad. Although...
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...“Sensation and Perception: A Relationship” Essay #1 Sensation and perception are both cognitive functions that occur in our everyday lives. Sensation, as defined by William James (2010), is “becoming aware of the bare immediate natures”, in which “several objects are distinguished” (p. 6). On the other hand, perception is defined as “the consciousness of particular material things present to sense” (James, 2010, p. 57). The question that exists is whether one cognitive function can exist without the other and vice versa. I believe that both cognitive functions need each other in order to efficiently make knowledge and information. In order to answer the question, the relationship between sensation and perception needs to be well-defined. Sensation is “detecting stimuli from the body or environment [and] the immediate experience of basic properties of an object or event that occurs when a sensory receptor is stimulated” (“Sensation & Perception”, n.d.) whereas perception is the “act of organizing and interpreting sensory input as signaling a particular object or event” (“Sensation & Perception”, n.d.). Basically, stimuli must be received by the sense receptors first before being processed and perceived as meaningful data. The definition of “meaningful data” is subjective since what one person considers “meaningful” may not be to another person; individuals perceive things differently from one another. Can sense exist without perception? I believe that sensation...
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..., Sensation, Perception, and Attention John Cullen, Deanna Danley, Shannon Hollock, and Eliz Jones PSY/300 June 25, 2012 Lori Eyre Sensations, Perceptions, and Attention We as team members have many experiences and comfort levels with sensations, perceptions and attention. Our thoughts and experiences with these are shared within this essay. Included in this report are four students and their experiences provided to help understand how each team member’s learning and attention is divided. Discussions on how to work together in the future to accommodate these differences is also discussed. Auditory Stimuli Each team member has his or her own threshold of auditory stimulus. John has a very sensitive threshold and can hear every little noise. He tries not to let it bother him, but sometimes the noise is so loud he needs to leave the room. Deanna also has a low tolerance for loud noises and people speaking loudly. Deanna states “this was not a problem I had when I was younger, just something I’ve notices in the last 3 or 4 years” (D.Danley, personal communication, June 14, 2012). Eliz and Shannon, however, are not bothered by auditory stimuli. Eliz says that “noise, kids, and even loud talking” (E, Jones, personal communication, June 14, 2012) does not bother her. Shannon does not “care about loud noises or annoying tones” (S. Hollock, personal communication, June 14, 2012), but can hear many noises. The team is divided as two team mates have...
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...Sensation, Perception, and Attention Sensation, perception, and attention vary amongst individuals. What one individual perceives as distracting can be soothing to another individual. An individual’s absolute threshold for a sensory stimulus may be very different compared to another’s. Personal and environmental factors all contribute to an individual’s ability to learn and pay attention. The cocktail party phenomenon is an example of how environmental factors can impede an individual’s attention. Many individuals find that multi-tasking is a useful skill to divide attention in a way that facilitates learning. In contrast, some individuals prefer to give undivided attention in order to comprehend information. Based on the differences in perception and sensory processes of each individual, ground rules must be created to allow for a more influential learning environment. The perception and attention processes differ with every individual. What some individuals perceive as quiet may be distracting to another individual. The absolute threshold of an individual is “the minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular light, sound, pressure, taste, or odor 50% of the time” (Myers, 2009, p. 193). In analyzing each team members absolute threshold for auditory stimulus the results proved that although each threshold differed slightly, the barriers that impede each team members learning process are similar. The team found that both personal and environmental factors both play...
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...Sensation, Perception, and Attention Sensation, Perception, and Attention The abilities for sensation, perception, and attention vary from person to person. Many obstacles to communicating successfully are comparable from person to person, once these obstacles are perceived, steps can be taken to avoid these obstacles. Some people can attend a cocktail party and listen to multiple conversations at once while comprehending most of what is said. Other people can only hear one or two conversations and make any sense of them. These personal thresholds will differ according to environmental and personal factors. Some people can control their environment by minimizing noise, obtaining enough sleep and taking care of themselves in general, attending to these needs first will help a person to focus on what is perceived as important, whether it is at a conference or a cocktail party. Many students listen to classical music when studying, Mozart being the first choice. Studies have shown that listening to classical music helps one to concentrate on the task at hand, and helps to eliminate minor outside distractions. Amanda Rivera Part A: It is important to minimize distractions when reaching an auditory threshold. It is very hard for me to be able to hear anything when there is a lot of noise or distraction. When I try to work on my assignments for class, I have to make sure that my son is in bed, the television is cut off, and the only sounds are the air conditioner humming...
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...coordinate our responses, nor could we perceive, feel or think. But the most important part of our nervous system is our brain because it is the one responsible of all voluntary and some involuntary behaviors. And it is the most intricate, complex and unique mechanism of the human body. So in order for us to have a remarkable behavior, we need to protect and take good care of our brain. In the midway part of the discussions we tackled about Sensation and Perception. This so-called Sensation also affects or influenced our behavior. Through our senses or sensory organs, we come to know our world and what we sense often affects our behavior. Our sense organs are responsible in sensation. And one must be aware or conscious of the stimulus to be able to sense and interpret. And sensation anyway is a prerequisite of perception. Perception on the other hand, is our immediate or intuitive recognition or appreciation to something. It is how we look at others and the world around us. It is also described as interpreting information about other people. Perception affects the way how we communicate with...
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...From Sensation through Perception to Reflection: Twenty minutes passed six, Tuesday morning, December 04, 2012 – many un orchestrated noises coming to my ears - the sighs and low prayers of awakening aged fathers and mothers, the moving feet on slippers, the disturbing sounds of opening and closing windows and doors, ONs and OFFs of the light-switches, the sound of nagging deeply inspired by your style of writing, I badly desired to make this day ‘A Day to Remember’, giving you a bigger challenge of creating simplicity out of complexity. To be frank I did not hate your approach of telling us a number of coincidental stories and portraying perception with your personal experiences and encounters. So our today’s dialogue is to investigate if Sensation is truly the root for our conscious learning. And you should go-bring-bread for breakfast from the nearby shops, the usual drones of cars moving by the main street, the to do this, happily I will take the podium on the remotely ringing bells – which I wished stage and you take the audiences’ seat. they were not school bells, the clucking of hens, the bark of the distant dogs and Mr. W: A challenge! I am glad that you come up with this ‘challenge’, actually I prefer to call this all seemed to be an alarm to my ears. an opportunity, opportunity to better articulate My being deep asleep by that moment showed how much exhausted I was on municate and collaborate with the wider comthe previous day and my late sleep- munity of readers and...
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