...Why 18th Century Women Sought out Freedom through Prostitution Michelle E. Raines Lindenwood University Abstract This paper reconnoiters the reasoning behind prostitution, focusing mainly on the motives of an 18th century woman. The goal of this research is to provide readers with an explanation of why women resorted to prostitution for freedom. The paper will arrange for you primary sources supporting that prostitution plateaued because of lack of expression, racism, and feminism during the 18th century. The business of prostitution was so important to our society because it allowed women to join the workforce. Unfair treatment spawned one of the greatest highlights of women in this era that this paper will display for you. Why 18th Century Women Sought out Freedom through Prostitution Prostitution is recorded as beginning in 1721 when the French government sent women to the colony so the settled men would refrain from having sex with the Native Americans. These women had found that sex trade created them more freedom/independence instead of marriage. Soon after, the red-light district was formed to segregate the prostitutes. The act of selling sex was not illegal in the US and the law had not known the term “prostitution”. The law had no understanding of what to do, women were still social outcasts and officials looked for petty crimes to target these certain women. So we ask why these women turned to prostitution; freedom was sought through sexual acts due to the...
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...main reason. (Shedlin, Michele G, World Book p.15, 2007) The idea of sex workers fighting for their human rights is a foreign concept to most people, even those who identify politically as progressives or feminists. Sex workers have lived on the margins of society through most of human history, and despite the prevalence of this work all over the world, sex workers are often treated as less than human, both in cultural attitudes and public policy. In fact, it cannot be said enough: sex workers are people—friends, neighbors, family members, wage earners, and parents—and they deserve the same human rights as everyone else. (http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/july08/july2008_1.php) Feminists and advocates of all stripes have argued that they want to work for the human rights of sex workers, often without an analysis of what human rights for sex workers might look like. While many people would agree that access to human rights includes the right to be free from harm, to have access to health care and housing, and to seek safe employment that pays a living wage, there is fierce debate as to what any of this actually means. (http://www.ontheissuesmagazine.com/july08/july2008_1.php) In many parts of the world, sex workers have been among the groups most vulnerable to and most affected by HIV since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic. After more than a decade of research and intervention in sex work settings there is a substantial body of knowledge on the behaviours...
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...International Women's Studies Volume 7 | Issue 2 Article 7 Nov-2005 Prostitution in Bangladesh: An Empirical Profile of Sex Workers AKM Ahsan Ullah Recommended Citation Ullah, AKM Ahsan (2005). Prostitution in Bangladesh: An Empirical Profile of Sex Workers. Journal of International Women's Studies, 7(2), 111-122. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol7/iss2/7 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. This journal and its contents may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. ©2005 Journal of International Women’s Studies. Prostitution in Bangladesh: An Empirical Profile of Sex Workers By AKM Ahsan Ullahi Abstract The paper explores the profile of the Sex Workers (SW) in Bangladesh; and the ordeals faced by them. 221 randomly selected respondents from three categories of sex workers (Hotel, brothel and floating) were interviewed using both close and open-ended questionnaire. Data show that child prostitution is quite prevalent. A higher percentage of sex workers were married compared with the singles. HSWs (Homosexual Sex Workers), on an average, entertain seven clients and BSWs (Bisexual Sex Workers) 15 clients per day. The highest percentage...
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...THE SKY Declining Sex ratio in Gujarat : Campaign Against Sex Determination and Sex Pre-selection. - Dr. Trupti Shah, "in our society the male child is always a precious child for a mother having three daughters. To her it is of a more value. Because of illiteracy and social customs the status of a mother would change after having a male child." The above mentioned lines are not quoted form the speech of some traditional Kathakar (preacher). These were the wording in a judgement dated 10th July 2001, by the Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, Ahmedabad in Complaint No. 271/1993. The Consumer Redressal Commission has delivered an order of compensation of Rs. 25,000 for medical negligence in a case that involved sex determination and subsequent abortion of a foetus, which was earlier detected as female foetus but after the abortion it was found out to be a male foetus. In addition, the Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission further observes, “The loss of motherhood of only male child can not be compensated by any amount." This attitude of people sitting in judiciary reflect the kind of forces we are fighting in Gujarat. The data from 2001 Census make this point much more clear. Gujarat is among the top four states (including Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh) to register the most alarming declines in the number of girls in the 0-6 years category. Gujarat is one of the DEMARU states as termed by Ashish Bose. 1. Declining Sex Ratio in Gujarat Table-1:...
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...Project January 2003 POLICY Project Table of Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................................iii Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................iv 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................... 1 Terminology and age categories............................................................................................................... 2 Data........................................................................................................................................................... 2 ARH indicators in the Philippines ............................................................................................................ 3 Social context of ARH......................................................................................................................... 4 Economic context...
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...Understanding Filipino Adolescents: Research Gaps and Challenges JOSEFINA V. CABIGON, PH.D.* ABSTRACT Maiksi subalit masalimuot ang panahon ng kabataan sa buhay ng tao. Ang suliranin ng pagsasaayos sa mga problemang kaakibat nito ay nangangailangan ng ganap na pag-unawa sa kabataang Pilipino ng kasalukuyang panahon. Nais ibahagi ng papel na ito ang pagtutukoy sa mga mahahalagang isyu na karaniwang di natugunan sa mga nauna nang pag-aaral. Ilan sa mga suliraning pampananalikssik ay binigyang pansin at inaasahang mapupunan ang mga puwang na patuloy pa ring naiiwan sa larangan. Ang mga kakulangang nais tugunan ay ang mga sumusunod na usapin: pagkakaisa sa pagpapakahulugan sa konsepto ng “kabataan” at sekswalidad; di-kumpletong datos ukol sa ugnayan ng bilang ng kabataan at bilang ng kabuuang populasyon; antas ng kamalayan ng mga stakeholders at kabataan mismo tungkol sa paglaki ng bilang ng huli; ang pangangailangan ng mga stakeholders ng napapanahon at bagong pagkaunawa tungkol sa antas, mga tagapagtakda, at kahihinatnan ng sekswalidad ng kabataan, pati ng kanilang fertility at reproductive health; at, ang kanilang kamalayan at pakikilahok sa mga gawaing panlipunan. Ilan sa mga rekomendasyon ay ang pagkakaroon ng pambansang sarbey sa mga bagong erya ng pag-aaaral kaakibat ang kwalitatibong pananaliksik, pananaliksik pampatakaran (policy research) at operations research. Ang artikulo ay isang pagtatangka sa paghahanap ng mga pamamaraan upang maimulat sa mga kabataan at sa...
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... unwanted and makes the individual being harassed feel uncomfortable. Many people believe that women are the only individuals who can be harassed. This is a false belief, as men can be sexually harassed as well. Many individuals do not report sexual harassment for fear of a hostile work environment and to prevent embarrassment. Throughout this paper, we will discuss sexual harassment, the different types of sexual harassment and examples. Whether someone harasses someone on purpose or not it is still unacceptable and is punishable by law. Define sexual harassment as the term is used legally. According to Law.com, sexual harassment is defined as "unwanted sexual approaches (including touching, feeling, groping) and/or repeated unpleasant, degrading and/or sexist remarks directed toward an employee with the implied suggestion that the target's employment status, promotion or favorable treatment depend upon a positive response and/or "cooperation" (Sexual harassment, 2013). An example of sexual harassment would be an executive assistant's boss telling her he would give her a promotion or incentive if she went on a date with him. Explain how sexual harassment differs from gender discrimination. Gender discrimination (also known as sex discrimination) is defined as treating an individual poorly because of their sex or because they are associated with a group of a certain sex (Sex-Based Discrimination, n.d.). For example, an employer treats a female employee poorly because she...
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... Human Trafficking: The Five “W”s 1 Human Trafficking 2 The Five “W”s of Human Trafficking Executive Summary What is Human Trafficking? Page 5 Where does it happen? Page 6 Who are the victims? Page 9 Why does it happen? Page 12 What are we doing to stop it? Page 13 Conclusion Page 16 Works Cited Page 3 Page 18 Human Trafficking 3 Executive Summary: This paper was written to help educate people on the horrors of this extremely profitable organized crime. Human trafficking is defined as the recruitment, transporting, or harboring of people for the purposes of slavery, forced labor, or sexual exploitation. There are two different types of human trafficking: labor trafficking and sex trafficking. Sex trafficking is the sale of women and children for prostitution and other forms of sexual exploitation. Sex trafficking is a lot more common than labor trafficking; labor trafficking is recruiting...
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...desperately wished to rise in class and her current education level so she attended Claverack College after which she enrolled in a nursing program at White Plains Hospital. She worked as a visiting nurse in New York City in the 1910s until she began to challenge the Comstock Law and write and mail contraceptive information to women. Through creation of different committees, leagues and publications, Sanger was able to slowly push the idea of birth control into the public. In 1914, Margaret Sanger coined the term birth control and then printed it in the Woman Rebel journal. Sanger also opened up her own birth control clinic and fought for contraceptives until her death in 1966.1 Throughout the Progressive Era, Margaret Sanger started the foundation for the Birth Control Movement and actively advocated for the passage and approval of birth control in the United States. Women in the Progressive Era had only two choices, “passive and usually pleasure less submission, with high risk of undesirable consequences, or rebellious refusal.2 At this time in history, it was believed that a woman was there to be a mother and only a mother. Big families were encouraged or better yet, unavoidable. Working so closely to other women during her nursing career, Margaret Sanger knew that sex was “necessary for healthy adults” 3 but often times the men took this too...
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...AIDS LEGAL Network Q A Publication of the AIDS Legal Network • September/November 2008 Patrick Eba One size punishes all… A critical appraisal of the criminalisation of HIV transmission Lauded by lawmakers as an expression of their strong will to ‘fight AIDS’, HIV-specific laws have become a ubiquitous feature of the legal response to HIV in sub-Saharan Africa1 As of 1st December 2008, twenty countries in ECOWAS Parliament, the West African Health Organisation sub-Saharan Africa had adopted HIV-specific laws.2 (WAHO), the Center for Studies and Research on HIV-specific laws or ‘omnibus HIV laws’, as they are Population for Development (CERPOD), the Network of sometimes ironically referred to, are legislative provisions Parliamentarians in Chad for Population and Development that regulate, in a single document, several aspects of HIV and the USAID West African Regional Programme.3 and The stated objective of these HIV-specific laws, as communication; HIV testing, prevention treatment, care provided under several of their preambulary provisions, and support; HIV-related research; and the protection of is to and AIDS, including HIV-related education people living with HIV. The emergence of HIV-specific …ensure that every person living with HIV or laws in sub-Saharan Africa can be traced to the adoption presumed to be living with HIV enjoys the full of the Model Law on STI/HIV/AIDS for West...
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...Turn in his Grave In a city where each individual is able to do as he pleases is a city that will be filled with murder, theft, gluttony, deviance and prejudice. Hip-Hop artists, in their music, constantly incorporate these aspects of life within the content of their lyrics. This content is not only described throughout their songs, but the lifestyle of being able to do such things is constantly being advocated. “F*ck the Police” and “Beat a police out of shape and when I'm finished, bring the yellow tape to tape off the scene of the slaughter” (Rap Genius) are lyrics from the song “F*ck the Police” by the world renown hip hop group, NWA. This is one of many Hip-Hop groups that promote violence through music. Other songs such as “She swallowed It” and “Dopeman” both promote greediness, “lawless desires”, sexism and being promiscuous. If Plato were alive today to bear witness to Hip Hop music he would have despised the content of these songs, as the aforementioned contents of this type of music are all aspects of society in what he calls the “Luxurious City” and the “Purged City” and go against his idea of a just society. Hip-Hop’s first major concept that is addressed time and time again throughout its lyrics is the concept of Greed. Greed is defined as an “intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth, power, or food.” (Oxford) Many Hip-Hop songs address accumulation of wealth (among other things). In terms of the “Healthy City”, Plato deems that being greedy...
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...today. While sexual expression was a natural social desire of greater individual freedom, repression was a power of the Church or Government against sexual elements in the American society. We entered the 20th century with women being more independent and educated. Women also gained access to sports, which made a way of socializing and seeking for a more fun lifestyle. No one would even think back then that the beginning of the century, such as early 20s, was the first biggest sexual expression that has set the pace for its further development, and that pace was pretty fast. As the century started, American men came back home from the WWI. During the war, the Government was aware that soldiers had sex yet had no repression against it. Despite the warnings about venereal deceases, unprotected sex for soldiers resulted in millions of lost lives because there was no medical cure. Sex during the war mostly happen with prostitutes from Europe, and those men who survived the war, came back home with new knowledge about sex. This knowledge together with other changes in American history, launched the early 20s known as “roaring 20s”. Prior to 1920s, American cities began overcrowding with new immigrants coming from Europe to seek for the new opportunities. Women were able to find jobs, and at the end of the day everyone wanted to socialize by going out on dates or movies. Film, a fascination of the technological revolution, became an essential element in the development of sexuality...
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...at 500,000 to 700,000. A 2004 estimate by Dr. Nitet Tinnakul from Chulalongkorn University gives a total of 2.8 million sex workers, including 2 million women, 20,000 adult males and 800,000 minors under the age of 18, but the figures for women and minors were considered to be grossly inflated by most observers, and to have resulted from poor research methods.[5] One estimate published in 2003 placed the trade at US$ 4.3 billion per year or about three percent of the Thai economy.[6] It has been suggested for example that there may be as many as 10,000 prostitutes on Koh Samui alone, an island resort destination not usually associated with prostitution, and that at least 10% of tourist dollars may be spent on the sex trade.[7] According to a 2001 report by the World Health Organisation: "The most reliable suggestion is that there are between 150,000 and 200,000 sex workers."[8] A recent government survey found that there were 76,000 to 77,000 adult prostitutes in registered entertainment establishments; however, NGOs believed there were between 200,000 and 300,000 prostitutes.[3] Although centres such as Bangkok (Patpong, Nana Plaza, and Soi Cowboy), Pattaya, and Phuket (Patong) are often identified as primary tourist "prostitution" areas, with Hat Yai and other Malaysian border cities catering to Malaysians, prostitution takes place in nearly every major city and province in the country. Chiang Mai and Koh Samui (Chaweng and Lamai) are also major centers. In Bangkok, the so-called...
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...Cohen HY513 Jeanette Hollis May 2, 2010 The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cohen is a non fiction entertaining and dramatic book that discusses several perspectives of Victorian era New York City. This narrative is about men and women, clerks, prostitutes, legal codes, tabloid journalism, politics and capitalism. This book is considerably more than a shocking murder and trial as it becomes a carefully investigated examination of a growing city. Helen Jewett born Dorcas Doyen, simply a prostitute, one of many dishonored working women in New York City was murdered and set on fire by her attacker. The suspect, Richard P. Robinson was a normal young man about town working in business and frequenting brothels. Although severe attacks were accepted in antebellum cities, prostitutes frequently endured abuse and exploitation. Helen Jewett’s murder was one of the first crimes where a mixture of sex, lies and violence revealed to the public gender inequities and class privilege that had previously been hidden from society. Helen Jewett was born in Augusta Maine. When her parents died a local judge adopted her and tried to educate her. Helen was very beautiful and had an affair with a banker which became a scandal. Helen moved to New York City. She became employed at one of the many brothels operating in New York at that time. Richard Robinson, the suspect in Helen Jewett’s murder went on trial June 2, 1836. A witness provided an alibi for...
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...SEX DISCRIMINATION IN EMPLOYMENT Fifth Edition Maryland Commission for Women 311 W. Saratoga St. Ste 272 Baltimore, MD 21201 410-767-3049 The Women’s Law Center, Inc. Copyright: 1982, 1986, 1995, 2001, 2008 The Women’s Law Center, Inc. Sex Discrimination in Employment Fifth Edition Revisions Provided By: Jill Wrigley, Women’s Law Center of Maryland With Editorial Assistance From: L. Tracy Brown, Women’s Law Center of Maryland Laurence Ruth, Women’s Law Center of Maryland Jessica Morgan, Women’s Law Center of Maryland Funding for production and distribution of the fifth edition was provided by Open Society Institute, Baltimore Community Foundation, The Marjorie Cook Family Foundation and Brown, Goldstein & Levy, LLP. Fourth Edition Revisions Provided By: Kevin O’Connor of Ober, Kaler Grimes & Shriver Melvina C. Ford, Women’s Law Center of Maryland With Editorial Assistance From: Denise Davis, Women’s Law Center of Maryland Funding for production and distribution of the fourth edition was provided by the Maryland Legal Assistance Network and Maryland Legal Services Corporation. Third Edition Written By: Rieyn Delony Sally L. Swann Louise Dean Williams With Editorial Assistance From: Robyn Mazur Kathleen Fantom Shemer Funding for production and distribution of the third edition was provided by the Baltimore Bar Foundation and the Marjorie Cook Foundation. Second Edition Written By: Kathleen Fantom Shemer With Editorial Assistance From: Jane Murphy Carol Polowy Emily Rody...
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