...PROSPECTS OF SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: A term paper by Tejal Johri (MPE1296) and Shruti Sharma (MPE1293) for Semester 1 Course: Environment and Development Department of Policy Studies, The Energy and Resource Institute (New Delhi) Submitted on 9th December 2012 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Literature Review 4 Scope 6 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Executive Summary The gradual shift of the US gas sector- from one of deficit to one of surplus has gathered appreciative appraisals from the rest of the world and initiated talks about the prospect of harnessing shale gas in other countries, as US reached the lowest CO2 emission level in the last 20 years due to shift to natural gas. It has been referred to as “the biggest energy innovation of the decade”, in light of the growing need for suitable alternatives to conventional oil and gas with increasing pressure on energy over time. 90% of global shale gas is currently produced by the US. India meets two-thirds of its petroleum requirements by importing of fuels that include coal, and this figure is expected to rise in the future in spite of India being a coal-rich country. Even with introduction of more efficient technologies and cases of higher CO2 emission reduction, our country’s import dependence on petrol, oil and gas will significantly rise in the future, raising the pressure on the resources. This concern for energy security calls for further research in technological solutions for greater...
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...especially with the rising energy demand of developing countries such as China and India. On top of this, energy demand is expected to grow by almost half over the next two decades. The charts below shows the trends of worldwide energy consumption and the energy consumption of three big giants, USA, China and India till 2040. At present, we rely on coal, oil and gas (the fossil fuels) for over 80% of our current energy needs – a situation which shows little sign of changing over the medium-term without drastic policy changes. The problems associated with an over reliance of non-renewable energy sources is the fear that our energy resources are starting to run out, with devastating consequences for the global economy and global quality of life. At the same time, the tremendous risk of climate change associated with the use of fossil fuels makes supplying this energy increasingly difficult. While the potential for a crisis if we run out of energy is very real, but there is still time before that occurs. In the past two decades proven gas reserves have increased by 70% and proven oil reserves by 40%. At expected rates of demand growth we have enough for thirty years supply. Moreover, better technology means that new oil and gas fields are being discovered all the time while enhanced recovery techniques are opening up a potentially huge array of unconventional sources, including tar sands, shale gas and ultra-deep water. While in the long term, the use of renewable sources of...
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...SHALE GAS :AN UNCONVETIONAL GAS RESERVOIR SUNJAY,SUSHEEL KUMAR AND NIKHIL JAIN Geophysics ,Geology ,Mining Engg-IIT ,BHU ,Varansi 221005 ,India Sunjay.sunjay@gmail.com,skumarpetro09@gmail.com, nikhilchhajar@gmail.com Summary With a view to energy security of the world, unconventional energy resources - coalbed methane (CBM) , Methane Gas Hydrate, shale gas, basin centred gas ,tight gas, oil shale and heavy oil- exploration and exploitation is pertinent task before geoscientist . Shale gas is natural gas from shale formations which acts as both the source and the reservoir for the natural gas. Each Shale gas reservoir has unique characteristics. Shale has low matrix permeability, so gas production in commercial quantities requires fractures to provide permeability. For a given matrix permeability and pressure, gas production are determined by the number and complexity of fractures created, their effective conductivity, and the ability to effectively reduce the pressure throughout the fracture network to initiate gas production. Understanding the relationship between fracture complexity, fracture conductivity, matrix permeability, and gas recovery is a fundamental challenge of shale-gas development. Shale gas reservoirs almost always have two different storage volumes (dual porosity) for hydrocarbons, the rock matrix and the natural fractures .Because of the plastic nature of shale formations, these natural fractures are generally closed due to the pressure...
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...Aamna Mallick ERP: 09189 International Relations -Position Paper Pakistan India relations - positive Pakistan and India are the two inextricably linked neighbors that are engaged in a stagnated relationship since the last 68 years. The hostile attitude of the two religious entities living in the united South Asia left a grave impression on each other’s minds. The events of the past have shaped the sentiments of today. The narrative of the general public stands that India is our enemy. A survey by Pew Research Center (based in Washington) reveals rising concern among Pakistanis about a threat to their country from India. We see contempt and hatred for the Indians in the general masses. Pakistanis believe that Pakistan and India can in no way...
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...Natural Gas Markets in Asia, Europe and North America Analyzing the differences between the natural gas markets in these regions Introduction The advent of shale gas is reshaping the global energy market, challenging the existing investment assumptions of utilities and generating new opportunities. (Bain & Company, 2013) Unconventional gas has altered the North American energy landscape and now it’s shifting energy dynamics across the globe. (Bain & Company, 2013) In analyzing the differences between the natural gas markets in Asia, Europe and North America, each has a different market structure resulting from the degree of market maturity, the sources of supply, the dependence on imports and other geographical and political factors. (MIT, 2011) These regional markets set natural gas prices in different ways: 1. The U.S. has gas-on-gas competition and open access to pipeline transportation and manages risk through spot and derivatives markets. 2. The European market relies more heavily on long-term contracts with price terms based on a mix of competing fuels, e.g., fuel oil, and access to their pipeline is restricted; and 3. Asia uses crude oil as a benchmark for natural gas prices (News, n.d.) and favors long-term contracts; this structure has kept LNG prices in Europe and Asia high relative to other regions. (MIT, 2011) These market features, along with the availability of domestic natural gas resources and geopolitical interests, establish...
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...Preface Our project based on Reliance - Fulling India's aspirations wid innovation and enterprise. It was assigned to us by our professor Mrs. Savina Shenoy. It was an interesting journey, compiling this encyclopedia with the help of the internet and various other sources. We would like to express our gratitude towards our professor and mentor Mrs. Savina Shenoy. And we hope we have Page 1 lived up to her expectations and hopes. Reliance Industries Limited Made By Jade D'mello - 3309 Alisha D'souza - 3314 Merlyn D'souza - 3316 Viola D'souza - 3317 Ritu Kanojia - 3326 Tejaswini Kotian - 3330 Page 2 Sumit Mirke - 3356 Reliance Industries Limited PREAMBLE WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA , having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY, of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; Page 3 IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, DO HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. Reliance Industries Limited Contents 5 8 14 20 34 37 40 45 49 53 56 59 62 64 65 69 90 94 96 98 99 112 117 4 Dhirubhai Ambani - End Of Era The Reliance Industries Ltd Business ...
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...cheap natural gas produced from shale deposits? The industries that gain cheap natural gas produced from shale deposits are United States it is known for the largest deposit of shale gas. It is estimated to be nearly 500 trillion cubic feet of gas which is more than enough for America’s citizen to receive energy for 50 year or further. U.S. is the world’s largest economy that have a good prime market, political stability, military strength, foreign investment, international trade and many more. Plus it all started in 1932 when Joseph Schumpeter an American develop the innovation concept of fracking. France, Bulgaria and Poland have the largest shale reserves in European. France was banned fracking in 2001 due to environmental awareness and Bulgarian too banned in 2012 for the same reasons. Poland also has been banned from using fracking because they are protecting their quality water supplies and currently being managed by coal for power energy. Other than that, China also have a large shale gas reserve at about 1,275 trillion cubic feet. It have not yet been develop so China lose the availability of cheap natural gas. 2. Which countries gain and which countries lose from the availability of cheap natural gas? Based on the case study Germany has gradually shutter all its nuclear power plants and increase reliance on solar and wind energy because their underground water are world famous breweries and they wanted to look after it. Other than that, in India they gained...
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...Energy Security in India Important facts regarding energy generation capacity and the energy mix for India Source | Percentage | Coal | 57 | Hydro | 18.6 | Renewable | 12.25 | Gas | 8.9 | Nuclear | 2.2 | Oil | 0.56 | Sector | Percentage | State | 40 | Central | 29 | Pvt | 29 | 1. Energy is the prime mover of a country’s economic growth. Availability of energy with required quality of supply is not only key to sustainable development, but the commercial energy also have a parallel impact and influence on the quality of service in the fields of education, health and, in fact, even food security. 2. According to a report by IEA (International Energy Agency), India needs to invest a total of 800 billion dollars in various stages by 2030 to meet its energy demand. India accounts to around 2.4% of the annual world energy production, but on the other hand consumes 3.3% of the annual world energy supply. And this imbalance is estimated to surpass Japan and Russia by 2030 placing India into the third position in terms of annual energy consumption. Therefore, after summing up all the energy issues, energy security has been identified as the only tool to overcome the energy concerns. 3. According to Integrated Energy Policy, for a 9% growth over a sustained period, imports of crude oil in 2031-32 may be between 362-520 million tonnes with import dependence of 91%-94%. For natural gas, it may be 25-135 (Mtoe), which means an import dependence of 20%-57%...
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...has transformed from a buzzword used by politicians and lobbyists to an actual plan to progress the United States presence in the global energy market. This has been made possible by capturing trapped hydrocarbons buried deep below the surface of the United States. Several thousand feet below the earth’s surface lies tightly packed rock formations, known as shale. The shale formation is very dense and traps the natural resources that lie within it very tightly making it previously difficult and costly to recover. The shale that lies below Pennsylvania is known as the Marcellus Shale. The Marcellus Shale is an organic-rich black shale that was deposited in an oxygen-deficient marine environment during the Middle Devonian Time (approximately 390 million years ago). The Marcellus is not just any shale formation either; it is the largest producing gas basin in the United States and accounts for almost forty percent of all United States shale gas production. Natural gas production in the Marcellus Region has exceeded fifteen billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d). It has the potential to be the second largest natural gas field in the world, behind only the South Pars/Asalouyeh field shared between the nations of Iran and Qatar. Converted to British Thermal Units...
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...oil-field chemicals used in the various operations for completion of any oil well can be grouped into the following categories. — — — — — — Drilling fluid/Mud chemicals and Mud additives Cement and cement additives Production chemicals Water Injection Chemicals Well Stimulation Chemicals Process Chemicals. Drilling fluids or liquids perform a variety of functions that influence the drilling rate, the cost, efficiency and safety of drilling operations. There are many types of drilling fluid systems available like water base muds, oil base muds, stable foam muds, air or gas base muds from which the right system may be chosen. Main drilling mud additives include viscosifying agents, fluid loss control agents, drilling fluid dispersants and corrosion inhibitors. Cement and cement additives are considered to be critical inputs in the completion of any oil and gas well. The increase in demand for cement suitable for oil and gas wells led to the establishment of API codes by the American Petroleum Institute and nine classes of cements for the oil industry have been classified. Two of the nine classes of cements, the classes G and H, are called basic oil well cements. Main cement additives retarders, turbulence inducers and fluid loss controlling agents. Production chemicals are used to keep the oil mobile after shut down or under cold conditions, remove emulsified water and prevent corrosion...
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...Geopolitical analysis of Gazprom INTRODUCTION Open Joint Stock Company Gazprom is the largest extractor of natural gas and one of the largest companies in the world. Gazprom was created in 1989 when the Ministry of Gas Industry of the Soviet Union transformed itself into a corporation, keeping all its assets intact. The company was later privatized in part, but currently the Russian government holds most of the control in its hands. The major parts of Gazprom’s production fields are located around the Gulf of Ob in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Western Siberia, while the Yamal Peninsula is expected to become the company's main gas producing region in the future. Gazprom possesses the largest gas transport system in the world, with 158,200 kilometres of gas trunk lines. Major new pipeline projects include Nord Stream and South Stream. In this report, we are going to analyze the International environmental of Gazprom by using SWOT analysis. We will detail the relationship between Gazprom and other neighboring countries; such as Ukraine. We will figure out what’s the benefit for Gazprom based on the International environmental and what will be harmful the Gazprom if there are some disputes. The main reason we chose Gazprom as our research target is, as we mentioned before, that Gazprom is a company which is currently controlled by Russian government. Most of decisions that Gazprom took are showing the attitude of Russian government. As we know, Russia is the biggest...
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...Energy India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 January 2014 Copyright © 2014, by McKinsey & Company, Inc. India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 January 2014 4 India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 Introduction India is the world’s fourth largest economy1 as well as the fourth largest energy consumer. India imports a substantial portion of its energy — 80 per cent of its oil, 18 per cent of its gas, and now even 23 per cent of its coal. As the Indian economy continues to grow, so will its energy consumption, especially as the growth of its manufacturing sector catches up with services and agriculture. With domestic resource production facing various challenges, the general expectation has been that Indian energy imports will continue to grow, and energy security concerns will intensify. The outlook and options for Indian energy independence therefore becomes an important topic. A 2030 outlook is particularly relevant since it is difficult to significantly change energy policy in 5 or 10 years, but almost any boundary conditions can be changed over a 15-year period. Moreover, there have been few if any, in-depth perspectives on this topic for 2030. This white paper builds off the ‘2030 Global Energy Perspective’, McKinsey’s substantial body of research on energy demand and supply, and our understanding of the evolution of the global and Indian energy sectors. We have tried to address some of the basic questions that arise about Indian energy in 2030: Is India’s...
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...continue with their three-year-old production quota of 30 million barrels per day (mbpd). Thus, they calculatingly ignored nearly one mbpd oversupply in the global oil market which has pushed the crude prices down by over 30 per cent since June 2014. The global oil glut, in turn, has been caused by a number of factors which include OPEC’s own overproduction, rising non-OPEC production (particularly by the U.S.-based “Shale Revolutionaries”) and lower demand from China and Europe. By declining to cut their output to shore up the prices, OPEC in general, and Saudi Arabia in particular, have refused to play the role of global “swing producer.” As most factors responsible for the current global demand-supply disequilibrium are systemic in nature, the world faces prospects for relatively bearish oil prices over the foreseeable future. Indeed, the prices have continued to fall with the Indian basket touching $72.51/barrel on November 27 — a decline of nearly $9 from the average during the first fortnight of the month. As the world’s fourth largest importer of crude, India can afford to exult at this precipitous crude price decline. Still, given the strategic importance of this development, a more comprehensive analysis is desirable. A virtuous cycle in the economy From the limited perspective of India’s consumer economy, lower global oil prices undoubtedly augur well. Lower pump prices reduce pressure on the consumer who can spend the savings elsewhere, spurring the demand side of...
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...A GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORT ON “ _________________________________________” Submitted to (SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMNT) IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ASMINISTRATION In Gujarat Technological University UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Name and Designation Submitted by (STUDENT NAME) [Batch: 2010-12, Enrollment No.:2006 to 2012] MBA SEMESTER III/IV (SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMNT) MBA PROGRAMME Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University Ahmadabad March-2012 Students’ Declaration We, __________________________________, hereby declare that the report for global country report entitled “______________________________”in (Name of the country) is a result of our own work and our indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been duly acknowledged. Place : …….. (Signature) Date : (Name of Student) ------------------------------------------------------ Institute’s Certificate “Certified that this Global /Country Study and Report Titled “……………… ……………” is the bonafide work of Mr./ Ms……… …………………….. (Enrollment No………..), who carried out the research under my supervision. I also certify further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate. Signature...
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...UNDERSTANDING NATURAL GAS MARKETS Table of Contents PREVIEW Overview ...................................................................... 2 The North American Natural Gas Marketplace ............... 4 Natural Gas Supply ....................................................... 8 Natural Gas Demand ................................................... 12 Natural Gas Exports .................................................... 15 How Natural Gas is Traded .......................................... 16 Conclusion: A New Era For U.S. Natural Gas Markets ... 20 Glossary ..................................................................... 20 References ................................................................. 23 Understanding Natural Gas Markets Overview Natural Gas is an Important Source of Energy for the United States. Natural gas is an attractive fuel because it is clean burning and efficient, and ample supplies of natural gas are available from domestic resources. Recently, natural gas production in the U.S. has increased substantially due to technological advancements in natural gas extraction methods. This increased production has displaced traditional supply sources and resulted in reduced prices for natural gas consumers. The prospect of ample natural gas supplies, continued low prices, and the favorable environmental and economic position of natural gas-fired electric generation plants are leading to expectations of growing U.S. demand for natural gas, especially...
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