...responsibility falls into four general areas: conducting the nation’s monetary policy; supervising, regulating and other soundness of the country’s financial system; maintaining the stability of the financial system and providing certain financial services to the U.S. government, U.S. financial institutions, and foreign official institutions. The Federal Reserve can use the following tools to influence the money supply: Open Market Operations, The Required-Reserve Ratio and Discount Rate. The Federal Reserve uses Open Market Operations as its primary tool to influence the supply of bank reserves. This tool consists of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments, usually securities issued by the U.S. Treasury, Federal agencies and government-sponsored enterprises. Using Open Market Operations, Federal Reserve can affect the money supply by buying or selling the U.S. government securities. When the Federal Reserve purchases a government security from the public, it does so with money that did not exist in the system. Therefore making the bank reserve rise and increasing the money supply. The Required-Reserved Ratio specifies the amount banks must hold as reserves on all deposits and limits the amount that banks may lend out. If the Federal Reserve increases the reserve ratio, the deposit and money multiplier will be smaller, thereby further limiting...
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...expanding literature on ‘failure’ in international investment. The work on the disinvest decision in all its forms has been critical to a re-conceptualization of the international investment process as dynamic rather than static, linear and inexorable. An important segment of the work on investment and disinvestment as dynamic processes focuses on the environment in which investment and disinvestment decisions evolve. While the environment of the host country market has begun to be examined, the market environment of the country in which the retail transnational corporation (TNC) originates also affects the international disinvestment process. To explore this ‘home country effect’, I examine the resources Wal-Mart brought into the German market and their ability to use those resources in the German context. WalMart’s resources were shaped by the market governance regime in which the firm evolved, and not insignificantly, over which it had and has influence. Within this theoretical frame, Wal-Mart’s reliance on the resources of network dominance and autonomous action that made for its success in the USA contributed to unsuccessful strategies in the German retailing market. Keywords: lean retailing, Wal-Mart, Germany, corporate governance, globalization JEL classifications: D8, F23, L5, L81, P48 Date submitted: 3 December 2006 Date accepted: 3 March 2007 In July 2006, Wal-Mart Corporation announced that it would sell its holdings in Germany and end its 8-year effort...
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...4th Quarter 2010 | 25(4) THEME OVERVIEW: FUNDAMENTAL FORCES AFFECTING AGRIBUSINESS INDUSTRIES Kent Olson and Mike Boehlje JEL Classifications: Q13, L10, L22, M22, L80 Keywords: Agribusiness, Market Forces, Structural Change, Porter’s Five Forces Agribusiness industries are facing numerous challenges and opportunities resulting from various fundamental forces. An understanding of the forces that are shaping and shifting the competitive landscape is useful to not only understand the strategic positioning decisions of the firms in these industries, but also the dramatic structural changes that are occurring in the food production, processing and distribution sector. This series of articles discusses the fundamental forces creating change in the agribusiness industries, and how companies and decision-makers are being affected by, and adapting to, changes in these forces. We frame this discussion using the analytical concepts of value chains and Porter’s Five Forces. We describe the agribusiness value chain as two chains which become one at the consumer end (Figure 1). One value chain follows plants and plant products, and another chain follows animals and animal products. These two chains blend into one chain at the processing and retailing stages of the chain. We also view the value chain rather simply as four stages: (1) input suppliers; (2) producers; (3) processors and handlers; and (4) retailers. While the value chain could be viewed as specific for different products...
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...shift in demand of Jots products. According to what mentioned in TIE “The success of the toy sector is dependent on satisfying customer needs. As children’s wishes for toys change rapidly, the industry needs to constantly introduce new products to meet these changing desires. The toy industry invests heavily in market analysis, R&D and the protection of intellectual property. The toy industry is one of the most dynamic business sectors in Europe: approximately 60% of toys on the market each year are newly developed products. In 2011, more than 90% of toy companies operating in Europe put new products on the market. This compares to less than 40% in other industry sectors”. The current trend in toy sales is towards electronic toys and computer assisted learning, electronic toys and merchandise from popular films and TV programmes have seen reasonable growth. As level of sales depend on how customers will perceive the products the company`s level of sales will be negatively affected if it unsuccessfully anticipated those preferences. As result Jot will end up with underproduction of highly demanded toys and the overproduction of toys that do not complement with consumer play preferences. However, fashion trends are difficult to predict and toy retailers can be left with large volumes of unsold inventories if the toys are unpopular or less in demand than originally anticipated. Short term profit depends on the licensing arrangement of merchandise from film and T.V programmes...
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...Assessment SM0269 Global & International Business Context Nurhuda Binte Md Yassin Student ID: 12034616 Word count: 3,189 words INTRODUCTION This report aims at facilitating the company’s decision-making process concerning the consideration of expanding its international operations in food retailing to South Africa. The overall competitiveness and investment attractiveness will be based on the extended version of Porter’s National Diamond and supplemented with key management issues of South Africa food retail industry, to which the company can tailor its strategy. The analysis recommendations will be made, that need to be considered by the company before deciding in opening its operations in South African food retail industry. Brief Summary of South Africa Food Retail Industry |South Africa, a growing retail market with a population of around 49 million people, possesses a modern infrastructure supporting relatively | |efficient distribution of goods to urban centres, townships and rural areas throughout South Africa and Southern Africa (Ntloedibe, 2010). South | |Africa have been identified among the ten new markets most likely to appeal to multinational store groups, along with four other African countries -| |Algeria, Kenya, Morocco and Nigeria (Ventures Africa, 2012). | | ...
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...requirements for the award of the Degree of MASTERS IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Submitted by: ANUJA BHEKANE MBA (ENTREPRENEURSHIP) Roll No.10117 Research Guide: Dr. Rashmi Gopinathan Department of Business Management Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai PENETRATING FOR THIS THE FIRST STAGE OF RETAIL OUTLET DECLARATION I hereby declare that the dissertation “Choosing a retail outlet in Andheri west for all types of gender’s wear in andheri west and all factor to be taken into consideration for the retail outlet to make a successful for all age” submitted for the MBA Degree at Padmashree Dr. D.Y.Patil University’s Department of Business Management is my original work and the dissertation has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, associate ship, fellowship or any other similar titles. Place: Mumbai Date: Signature of the Student CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Choosing a retail outlet in Andheri west for all types of gender’s wear in andheri west and all types factor to taken into consideration for the retail outlet to make a successful for all age”is the bona fide research work carried out by Ms. Anuja Bhekane student of MBA, at Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University’s Department of Business Management during the year 2010 - 2012, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master in Business Management and that...
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...table of contents Introduction 2 competitive advantage 1.0 2 human resources 2.0 4 technological progress 3.0 5 corporate social responsibility 4.0 6 conclusion 7 introduction| Globalisation in the last decades has attracted much attention and these days the pace and scale associated with the rapid emergence of global value chains as production processes is without precedent. Today more than ever, companies have more options in regards to where and how they produce their products, which target markets and consumers they should approach and how they should communicate with both their suppliers and buyers. Trade liberalization and more open economic policies have facilitated international economic integration and combined with technical advances (mainly in communications and transport) they lower costs and foster globalization further. Companies find the advantages of using various sites and source inputs globally thus becoming increasingly fragmented geographically and that was made possible by information and communication technology which allows the value chain to be sliced in various locations and help reduce costs. As information and communication technology enables the production of various services independent of location, globalization now involves more foreign investment and trade with many service activities becoming internationalized. The need to globalise value chains stems from a number of factors. The desire to become...
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...Chapter 9 Ethanol Policy and Ethanol Politics David S. Bullock28 The United States is currently passing through one of the most exciting and controversial periods of its energy history. With the US military caught up in armed conflict in the Middle East, and with global warming looming in the minds of many expert scientists as the world’s greatest environmental challenge, a common belief is that it is more important than ever that the US develop sensible and far-sighted energy policy. Politicians’ claims aside, the politics of energy policy are rarely about what is best “for the country.” When government sets energy policy, some people gain, and others may lose. The politics of energy policy, then, are not simply, or even generally, about how to make the nation as a whole better off. Rather, the politics of energy policy are very much about interested political groups struggling against one another. This type of “special interest” politics is nothing new, and not unique to energy policy. Nevertheless, it is widely held among average Americans that the political activities of special interest politics are often bad for the nation as a whole. Because public information is a democracy’s best weapon against harmful special-interest politics, in this chapter we hope to accomplish three goals: 1) to present an outline of the “nuts and bolts” of U.S. ethanol policy; 2) to use economic analysis to examine the effects of ethanol policy, presenting arguments to cut through much of the...
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...retailer J.C. Penney will be analyzed against the department store retail industry, with particular emphasis placed upon their competitors, Macy’s and Kohl’s. The major components to be discussed will include the general external environment (i.e. demographics, economics, politics, legal requirements, technologies and global expansion), the industry environment, the competitive environment, the driving forces and the key factors for success within the industry. In terms of the general external environment, the retail industry is a multi-trillion dollar business in the United States alone and maintains operations primarily due to consumer spending. Such purchases rely upon the disposable income of consumers and, as a result, the success of the retail industry is directly correlated to the economic status of the country. Due to the recent economic recession in the United States in 2008, customer confidence is not as high as it once was and, as a result, consumers are more price-sensitive in their retail purchases than they once were. As a result, retailers must be incredibly careful in their selection of product mix, their associated retail prices and the promotions they offer. Aside from price and pricing structure, another major component to consider in the retail industry is the domestic and global increase in the use of technology. Such shift in the availability and reliance upon technology has driven retail consumers to be more time sensitive but has also allowed them a greater...
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...Indian Furniture Retail Industry The Indian furniture retail market is one of the 14th largest furniture markets in the world due to the rising purchasing power of the Indian middle class population. This USD 8 billion industry has been growing at 30% compound annual growth rate. According to a Cushman and Wakefield report, the demand for residential spaces is forecasted to hit 4.25 million units while the demand for office spaces is expected to hit 400 million sq.ft. between 2010 and 2014 in India. Another major segment is contract furniture which is driven by the increasing hotel developments and tourism demand in the country. The Indian furniture retail market has been classified by CSIL Milano as one of the 14th largest furniture markets in the world due to the rising purchasing power of the more than 400 million middle class population. This USD 8 billion industry has been growing at 30% compound annual growth rate in just the organized sector which accounts for only 15% on the entire industry. According to a Cushman and Wakefield report, the demand for residential spaces is forecasted to hit 4.25 million units while the demand for office spaces is expected to hit 400 million sq.ft. between 2010 and 2014. Another major segment is contract furniture which is driven by the increasing hotel developments and tourism demand. All these factors, clubbed with the evolving consumer demographics and increase in spending on lifestyle products bodes very well for the Indian furniture...
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...Intensive situation of manufacturing industry in china China is the largest exporter and the second largest importer in the world. There became the largest manufacturing country in the world, overtaking the U.S. in 2010. This has raised debate that whether China has lost edge as world’s factory. In recent years, the average income in China has steadily gone up as China’s labor cost has grown by over 60 percent since 2009. However, Vietnam’s labor cost is 40 percent of that in China, while in Bangladesh and Myanmar labor costs are as little as one-fifth of China’s labor cost.9 Other factors are also contributing to foreign manufacturers’ profit decline in China, such as: the appreciation of the Renminbi, variability of various local tax rates, stricter regulations on environment protection, as well as government’s policies towards a more service-based economy. In addition to cheaper labor cost, some Southeast Asian countries have put more effort into attracting foreign investment, such as lowering or exempting import tariffs on equipment required by manufacturing activities. However, unsettled political situations, undeveloped infrastructure, unskilled workers, incomplete industry chain systems, and a smaller domestic market in the Southeast Asian countries remain the biggest concerns for foreign investors. Throughout the years, China is still remains competitive manufacturing base while some foreign manufacturers moved out and relocated to Southeast Asia. Many foreign manufacturers...
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...A strategic Analysis The Burberry Company (Burberry Group plc); Women’s Wear Strategic Business Unit Word Count: 2,919. Executive summary This paper offers a strategic outlook of the Burberry group plc (Burberry) company, a major manufacturer and distributor in the UK dealing with luxury clothing and other fashion accessories. The analysis unmasks the strategy behind the company being a pacesetter in the fashion industry especially since commencing online distribution in the UK in 2006. To achieve this, the paper applies the strategic analysis through; PESTEL analysis, SWOT analysis, value chain analysis, Porter’s three generic strategies and five forces of the market. The company has for centuries cemented its activities and most recently it took direct control of distribution of its products by offering licenses to distributors. On analysis of the UK’s fashion industry, various factors emerge as propagating the success of the company. Majorly the success is pinched on; a stable political environment in the United Kingdom, a fresh pool of design talents available to recruit from and favorable government policies regarding the domestic industries. However there are factors such as fierce competition from within the economy, government tax policies on retailers and loss of designer talents to other countries due to fiscal policies that threat to cripple the fashion industry. Additionally, despite the firm being among the trend setter in women’s wear, the women’s fashion...
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...Introduction: In economics, inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and srvices in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The difference between inflation and a change in price of a particular good or service is that inflation reflects a general and overall increase in price across the whole economy In general, Inflation is caused by some combination of four factors. Those four factors are: Supply goes up or Supply of goods and services goes down or Demand for money goes down or Demand for goods and service goes up Inflation affects an economy in various ways, both positive and negative. Negative effects of inflation include an increase in the opportunity cost of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage investment and savings, and if inflation were rapid enough, shortages of goods as consumers begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Inflation also has positive effects: * Fundamentally, inflation gives everyone an incentive to spend and invest, because if they don't, their money will be worth less in the future. This increase in spending and investment can benefit the economy. However it may also lead to sub-optimal use of resources...
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...to Prof. K. E. Boulding, "Micro Economics is the study of particular firm, particular household, individual prices, wages, incomes, individual industries and particular commodities." Subject Matter or Scope of Microeconomics Micro Economics is concerned with the following topics :- 1. Commodity Pricing: Prices of individual commodities are determined by market forces of demand and supply. So micro economics makes demand analysis (individual consumer behaviour) and supply analysis (individual producer behaviour). 2. Factor Pricing: Land, labour, capital and entrepreneur, all factors contribute in production process. So they get rewards in the form of rent, wages, interest and profit respectively. Micro economics deals with determination of such rewards i.e. factor prices. So micro economics is also called as 'Price Theory' or 'Value Theory'. 3. Welfare Theory: Micro economics deals with optimum allocation of available resources and maximisation of social welfare. It provides answers for 'What to produce?', 'When to produce?', 'How to produce?' and 'For whom it is to be produced?'. In short, Micro economics guides for utilizing scarce resources of...
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... The Influence of Micro and Macro Environment Components on Trade Companies in Romania Authors: Elena Pîndiche, The Christian University Dimitrie Cantemir of Bucharest, Romania; Roxana Ionita, Lecturer, The Christian University Dimitrie Cantemir of Bucharest, Romania This paper deals with the impact of micro and macro environment components on trade companies in Romania. Trade companies organize and operate under specific environmental conditions impact or both. In the activity of any companies the environment plays a key role in defining its strategies in seizing and using opportunities of development, being practically the support in achieving the objectives of growth, profitability or just survival. Trade companies should have the best possible perception of the components on each macro, because some of them are heavily dependent than others. Dealing with environmental factors allow detection trading company strengths and weaknesses, and to measure responsiveness and anticipation. Keywords: micro environment; macro environment; company Introduction Trading company designs and operates under specific environmental conditions impact or both. The external environment of the firm identifies two major components: the microenvironment - the firm has direct links, reciprocal often imposed by the need to achieve its object and macro environment - the firm has indirect relationships in most cases only company suffering its influence. The...
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