Assignment 3
Unit 9:
5. Procedure:
- Several pairings of NS (lining up to take the free kick) and US (embarrassingly missing).
- US (embarrassingly missing) leads to the UR (feelings of anxiety) Result: - CS (lining up to take a free kick) leads to the CR (anxiety of missing)

8. i) Recognize and change negative thinking: one way to reduce stress caused by thinking negatively about an event is to change the way you think about an event – also known as cognitive reappraisal. Example: a soccer player who has the task of scoring the penalty shot to save their teams’ tournament hopes might think to him or herself “if I miss this shot, my team will lose the tournament”. The player could reappraise the situation by thinking “I am able to score this shot. This is a penalty shot, just like all of the others I have scored during practice. I just need to do what I always do”. ii) Structure the environment to “tune out” and prompt relaxing thoughts: although we encourage athletes not to think about negative outcomes just before or during a contest, it may be easier said than done. Sometimes an effective strategy is to help the athlete find ways to “take their mind off the game”. Doing so gives them a mental break. Example: soccer players who need to be fully focused during the 90 minute game will often joke around or meditate during half time in order to get their mind off the game and “freshen up” their minds for the second half.

10. Five guidelines to eliminate negative thoughts that cause tenseness just before performing:
i) Recognize and change negative thinking ii) Structure the environment to “tune out” and prompt relaxing thoughts iii) Controlled breathing: centering iv) Maintain a sense of humour v) Progressive muscle relaxation 11. Four strategies for changing the body’s reaction to stressful events:
i)