...Memory, broadly speaking, refers to our ability to retain information. There are various types of memories that a person uses to retain information of his/her interest. Some on permanent basis and rest is on temporary basis. Long term memory which is also a knowledge base of the user stores the information on permanent basis whereas short term memory (STM) allows the person to retain items for a short period of time. As per the research, a typical adult’s memory span is approximately 7 (between 5 and 9) unrelated items, called chunks (Miller, 1956). A person can retain this information in the short term memory for about 18 seconds without paying attention to it. After this period, information can be lost or replaced with new incoming information in the short term memory. Whenever user want to interact with the world using the information from the short term and long term memory, a third type of memory i.e. working memory (WM) comes into picture which helps us make decisions, and remember and retrieve facts. Since user actively use these memories while interacting with the computer systems, a designer have to carefully consider their respective limitations while developing the interface for optimal performance. User satisfaction is one of the key aspects that measures the success and popularity of a computer system or website. One important factor that contributes to user satisfaction is the response time of the system. Response time is generally measured as the number of seconds...
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...who felt that Atkinson and Schifrin’s multi store model, was too simplistic, therefore the working memory model acted as an alternative, unlike the multi store model the working memory model presents short term memory stores because it focuses on the short term memory. The term working memory is used by Baddeley and Hitch to refer to the part of the memory that is active, for example calculating sums or reading a sentence all of which are collecting data to be stored. There are three parts main of the original working memory model: the central executive, phonological loop, visual spatial sketch pad and the later added episodic buffer. The central executive controls attention and draws on the other the other two systems also known as slave systems. The central executive only has a limited capacity, which is supported by the dual task technique. This is when an individual struggles to do tasks that require the same component – this is because they are competing for the central executive’s capacity. There is evidence to suggest that there may be more than one component of the central executive, for example Eslinger and Damasio study. Their findings were that a patient, who had recently had a brain tumour removed, performed well on tasks that required reasoning, but not on decision making tasks. The two slave systems in the working memory model have similarities – this is because both the visual spatial sketchpad and the phonological loop both deal with different kinds of sensory...
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...looks at how our personality affects the way we perceive information, and finally provide some examples of interesting and complex pictures to perceive (a true example of information processing). (You should have done the Common Sense demo and determined your MBTI four letters before you view this slide presentation.) Slide 2 Text: According to Wickens, 1984, information processing begins when a stimuli hits one or many of our five senses. Once that stimuli is sensed, our long-term memory determines if this stimuli is something experienced before (like the smell of a lemon) or is a new sensation. If it is a new sensation, then it is put into short term memory (often referred to as working memory) until a decision and response is selected (is this a good or bad sensation). Once a response is made (that is very cold or hot!), we receive feedback from our senses on whether the initial response was correct or another decision or response is required based on the feedback from our first decision. Let’s use as an example, looking at someone showing their hand with the fingers in a fist and the thumb pointing up. Most of us would interpret that signal as an “alright or good deal” signal. However, in Australia a thumbs up motion means “Up yours” and in Germany it means “the number one” and in Japan it means “the number five” and in Saudi Arabia it means “I’m winning” and finally in Malaysia it means “the way you point instead of using the finger”. Now that your memory is...
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...Older Adults and Behavior Change Many older adults are aware of changes in their ability to remember new information, and most are not comfortable with that loss. Because older adults experience changes in cognition, specifically short-term memory, this would have to be a crucial consideration to teaching any training program. For example, if the training consists of six hour-long classes, once per week, after a week has passed, some amount of the training will have been lost. Aguilera, Dailey, & Perez (2008) suggest creating a shame-free environment for learning. Additionally, Green and Bavelier (2008) found older individuals have a difficult time transferring knowledge learned in one specific task to other similar tasks. For example, an individual may be taught to navigate a computer in a class, but when they go home, they may not be able to transfer and apply the knowledge to their computer. I am partial to Huang, Chen, Wu, Chen and Lin's (2002) idea to utilize short-term classes and long-term, in-home instruction. Huang et al., (2002) found the combination of home-based instruction over the long-term and short-term class instruction supports durable change, at least in health maintenance behaviors. For computer-related learning, a home-based class might be helpful, especially combined with classes. This might be easily accomplished with programs such as Team Viewer which allows an individual to manipulate a computer in a different location. I use this with my 84-year-old...
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...memory down into simple structures. The mysterious power of our mind to store images, words and sounds, was reduced into several components. All of these components were then thought to interact through simple processes. Simplifying memory in this way was a necessary step in developing our understanding of how memory functions. From this structured view of memory, two important models of memory were developed: the Multi-store Model and the Working-Memory Model. Section 1: Multi-store model of memory Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) Do you think you have a good memory? What is your earliest memory? The multi-store model is a structural model which states that memory is made up of 3 distinct, separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Each of the stores can be analysed based on three factors: 1) Capacity: how much information can be stored 2) Duration: the amount of time the information can be stored 3) Encoding: how the information is represented by the memory system Sensory memory The first store in the multi-store model is the sensory memory store. This store provides an account of the environment as experienced by our senses. A copy of the stimulus is kept here until we determine whether it should be processed further. Capacity Sensory memory holds sensory information. Individual images and sounds are stored here in an unprocessed (raw) form. Encoding Visual images received into the sensory memory store are stored in the form of...
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...memory, long term memory, and short term memory. The sensory memory is that part of the mental processing unit that receives all information and then stores it temporarily or permanently. Sensory memory processes incoming sensory information for very brief periods of time, usually on the order of 1/2 to 3 seconds. (Schraw, 2003-2009).The amount of information held at any given moment in sensory memory is limited to five to seven discrete elements such as letters of the alphabet or pictures of human faces. (Schraw, 2003-2009). The sensory preceptors of a human being function in the same way as the hardware of a computer does, and the mindset and the rules and strategies adopted by the person while learning is equivalent to the software used by computers. The main purpose of sensory memory is to screen incoming stimuli and process only those stimuli that are most relevant at the present time. The information processing system of a person can be enhanced if these preceptors and rules are altered. (Schraw, 2003-2009). Short term memory is that part of the sensory register where the information is stored temporarily. Once the decision has been made regarding the information, the information will either be discarded or transferred to the long term memory. Short term memory has a fairly limited capacity; it can hold about seven items for no more than 20 or 30 seconds at a time. You may be able to increase this capacity somewhat by using various memory strategies. Long term memory is the...
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...PGA Player Introduction: Chuck contacted a sport psychologist at the end of May, approximately halfway through the year. At that time he was about 90-100 on the money list and had made about $65,000. Chuck indicated that he had an inability to concentrate on the course. He was very indecisive about club selection. He was also very intropunitive (self blaming), demanding, and negative self-talking. Intervention: The sport psychologist traveled to Chuck's home and spent 2 days with him. He utilized a paper and pencil "Golfing Profile" form to gather some intake information. This inventory proved very useful. They talked for 2-3 hours, went to the course and hit balls, played 9 holes and met again the next day with his wife, also a very good golfer. It was determined that Chuck's concentration problem was due to high internal overload; that is, he was thinking too much on the course. Chuck was able to hit shot after shot where he wanted the ball to go. Yet, he was always overly critical of the result. Nideffer's Model of Attentional Control was utilized to explain to him where his attentional difficulties occurred. SCORE was utilized as a way to go over his pre-shot routine, S (Scan),C(Contemplate), 0 (Overall feeling), R (Ritual), and E (Execute). It was decided that Chuck would cut down the amount of time in the scan and contemplate areas and to concentrate on the feel, ritual and execute stages. The plan was to eliminate or cut down the time for second...
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...or any television on the non-cable channels. My family pushed the importance of reading books, and figuring out the message in everything I read. Television and media is making us lazy. We rely too much on electronics to do the work for us. Television requires very little brain activity, which is why when we watch it, we tend to zone out, or easily forget what was just said. When watching television we only tap into the emotional side of our brain, and never think logically. Everything we learn from television goes into our short-term memory, but when we use traditional curriculum, we have to think and comprehend everything, which goes into our long-term memory. For me personally, I am a much better learner when I have to read and comprehend something on my own. To summarize, people are becoming more dependent on electronics. If we start to think on our own, without the help of the media, we will become better cognitive thinkers and make our own decisions. We were created to think, therefore, if we eliminate a little more television and add more reading in our lives, our society would become more...
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...conception until our present condition, we possess a certain characteristics which can only be found in ourselves. It is a unique way to see that everyone can speak in different way and act in different manner. We perceive different things in accordance with what our sensation sense. We can see, hear, smell, taste, and feel a stimulus and tend to bring that information in the brain for our own interpretation. After reaching it to the brain, the person produces reactions whether it is acceptable or not on particular setting. If it is unanimously acceptable to all, it doesn’t mean that we all have the same way of thinking or in a state of group mind. Every individual can still showcase another different facial expression after they come up to a decision. This is why individual differences are obviously seen to all individual. One of the basic parts of the body that can be the medium for accepting information towards our environment are eyes. It plays a vital role in encoding all perceived stimuli to our brain. From the part of the retina which is rods and cones, the information is relay to the ganglion cells and transmitted to the optic nerve until it reached to the occipital lobe. This is one part of the brain that responsible for the process of visual information. Stimulus that reached to the brain can either be remembered or not. Memory has the ability to hold such facts and events most especially if it is useful. It undergoes some cognitive processes such as encoding, storing and...
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...memory model The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley & Hitch as an alternative to the multi-store model of memory. It has been developed to directly challenge the concept of a single unitary store for short-term memory. It is divided into four components, being the central executive, phonological loop ( which includes the two sub components , auditory and articiulatory store) episodic buffer and the visuo spatial sketch pad. The most important component is the central executive; it is involved in problem solving/decision-making. It also controls attention and plays a major role in planning and synthesizing information. It is flexible and can process information from any modality which makes it modality free, although it does have a limited storage capacity and so can attend to a limited number if things at one time. Lastly the CE is responsible for monitoring the slave systems ( the other components) and directing which slave system to send information to. Another component of the working memory model is the phonological loop, it stores a limited number of speech-based sounds for brief periods. It is thought to consist of two components - the auditory store (inner ear)which is modality specific as it receives it’s inputs from the ear and long term memory, it allows acoustically coded items to be stored for a brief period. The articulatory store (the inner voice) allows repetition of the material stored in the phonological store. This slave system is also modality...
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...or any television on the non-cable channels. My family pushed the importance of reading books, and figuring out the message in everything I read. Television and media is making us lazy. We rely too much on electronics to do the work for us. Television requires very little brain activity, which is why when we watch it, we tend to zone out, or easily forget what was just said. When watching television we only tap into the emotional side of our brain, and never think logically. Everything we learn from television goes into our short-term memory, but when we use traditional curriculum, we have to think and comprehend everything, which goes into our long-term memory. For me personally, I am a much better learner when I have to read and comprehend something on my own. To summarize, people are becoming more dependent on electronics. If we start to think on our own, without the help of the media, we will become better cognitive thinkers and make our own decisions. We were created to think, therefore, if we eliminate a little more television and add more reading in our lives, our society would become more...
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...[pic] Away From Her Unit Assignment I. Summary of Movie A. Give a summary of the plot and characters and the story that unfolds in this movie. Give a detailed description of the main characters’ personalities, culture, socioeconomic and historical contexts, their relationships, set the stage of “who they are’ when the movie begins, and then tell the story of what happens over the course of the film. Away from Her is a motion picture designed to depict a realistic story of the challenges individuals must face when a family member is diagnosed and is experiencing the effects of Alzheimer's disease. The onset of the film describes the lives of Fiona and Grant Anderson, who had been married for over forty-four years. They lived in Fiona's grandparent's home in Ontario for most of their marriage, and shared similar interests in their hobby's and lifestyle. The movie progresses by depicting their routine ski trekking on a frozen lake and casual readings together. The purpose of depicting aspects of their everyday life was to enhance the sharp contrast in Fiona's behaviors as her Alzheimer's progressed. At first, Grant believed that her moments of forgetfulness were just that, but the occurrences became more drastic over time. The turning point that clearly demonstrated Fiona's Alzheimer development was her wandering across the forest in the freezing cold, where Grant had to drive around town to find her looking at the sights over a bridge far from...
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...Philosophical Perspectives in Education Educational Philosophies Within the epistemological frame that focuses on the nature of knowledge and how we come to know, there are four major educational philosophies, each related to one or more of the general or world philosophies just discussed. These educational philosophical approaches are currently used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism. These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT we should teach the curriculum aspect. Perennialism For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential for solving problems in any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are constant, not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not change. Teaching these unchanging principles is critical. Humans are rational beings, and their minds need to be developed. Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing students' growth in enduring disciplines. The loftiest accomplishments of humankind are emphasized– the great works of literature and art, the laws or principles of science. Advocates of this educational philosophy are Robert Maynard Hutchins who developed a Great Books...
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...Observation Samantha Evans EC310 June 21, 2015 Barbara Sheats Observation Tuesday, June 16, 2015 Tricia’s Sunflowers, Perry, UT (In-Home Daycare) 9:30 – 11am In this observation, I will refer to the child with a hearing impairment as B. When I first stepped into the room where the child with the hearing impairment was, I immediately noticed a few things around the room that were put there specifically for her. There were flashing lights right next to a clock and there were pictures of ASL signs next to written signs in the room. Right away, I could tell the teacher in this room really took the time to see what she could do to assist in communication. This room has six children, all between the ages of 3-5, and B is the only child who has a hearing deficiency. B wears a hearing device, a cochlear implant, to help her hear better and understand the other children. Although she is encouraged to keep the device on at all times during school, aside from nap time, B will take off her device if she is upset, needs quiet time, or is not feeling well. I arrived just as the children are beginning their morning group session. The teacher in this classroom, Ms. Tricia, knows ASL because she taught her children ASL when they were babies and toddlers to assist in communication. During morning group, as the teacher is talking, she is also signing to B who is sitting in the front and center of the group. It is interesting and heartwarming to see the other five children...
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...PSYCHOLOGY AQA A – UNIT 1 Attachment is an emotional bond between two people, it is a 2 way process that endures over time, serving the function of protecting the infant and leading to certain behaviours (seeking proximity, distress on separation, pleasure on reunion and general orientation of behaviour) There is a Primary attachment figure (PAF) EXPLANATIONS OF ATTACHMENT: LEARNING THEORY Learnt rather than inborn Classical: Association Proposes that food (UCS) naturally produces a feeling of pleasure (UCR). The feeder (NS) becomes associated with the food (UCS) when the infant is fed. The mother eventually produces the sense of pleasure associated with the food. Pleasure is now a Conditioned Response which causes attachment Operant: Reinforcement (DOLLARD AND MILLER 1950) When an infant if hungry, they feel uncomfortable and I drive is produced to reduce this discomfort. When the infant in fed, the drive is reduced and this produces a feeling of pleasure. The infant learns that the food is rewarding (Primary Reinforcer) and begins to recognise the person that provided the food (Secondary reinforcer). Attachment occurs because the infants seeks to be around the person that supplied the award. Evaluating learning theory Research by Harlow (1959) suggests attachment may not totally based upon the provision of food. Harlow removed baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers, and placed them into a cage. In the cage there were 2 wire mesh cylinders. One covered in towelling...
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