...The Short-term Memory is known as the memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used. We also can say that it is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. This memory system goes through the process of selective attention, which is the ability to focus on one stimulus from among all sensory input. Is known that some memory theorists use the term working memory as a synonym of short-term memory. This is not entirely correct, because in one hand short-term memory has been though as a place into where information is put. In the other hand we have that Working Memory is though as an active system that processes the information present in short-term memory. Digit Span Test is a memory test in which a series of number are shown to subjects, who are then asked to recall the numbers in order. I am going to show you a video where we can see how the digit span test works. Chunking is known as the process of recoding or reorganizing the information, Which is one way to held more information in short-term memory, by combining this information into meaningful units or chunks. Lets say we have a sequence of 10 numbers, one way to chunk is seeing this sequence as a phone number, so instead of having 10 separate bits, there would be only three chunks. Maintenance Rehearsal is one way of remembering information by repeating it over and over in order to maintain it in the short-term memory. The duration of the Short-...
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...Short-term Memory Name: Institution: Short Term Memory Part 1: Early studies suggested that a cognitive task is correlated with working memory because (and only when) the processing portion of both tasks is similar. Review the evidence for and against this assumption The working memory describes a comprehensive system that is tasked with holding and processing incoming and already warehoused information (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). The importance of the working memory in cognition, conception, edification, and memory update cannot be ignored (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). Additionally, the working memory is responsible for the manipulation of both visual and verbal information and acts as a coordinate for the subsystems. This explains the correlation between the cognitive part and the working memory (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). Essentially, the cognitive parts are involved in ensuring the control of the working memory permitting the integration and retrieval of necessary data and information. The working memory is related to cognitive growth, however, this tend to decrease as a person grows older (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). The relationship between the working memory and processing is that both aims at executing and storing information. As an illustration, when an individual is reading a particular passage, the storage of various components of comprehension (pragmatic, semantic and syntactic) takes place (Daneman, & Carpenter, 1980). Such information can...
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...5 Short-term Decision Making 5.1 Introduction and objectives Previous chapters have focused on the nature of costs and how they behave in relation to changes in activity and over time. The nature of costs is an important factor to consider in decision making. Types of decisions are usually split into short and long-term. Chapter 14 (Capital Investment Appraisal) considers the longer-term decision-making process, whilst this chapter focuses on the short-term. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Understand costs that are relevant to the decision-making process in different circumstances Demonstrate working knowledge of typical short-term decisions managers have to make and how financial data can support these decisions Recognise the issues of managing scarce recourses in decision making; and Appreciate the implications of outsourcing in a business context. 5.2 Relevant costs in decision making Relevant costing is a management accounting term and relates to focusing on only the costs relevant to a specific decision being made. It simplifies the decision-making process as it ignores cost data that is ‘irrelevant’, or will not have an impact on the specific decision being made. When making a particular decision-relevant costs are those that may change, depending on the decision taken. Relevant costing is often used in short-term decision making and a number of specific practical examples are illustrated later in this chapter. A typical decision...
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...CHAPTER: SHORT TERM FINANCING Topics to be Covered: 1. Meaning and nature of short-term financing. 2. Sources of Short Term Financing. 3. Advantages of Short-Term Financing. 4. Disadvantages of Short Term financing. 5. Purpose of Short-Term Financing. 6. “Ideal Concept” of Short-Term Financing. 7. What is Trade Credit? 8. Reasons for the use of Trade Credit. 9. Factors determining the amount of Trade Credit used 10. Cost of Trade Credit 11. Who bears the cost of Trade Credit? 12. What is Bank Credit? 13. Distinction between Bank Credit and Short Term credit. 14. Characteristics of Short Term financing Meaning and nature of short-term financing: Short Term financing is that from of financing which embraces borrowing or lending of funds for a short period of time. It refers to the finance obtained on short term basis, usually one year or less in duration. Short term finance is secured for financing the current assets, for example, inventories. Short term finance is also known as working capital which is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Current liabilities become due within one year and indicate the amount of short-term credit being utilized by the business. Practically all enterprises use the short-term credit as sources of finance. We find in the balance sheets of almost all the companies some kinds of current liabilities which are the indicator of...
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...Executive Summary The corporate level strategy of Dish Network is to horizontally integrate. It acquired Blockbuster and tries to maintain this studio right. Also, it purchased additional wireless licensures to implement this strategy. The business level option of Dish Network is to integrate Dish products into Blockbuster stores. In the long run, Dish Network should try to work on retaining the current customers and gain more customers as well. At the same time, it will build a good reputation to be competitive in today's television market. The ultimately purpose of any commercial organization is to maximize profit, but this should build upon being achieved these short-term objectives. Short-Term Objectives In the coming six months, Dish Network will develop the following short-term objectives: 1. Try to increase the market shares. According to the Dish Network annual report, the corporate has 13.967 million subscribers until December 31, 2011, which represent approximately 14% of pay-TV subscribers in the United States. In the first season this year, Dish has increased its customer group by 22,000. Therefore, Dish Network can keep trying to retain the existing customers and increase the potential customers to gain more market shares. With the current customer’s base, the corporate can set having 13.997 million subscribers as a goal, which means increase approximately 0.21% of the market shares in the second quarter. 2. Promote the Hopper DVR. Dish Network launched this...
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...Long-Term Short-Term Financing Gwen Florence University of Phoenix June 19, 2012 Long-Term Short-Term Financing Both new and established businesses will find it necessary to incur debts during the course of business operations. Financing may be sought for a multitude of reasons – like smoothing cash flow, purchasing equipment, or expanding operations. The choice between short- and long-term financing options should be determined based on each business’ individual needs. To make that determination, businesses also need to understand when each type of financing is appropriate. For financing needs over a period of a year or less, sort term financing can be used to inject capital into businesses (Ross, Thompson, Christensen, Westerfield, Jordan, 2001). Short term financing options include short-term loans, letters of credit, promissory notes, over drafting, and inventory loans. These options are often used by businesses to cover day-to-day costs like supplies, inventory orders, and wages. Due to the nature of their shifting demands, seasonal businesses in particular often use short term finance arrangements. An example of short-term financing is a company signing a short-term loan in order to purchase more inventories. Proceeds from sales of goods would be used to repay the loan. This is appropriate only if the capital required by the firm can be paid off within the loan’s timeframe. For financing needs over a longer...
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...Experiment 4 Short Term Memory I. Objective To determine the capacity and limits of short term memory. II. Definition Short term memory (STM) is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for about 10-20 seconds.In contrast, information stored in long term memory may last weeks,months or years. However, there is a way that you can maintain information in your short-term store indefinitely.Primarily, by engaging in rehearsal-the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information. Without rehearsal information in short-term memory is lost in 10-20 seconds.(Nairne,2003) III.Abstract The objective of the experiment is to measure the capacity and limits of short-term memory.The experimenter conducted the experiment on 5 participants.Each subject was exposed to each of the stimulus consisting of rows of meaningless syllables.The experimenter let the subjects read the first row of letters in the following list just once then close their eyes and remember the correct sequence.Same procedure was done for the next rows.The experimenter records the outcome of the experiment. IV. Introduction Without rehearsal, information in short term memory is lost in 10-20 seconds (Nairne,2003) The rapid loss was demonstrated in a study by Peterson and Peterson (1959).They measured how long undergraduates could remember three consonants if they couldn't rehearse them.To prevent rehearsal,the Petersons required the students...
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...Long-Term and Short-Term Financing FIN/200 November 19, 2010 David Stretton Long-Term and Short-Term Financing All business owners make profit but they also acquire debt in the process of making money. In order to make money as a business owner you have to spend money to be successful. So, in order for a business to stay afloat the business owners may decide to purchase big ticket items that they really do not have the on hand revenue for. In order for a business owner to purchase these items or even expand the business they must decide what type of financing they need to do so. Depending on the businesses needs they could either choose to go with long-term financing or short-term financing. If a business owner wants to finance something for a shorter period of time like one year or less, then it is best for them to go with short-term financing. Short-term financing really depends on what the business owner needs the loan for. The options for short-term financing could include a line of credit, a note, pledging receivables, or even factoring (Block, Hirt, Danielsen, 2009). One example of a business owner using short-term financing would be to purchase inventory for the next year. Long-term financing is done when a business owner needs a bigger amount of money and they want to pay it back in a longer period than just one year. The long-term financing options could be a term loan, preferred stock equity, or even a secured or unsecured loan (Block, Hirt, Danielsen...
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...A recent study at the University of Michigan suggests that attention and short-term memory processing are directly affected by a person's surroundings and environment. Two groups of individuals were tested on their attention and working memory performance, one group after a relaxed walk in a quiet park and the other group after navigating busy city streets. Those who had been walking the city streets scored far lower on the tests. ( 2 ). Memory is a very complex function that still to this day has not been fully understood. Short-term memory, also known as “working memory”, is the known as the ability to remember and process information at the same time. ( 2 ). Humans process the environment and its various stimuli on a conscious and unconscious level. Not every piece of information can be processed and therefore some information is ignored. The physiological aspects of memory are very complex but research has made progress in determining the various processes that occur in the brain. According to research, we can remember approximately 5 to 9 (7 +/- 2) bits of information in our short term memory at any given time (Miller, 1956) ( 3 ) This is very believable as most phone numbers in the United States are seven numbers, minus the area code. Yet, even as a sentence is read the beginning must be held in memory until the end in order to understand and make judgment and then take action. Neuroscientists often classify human memory into three types: declarative memory, such as...
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...Deciding when Short-term or Long-term Goals Drive a Decision Rickey Paradise GEN480 MAY 09, 2013 Professor Annie Debeljak University of Phoenix Deciding when Short-term or Long-term Goals Drive a Decision To determine the difference in short-term and long-term decisions one must understand that most decisions have both. As a planner and estimator making difficult decisions is a daily occurrence. The decisions made today effect the long-term decisions because the goal may change, such as making a schedule to complete a task. The long term estimated delivery of the product may be six months away. However, the short-term goals and decisions to achieve the goal effect the scheduled date because bottlenecks occur, such as retrieving the parts to complete the task on time. Personal goals have the same consequences. Planning his or her education is a one way to understand this concept. If an individual makes a decision to obtain his or her degree in two years the long-term goal is set. However, during the course of the year a tragedy occurs and the individual has to change the long-term goal because the short-term goals are affected. Critical thinking while setting the goal may have solved the problem. Allowing for inconvenient occurrences while setting the long-term goal helps to maintain the set schedule. Setting goals require making small steps to obtain the long-range goal. Monitoring the short-term goals is one way to achieve the long-term goal. According to Rosen L...
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...A frequent criticism of the management for publically-owned American companies is that they are too short term oriented, too focused on fast returns, and that this negatively impacts their long term capital budgeting. Can you suggest a company, or industry, where this appears to be true? Why? How? Do the recent problems at Toyota suggest that the problem is spreading to other countries? How do we keep an emphasis on the “long-term” from becoming an excuse for continued poor results is the “short-term?” One industry that seems to be concentrating on short term investments and fast returns, is the pharmaceutical industry. According to Lynn Stout a Cornell Law professor, she believes that “as companies have increasingly focused on their stock prices and given managers more shareholdings, they have inadvertently empowered hedge funds that push for short-term solutions” (LaMattina, 2012). Mergers have taken place over the last 10 years (Pfizer-Wyeth) and can have great short term payouts, they bring a reduction in redundancies and greater cash flow. However they can have disastrous outcomes, especially to research and development sections that are especially susceptible to disruptions like a merger. Over the last decade, budgets for R&D have been decreasing because these big pharma companies want to cut the expenses in order have a better bottom line, a short term fix. R&D budgets used to be 15-20% of the revenues, in 2012; Pfizer only spent 11% of their revenues on R&D (LaMattinna...
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...1. Short – term Educational Goal 2. Long –Term Educational Goal 3. Goal Development Analysis: a. What types of techniques did you use to set your education goals? I am using time management since that is going to be the biggest obstacle for me. Having a full time job, a family and home to take care of. Now I will have to fit school into my busy schedule. b. What kind of techniques will you use to manage your time so that you can achieve your goals? I will be making a schedule for everyday that I will be following to make sure that all my readings and assignments get turned in on time. I will also be doing most of my reading on the weekend to get ahead so I will not fall behind. c. What kind of techniques will you use to manage the stress that you encounter in achieving your goals? The first thing that I am going to do to manage stress will be to workout every morning before my day starts. I will also be scheduling down time for myself to relax for one hour every evening before I sit down to do assignments. ----------------------- Setting up schedule to fit school into my day Today: Make a schedule This week: Read ahead and get assignments done on time This month: Use what I am learning to fit into my daily life This year: Get awesome grades and not miss any school Get my bachelor degree in Business Management Today: Turn all assignments in on time and do all my readings This week: Follow schedule that...
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...(SM) and divided into his iconic memory and echoic memory. These two types have a duration of up to 4 seconds, and an unlimited capacity. The event, having significant impact, continued to be attended to, and hence was not lost from sensory memory, but entered his short-term memory (STM). The short-term memory has a capacity of 5 to 9 pieces of information (Grivas, 2007), which can occasionally reach 30 seconds in duration. Again, because of the significance of the event, Sgt. Jackson would have attended to the memory which allowed it to be passed into the long-term memory (LTM), specifically into his episodic declarative memory. The information, in Sgt....
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...5/30/2014 SSCI206 Unit 4 Individual Project Sensory, short-term and long-term memories are all a part of the first step in the human memory model. After the basic steps of memory function come the types of memory and how they’re used in retaining information. Encoding happens first in order to determine how information is remembered on each acquired basis. Once the information is encoded it is then stored and each memory can be in more than one place. When the memory or information is ready to be used it is then retrieved and brought to a conscious level. Next, “the retrieval process relies greatly on the encoding process and the cues or techniques used to get the material through the encoding process” (Introduction to psychology, 2011). Spacing out the repetition of information can help with the retrieval and storing of information. When a student considers cramming for a test, often times the material is not retained properly and forgotten by the time he is ready to use the information. Interference theory states that old or current information remains until new information comes into play. There are two types of interference theories retroactive and proactive interference. Retroactive interference is when new information interferes with the ability to retain older information and proactive interference is when the old information prohibits new information to retention (Introduction to psychology, 2011). Cramming...
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...model, short term memory has a limited capacity to hold information (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). The span of short term memory is said to be limited to about seven items (+2) (Miller, 1956 as cited in Terry, 2000). Short-term memory is also an active memory where we do our active memory processing (Lefrancois, 2000). For this reason, several researches have called the short term memory the working memory store (Gordon, 1989). Working memory is important for learning. However, it is extremely limited in both capacity and duration (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). When engaging in a learning task, the learner must make use of working memory capacity, and hence a load is placed upon that memory (Sweller, 2010). When the cognitive load exceeds the limit of working memory capacity, learning will be affected. Effective instructional methods that can support limited short term storage and limited working memory processes are being used in classroom to maximise the learning (Dehn, 2008). Thus, this essay will probe on the extent of teachers considering the limited processing capacity of students’ working memory in Malaysian English language classroom using multiple modality teaching aids, part whole approach and collaborative learning. Multiple...
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