...Effects of discrimination on patients and service users Effects: Marginalisation – If a person is discriminated against they may feel as though they are being pushed to the edge of society and being made to feel different. A Muslim patient in a hospital denied the opportunity to go to a prayer room. They may not be offered Halal food. Disempowered – To be deprived of power and made to feel weak and unimportant. An elderly woman with arthritis having people feed her and dress her when she can do it herself will start to feel worthless and she won’t have the power or the freedom to do things for herself. Low self-esteem – Beliefs about yourself as a human being will become negative and you will tend to focus on your weaknesses and mistakes. It may be hard to recognise the positives about yourself. You will blame yourself for any difficulties or failures that you have experienced. An emotional teenager being a target for bullying would result in that teenager having low self-esteem. Loss of self-identity – To feel like you now longer know who you are as a person, people around you have brought your feelings down to a level of which you just want to give up on life. So you may choose a life of crime or violence, affecting those around you as well as yourself because you are trying to fit in with those around you. Restricted opportunities – All types of discrimination may lead to a person not being able to use health and social provision and this can lead to poor life choices...
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...availability of substitute goods. Learning Objectives • Explain how a good's price elasticity of demand may be different in the short term than in the long term. • Relate the existence of close substitutes to a good's price elasticity of demand. ________________________________________ Key Points o A good with more close substitutes will likely have a higher elasticity. o The higher the percentage of a consumer's income used to pay for the product, the higher the elasticity tends to be. o For non-durable goods, the longer a price change holds, the higher the elasticity is likely to be. o The more necessary a good is, the lower the price elasticity of demand. ________________________________________ Term • Substitute Good A good that fulfills a consumer need in a way that is similar to another good. Register for FREE to remove ads and unlock more features! Learn more Full Text The price elasticity of demand (PED) is a measure of how much the quantity demanded changes with a change in price. The PED for a given good is determined by one or a combination of the following factors: • Availability of substitute goods: The more possible substitutes there are for a given good or service, the greater the elasticity. When several close substitutes are available, consumers can easily switch from one good to another even if there is only a small change in price . Conversely, if no substitutes are available, demand for a good is more likely to be inelastic. • Proportion of the...
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...distribution of computer CD’s and diskette storage systems which is believed to be the future of our business. These changes have sparked an interest in our management to overhaul the current financial policies. Therefore, this financial team was created and asked to help Bob Knight analyze three working capital policies: aggressive, conservative, and moderate. A decision must be made to determine which policy will be the most beneficial for the future of Office Mates. Each policy has its own unique pros and cons, and changes that come with estimating different economic outlooks. * Aggressive policy * Minimizing the amount of cash and inventories * Use only short-term debt * Would result in the smallest investment in net working capital * Minimize accounts receivables * Moderate policy * Falls between the aggressive and conservative policies * Conservative policy * Holding large amounts of cash and inventories * Use only long-term debt * Maximize accounts receivables After analyzing each policy and comparing them with the needs of Office Mates, it has been concluded that Office Mates should use the conservative policy. This will put Office Mates in the working capital structure with the highest ROE at the lowest risk. We also have come to the conclusion that with the potential change in short term interest rates, the conservative working capital structure will not be affected. Summary of Facts Office...
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...Examine the evidence used to investigate long, medium and short term climate change. (15 marks) We know climate change is happening because we have wetter/dryer and warmer changes in normal patterns and sea levels have rose. Climate change has three sections; long term, medium term and short term. The evidence used to investigate long term climate change is ice cores and pollen. Long term is up to 450,000 years and the evidence is averagely reliable. Ice cores are used by drilling deep into the ice sheets, ice sheets are made up of layers of ice – one layer is formed every year. They then analyse the gases trapped when the ice is formed to tell what the temperature was each year, they can now figure out how temperature has changed overtime. An example of this is a core has been extracted from the Antarctic ice sheet to a depth of 3000m and has been used to tell the temperature for the last 400,000 years. Secondly, the evidence used to investigate medium term climate change is tree rings and glaciers. Medium term is a couple of thousand years and the evidence is quite reliable. Tree rings are used because a new tree ring is formed every year and if conditions were good the tree ring produced will be thick. The thicker the tree ring the better the climate conditions. Tree rings can show and date climate conditions for up to 10,000 years. Finally, the evidence used for short term climate change is the Met Office. Short term can be up to a time period of 50 years and the evidence...
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...Economics Journal Determinants of short-term debt financing Richard H. Fosberg William Paterson University ABSTRACT In this study, it is shown that both theories put forward to explain the amount of shortterm debt financing that a firm employs have validity. The matching principle correctly predicts that the amount of short-term debt financing that a firm uses is directly related to the quantity of the firm’s current assets. Additionally, other factors that have been shown to affect the levels of long-term debt financing that a firm employs are also shown to affect the amount of short-term debt financing that a firm uses. Specifically, the amount of firm short-term debt financing is shown to be inversely related to the amount of the firm’s non-debt tax shields, growth opportunities, product uniqueness and firm size. Additionally, short-term debt financing was found to be directly related to the quantity of tangible assets the firm owns. Keywords: Debt, Capital Structure, Matching Principle, Collateral, Financing Determinants of short-term, Page 1 111008 – Research in Business and Economics Journal INTRODUCTION The matching principle of finance is the standard theory used to explain the amount of short-term debt financing and other current liabilities that a firm has on its balance sheet. Briefly, the theory states that firms should finance their short-term assets with short-term liabilities (Guin (2011)). This implies that the amount of short-term debt financing that a firm uses...
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...Change Model for XYZ, Inc. expansion MGT435: Organizational Change (BFL1407A) March 3, 2014 Change Model for XYZ, Inc. expansion As the executive for XYZ, Inc. in looking at the company’s decision to begin its first international expansion by opening a store in Shanghai, China; I propose that take a look at which change model would fit best with what we want to achieve. Choosing the best change model to is key to the success of the change whether it be short term such as this one or long term such as the one that XYZ, Inc. plans on taking on in about one years’ time. According to J.W. Weiss, “While change models, per se, do not provide the "one best way" or "the truth" of diagnosing organizations, they offer both theoretical and practical ways to understand complex situations. Burke (2008) offered five uses of organizational models: * First, models help reduce the complexity of thousands of things "going on" into manageable categories. * Second, models help point out aspects of organizational activities and dimensions that demand attention. * Third, models highlight the interconnectedness of organizational properties like culture, structure, and strategy. * Fourth, models provide a common language and vocabulary. * Fifth, models offer a sequence of actions that users can follow in particular change situations. Change models offer theoretical and practical ways to better understand complex situations. For the short term small scale change...
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...essential to life, but in the short term, nothing is more important than breathing, in that an absence creates the most immediate life threatening "crisis". Cash as Breath of a Business Anyone running a business should think of cash as breath. Cash, in a broad sense, means a positive bank account or the access to a credit line. Another way of thinking: "If I write a check, will the bank cash it"? The Role of Cash in a Business The Role of Cash in a Business Cash as Breath of a Business (Cont’d) Cash as Breath of a Business (Cont’d) When a business loses access to funds, suppliers stop shipping and workers stop showing up at work. Inevitably a creditor will take steps to put the firm in receivership, at which point the owners have legally lost the ability to operate the business. A company going into receivership is normally broken up: assets are sold, often at a steep discount, to recover funds to payoff creditors. The management of a business sometimes may be so focused on longerterm issues: (1) bringing a new product to market (2) working with an existing customer (3) attracting new investors They might lose sight of the short-term cash position of the company, and the company went into bankruptcy. One key purpose of cash flow analysis is to predict the cash position of a company into the future. A good management team should always have a sense of their current and future cash positions, to ensure that a short term need for cash does not ruin...
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...control the money flow through the policies in which is parallel to the political and economic preferences. Monetary policy can influence the economy regionally and globally. These actions affect prices, employment, growth, and other areas. Through these changes, monetary policy influences consumers and businesses willingness to spend. Goals of Monetary Policy Monetary policy goals are consistent with the policy of the Federal Reserve Act. The Federal Reserve through it’s Board of Governors and Federal Open Market Committee seek certain goals. These goals include stable prices, long-term interest rates, and maximum employment. Stable prices help sustain maximum growth and employment. Stable pricing in the long-term helps control goods, services, and materials from outside influences of inflation. Stable pricing encourages savings and businesses are encouraged to invest more. Stable pricing in the long-run can compromise stability on the short-run. Short-run effects can lessen price pressures, in which this can move to easing in policy. With restrain inflationary pressure could lead to aggravating inflation, this dilemma increases the debate for diffusing price pressure or cushions the change in employment. Changes could stimulate inflation in which price stability is difficult. Federal Reserve can help with financial stability and better economic performance. Complex financial systems can be disrupted through systemic disruptions. Federal...
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...company that does not have a plan for where it is headed or how to get there will eventually fail. A company must have a direction and plan to become successful. Strategic planning is different from long-range planning. In long range planning you are planning for where you project the company to be 5-10 years down the road....
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...considered the key challenges and opportunities facing the UK agriculture and horticulture industry through a PESTLE analysis. (Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legislative and Environmental). Given that the six commodity sectors we work with are affected by the factors listed below to varying extents, we provide a brief description of the impact in the short-term and long-term. This PESTLE analysis is a planning tool (at a single point in time) and occasionally significant changes can occur quickly which will result in changes to the activities of AHDB, even though the PESTLE has not been formally reviewed. 1 Impact Short-Term within 3 years Impact Long-Term 3-20 years Implication for meeting the objectives of AHDB Political “GREEN GOVERNMENT” Green Government/Climate Change Mitigation will seek reduction in GHG emissions The Coalition Government has stated it wishes to be the greenest Government ever. Government sees economic opportunity for the UK from the development of new markets for low emission products and services supported by investment in innovation. The 2008 Climate Change Act requires GHG emission reductions of 80% by 2050 and the UK Government and devolved administrations continue to review how this will be achieved and over what timescale. A Voluntary Action Plan (GHGAP) to achieve GHG...
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...Part 2 – Chapter 4 The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates Two ques3ons about interest rates of bonds ¤ Why bonds with the same maturity have different yields/ interest rates? => Risk structure of interest rates ¤ Why bonds with iden3fied characteris3cs have different yields/ interest rates? => Term structure of interest rates FIGURE 1 Long-‐Term Bond Yields, 1919– 2008 Sources: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Banking and Monetary Sta4s4cs, 1941–1970; Federal Reserve: www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h15/data.htm. Risk Structure of Interest Rates ¤ Bonds with the same maturity have different interest rates due to they have different characteris3cs of: ¤ Default risk ¤ Liquidity ¤ Tax considera3ons/ tax status ¤ Special provisions Default risk ¤ Default (credit) risk: probability that the issuer of the bond is unable or unwilling to make interest payments or pay...
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...system fairly they could easily commit it. The main goal of the new incentive plan is to improve the profitability of the firm and make the right decisions to keep the firm prosper over long-term. As the text describes, all PICs are inexperienced in their role of general managers, lack managerial skills, focus on short-term profits and have not made the psychological transition from a local firm to a local office of a national firm. In short, they are used to thinking as accountants and not as managers. The company should expect PICs to rationally adjust to the rewarding system rather that expect them to change their management style by saying they should do it. Therefore, implementing the new system could help reduce these problems and force PICs to change their management style and focus on long-term planning. Before implementing the new system, the company has to make sure that this system doesn’t espouse long term growth and profitability while rewarding short term results. It has to espouse and reward long term results; otherwise they would be committing the fallacy of hoping for A while rewarding B. Also, the company has to overview the overall system and performance factors and results periodically and make sure that the focus doesn’t continue being on short term results but long term results. Finally, there has to be good communication within the company to avoid people working at cross purposes. This would happen when those who accept the rhetoric follow conflicting...
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...capacity would be the volume of output elapsed time and the production capacity of a facility. Capacity planning is the process used to determine how much capacity is needed (and when) in order to manufacture greater products or begin production of a new product. A number of factors can affect capacity: the number of workers, the number of machines, waste, scrap, defects, errors, productivity, suppliers, government regulations and preventive maintenance. Capacity planning is relevant in both the long term and the short term. However, there are different issues at stake for each. Long Term Capacity Planning Over the long term, capacity planning relates primarily to strategic issues involving the firms’ major production facilities. In addition, long term capacity issues are interrelated with location decisions. Technology and transferability of the process to other products is also intertwined with long term capacity planning. Long Term capacity planning may evolve when short term changes in capacity are...
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...Deciding when Short-term or Long-term Goals Drive a Decision Rickey Paradise GEN480 MAY 09, 2013 Professor Annie Debeljak University of Phoenix Deciding when Short-term or Long-term Goals Drive a Decision To determine the difference in short-term and long-term decisions one must understand that most decisions have both. As a planner and estimator making difficult decisions is a daily occurrence. The decisions made today effect the long-term decisions because the goal may change, such as making a schedule to complete a task. The long term estimated delivery of the product may be six months away. However, the short-term goals and decisions to achieve the goal effect the scheduled date because bottlenecks occur, such as retrieving the parts to complete the task on time. Personal goals have the same consequences. Planning his or her education is a one way to understand this concept. If an individual makes a decision to obtain his or her degree in two years the long-term goal is set. However, during the course of the year a tragedy occurs and the individual has to change the long-term goal because the short-term goals are affected. Critical thinking while setting the goal may have solved the problem. Allowing for inconvenient occurrences while setting the long-term goal helps to maintain the set schedule. Setting goals require making small steps to obtain the long-range goal. Monitoring the short-term goals is one way to achieve the long-term goal. According to Rosen L...
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...5 Short-term Decision Making 5.1 Introduction and objectives Previous chapters have focused on the nature of costs and how they behave in relation to changes in activity and over time. The nature of costs is an important factor to consider in decision making. Types of decisions are usually split into short and long-term. Chapter 14 (Capital Investment Appraisal) considers the longer-term decision-making process, whilst this chapter focuses on the short-term. After studying this chapter you will be able to: Understand costs that are relevant to the decision-making process in different circumstances Demonstrate working knowledge of typical short-term decisions managers have to make and how financial data can support these decisions Recognise the issues of managing scarce recourses in decision making; and Appreciate the implications of outsourcing in a business context. 5.2 Relevant costs in decision making Relevant costing is a management accounting term and relates to focusing on only the costs relevant to a specific decision being made. It simplifies the decision-making process as it ignores cost data that is ‘irrelevant’, or will not have an impact on the specific decision being made. When making a particular decision-relevant costs are those that may change, depending on the decision taken. Relevant costing is often used in short-term decision making and a number of specific practical examples are illustrated later in this chapter. A typical decision...
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