...Joshua Westcott Kohlberg’s Moral Development April 30, 2012 As children’s cognitive abilities mature and expand, so does their ability to reason about moral issues. If we can begin to understand the ways children reason about moral issues, it might help parents and therapists better attune themselves to each child, so as to help each child develop in a positive direction. By attuning to children, the parent or therapist will be better equipped to reason with children at ‘their’ level of development; otherwise, what the adult is trying to communicate will get lost in translation. If we can learn to speak the child’s language, than we can help each child use his or her ‘logic/reasoning’ to effect change in his or her world. Who are the major theorists in the area of moral development? A few of the major theorists in the field of moral development are John Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Elliot Turiel, and Carol Gilligan. Gilligan is a brilliant feminist psychologist who is best known for her 1982 work, “In a Different Voice” (see http://www.amazon.com/In-Different-Voice-Psychological-Development/dp/0674445449/ref=lp_B000APQF3Q_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1335926229&sr=1-1). Turiel is best known for developing his ‘domain theory’, which is discussed in his exceptional work, “The Development of Social Knowledge: Morality and Convention” (see http://www.amazon.com/The-Development-Social-Knowledge-Convention/dp/0521273056/ref=lp_B001HD1YF4_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1335926449&sr=1-2)...
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... Jeremy Bentham • Bentham was a hedonist. He believed that happiness was a matter of more pleasure and less pain. • Bentham thought you could assign pleasure points to an action according to the following categories: o Intensity: How intense is the pleasure? o Duration: How long will it last? o Certainty: How sure are you that the pleasure will occur? o Proximity: How soon will the happiness occur? o Fecundity: How much more pleasure will this lead to? o Purity: How much pain will be mixed with this pleasure? o Extent: How many people will experience the pleasure? Quality vs. Quantity o Bentham: Pushpin is as good as poetry. o Mill: It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied. o Bentham believed that all pleasures should count equally, but Mill believed that humanity would be better off if the intellectual, moral and aesthetic pleasures were more valued. Principle of Utility o The right action is the one that produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain, or happiness over unhappiness, for everyone affected by that action. o Animals count too, since they can feel pleasure and pain. o Future generations count, since our actions can have farreaching consequences. Act Utilitarianism o This is the classic form of Utilitarianism. Each separate action must be evaluated in terms of the principle of utility. Rule Utilitarianism o Instead of looking at the consequences of a particular act, rule-utilitarianism determines the...
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...The Heinz Dilemma The Heinz Dilemma was created by Lawrence Kohlberg to help identify moral development, that are stories of moral dilemmas about a man named Heinz who was from Europe. (McLeod, 2013)These theories extended Piaget's, John Dewey's, and James Mark Baldwin's research of children's moral development. (Barger, 2000)“These men had emphasized that human beings develop philosophically and psychologically in a progressive fashion.” (Barger, 2000) So with the combination of Piaget's theories and his own dilemma ideas, Kohlberg came up with the Heinz Dilemma. (McLeod, 2013) In the Heinz Dilemma there are six stages of moral behavior and how the individual justifies their behavior. The three stages broken down by two per stage making...
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...defend one’s situation while confronted with a predicament. Kohlberg believed this to be of greater importance than the actual choice, subsequently the choices one makes in some predicaments are not always clear or undeniably right. Here is an Example of a Dilemma Kohlberg studied. “Heinz Steals the Drug” "In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that? (Kohlberg, 1973)”. Kohlberg noted that the growth of moral reasoning appeared to be associated with a person’s age. Kohlberg suggested that the development of moral reasoning is categorized by a series of six stages gathered...
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...factor. Kohlberg’s stages are based on different levels; level one is pre-conventional, stage one is obedience and punishment orientation (how can one avoid punishment), Stage two is self-interest orientation (what’s in it for me), level two is conventional, stage three is interpersonal accord and conformity (social norms), stage four is authority and social order maintaining orientation (law and order morality), level three is post conventional- stage five is social contract orientation, and lastly stage six is universal ethical principles (principled conscience). Kohlberg’s stages are reasons we have morals, you basically go through six stages to become more knowledgeable about life. Stage one is most crucial in growing up. Obedience- kids should be frightened of getting punished, one can have religious morals where they don’t partake in some activities because they are scared “God will send them to hell.” Stage two is dealing with self-interest, in this stage you realize what is good and what is bad in your preference- finding what makes yourself happy. Stage three is personal conformity, in this stage you go through trends and fads and do what society thinks is “cool” too reach the expectations held by other people. Stage four is conformity to social etiquette, this where one becomes polite and knows what to do and when to do it- this is...
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...Cognitive Development in Early Childhood Early childhood is not only a period of amazing physical growth, it is also a time of remarkable mental development. Cognitive abilities associated with memory, reasoning, problem-solving and thinking continue to emerge throughout childhood. When it comes to childhood cognitive development, it would be impossible to avoid mentioning the work of psychologist Jean Piaget. After receiving his doctoral degree at age 22, Jean Piaget began a career that would have a profound impact on both psychology and education. Through his work with Alfred Binet, Piaget developed an interest in the intellectual development of children. Based upon his observations, he concluded that children are not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently. Albert Einstein called Piaget's discovery "so simple only a genius could have thought of it."Piaget created a theory of cognitive development that described the basic stages that children go through as they mentally mature. He believed that children are like "little scientists," actively trying to make sense of the world rather than simply soaking up information passively. Schemas One of the key concepts in Piaget's theory is the use of schemas. According to Piaget,schemas are cognitive frameworks or concepts that help people organize and interpret information. As experiences happen, this new information is used to modify, add to or completely change previously existing schemas. For example, a young...
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...Kohlberg Hierarchy of Personal Ethical Development Kristen Leek, Steven Baker, Stephanie Berkovic, Nakoma Wells PHL/323 September 8, 2011 Byron Phillips Kohlberg Hierarchy of Personal Ethical Development Kohlberg Hierarchy of Personal Ethical Development Kohlberg’s stages of moral development uses three scenarios, also known as the Heinz dilemma to asses how an individual will react to certain problem or a specific course of action. In level one the pre-conventional morality, there is two stages. Stage one is punishment-obedience orientation. This is the concern for self with this stage. Stage two is instrumental relativist orientation. This is the concern of “what is in it for me?” The second level is conventional morality. Stage three is called the good boy-nice girl orientation. This is the concern of what other people will think or how they are perceived in society. Stage four is the law and order orientation. This is what is right is obeying the laws of society. Level three of Kohlberg’s theory is post-conventional morality. Stage five of level three is social contract orientation. The concern is social utility or public interest, the right action is one that protects the rights of the individual. Stage six is universal ethical principle orientation. The concern is for moral principles; these principles are not concrete moral rules but are universal principles of justice, reciprocity, equality and human dignity. Pre-conventional Morality The book evaluates level...
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...brand of ketchup, comparing three brands (Heinz, Hunts, Del Monte) with others. The most effective element should be chosen so that we could give suggestions on how to make them more attractive to customers. The following questions should be answered in order to provide proper suggestions. * Evaluate the influence of different prices and promotions to choice * Study the price elastic of different brand * Conclude the analysis and provide some advice for different brands 2. Data and Methodology a) Data Description The data we have are panel data with 2000 observations. It includes customers’ preference of ketchups along with price and the promotion statue of three key brands. b) Methodology With such a dataset, the first analysis would be descriptive analysis. As we would like to know about difference between promotion and non-promotion, a chi-square test (t-test) could help to identify. Since we are interested in preference, the multinomial logistic is prefect for it. Considered it is a panel data, mixed effect should also be considered. We would also like to study the behavior of customer switch (which means a customer changes his preference), a regression would also be used. 3. Analysis and result c) Descriptive analysis Basically, there are 2000 observations from 250 different customers in the data. Shown as chart 1 in appendix, in general, customers have about 2/3 of chances to choose Heinz, 17% for Hunts, 10% for Del Monte and...
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...Assessment activity 3.3 In this assignment I am going to be explaining how and why groups of customers are targeted for selected products, I am going to pick 6 different target markets and for two of them will be business to business markets. Saga over 50’s insurance For the first target market I am going to be looking at Saga over 50’s, they offer life insurance, health insurance, car insurance, home insurance, travel insurance, cruise holidays, tour holidays, savings, bank accounts, saga magazines and cheap UK trips, they are all very important when you look at their target market which are over 50’s, the average pension pay-out is £113 a week, and when you hit 80 you get a 25p increase, regarding the holidays, they are offering cheaper holidays and cheap cruises and 25% of UK trips. Saga Insurance is a good investment. Seniors and older people may find that a fixed income investment comes with less financial risk. It allows them to have a fixed monthly income, this is perfect for retirement. Health insurance- Although the NHS does a wonderful job, many people choose private health insurance to speed up diagnosis and treatment. Private health insurance also gives you much greater choice about where, when and by whom you’ll be treated. Saga target this age group by offering these service because they are discounted and are suited to a pensioners pay out. • Quick referral to a consultant • Access to prompt treatment- at a private hospital of your choice from our extensive...
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...| Business Leadership and Human Values Seminar2 CreditsBU 131.601.F5Summer Session 2016Wednesdays 1:30-4:30pm -- June 8 – July 27 Harbor East Room 230 | Instructor Rick Milter, Ph.D. Contact Information Phone Number: 410.234.9422 milter@jhu.edu Office Hours Typically before class session or by appointment. Required Learning Materials This course is a series of thematic conversations about human values and your responsibilities as an emerging/aspiring business leader. There is no traditional textbook, but there is much reading. You are required to read The Moral Compass: Leadership for a Free World, a workbook by Lindsay Thompson available online as a PDF in Course Documents. You will find details about required learning materials in the Bibliography and Theme Briefs sections of the Syllabus. Course Description and Overview This course explores ethical leadership as a framework for enterprise value creation in a complex environment of competing economic and moral claims. Students examine the intrinsic ethical challenges of leadership and the concept of a moral compass as a foundation for responding effectively to the ethical challenges of corporate citizenship and value creation in a competitive global economy. (2 credits) Syllabus Table of Contents Page Topic 2 Bibliography & Learning Resources 6 Calendar, Seminar Structure, Theme Briefs, Content 42 Seminar Preparation Toolkit 48 Learning Objectives, Graded Assignments...
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...there arises two arguments against it. In a war more than just soldiers are killed. Other civilians will be killed and many of the soldiers don’t want to fight, they are just ordered too. That means we are killing innocent civilians and soldiers to protect some innocent. From a utilitarian view we must ask if this the death of the innocent will outweigh the death of the other innocent if we do or don’t go to war. Yet, deontologists would say that killing is bad and that needs to be punished because killing is wrong. So kill people to stop killing. For a pacifist that is just wrong. The other problem from defending the innocent is that violence is key in war and many times over we have been shown that violence is not always the best way. We should try and support people and ideas like Gandhi, to win with non-violence. There is not always a need for full war if we can help these people peacefully. Then there is the problem with the justification of recovery. This can be taken way out of proportion. If you don't believe me just look at fascist Germany in WWII. Hitler wanted the land that was wrongfully taken from them in the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler wanted to take back the Sudetenland and that...
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...Theories of Ethics Consequentialism (Utilitarianism) Consequentialism sees the rightness or wrongness of an action in terms of the consequences brought about by that action. The most common form of consequentialism is utilitarianism. Utilitarianism holds that one should act so as to do the greatest good for the greatest number. The good as defined by J.S. Mill would be the presence of pleasure and the absence of pain. Utilitarians are concerned with the aggregate happiness of all beings capable of experiencing pleasure or pain including nonhuman animals. They consider the principle of utility to be the act, which produces the greatest balance of good over evil. Utilitarians consider both the happiness-producing and unhappiness-producing consequences of several alternative actions before deciding on one. A nineteenth century philosopher Jeremy Bentham created a checklist called the hedonic calculus. Bentham designed what he termed the hedonic calculus to enable people to measure the overall happiness- or pleasure-producing consequences of actions in terms of their duration, intensity, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity, and extent. This tool would not work in today’s society because happiness or pleasure as we know it would be difficult to measure on a numeric scale. There are two forms of utilitarians. Act utilitarians directly apply the principle of utility to each case as it arises. Rule utilitarians apply the principle of utility to general rules of...
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...Stages of Moral Development According to Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg (1971) I. Pre-conventional Level At this level, the child is responsive to cultural rules and labels of good and bad, right or wrong, but he interprets the labels in terms of either the physical or hedonistic consequences of action (punishment, reward, exchange of favors) or the physical power of those who enunciate the rules and labels. The level is divided into the following three stages: Stage 0: Egocentric judgement. The child makes judgements of good on the basis of what he likes and wants or what helps him, and bad on the basis of what he does not like or what hurts him. He has no concept of rules or of obligations to obey or conform independent of his wish. Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation. The physical consequences of action determine its goodness or badness regardless of the human meaning or value of these consequences. Avoidance of punishment and unquestioning deference to power are values in their own right, not in terms of respect for an underlying moral order supported by punishment and authority (the latter is stage 4). Stage 2: The instrumental relativist orientation. Right action consists of what instrumentally satisfies one's own needs and occasionally the needs of others. Human relations are viewed in terms such as those of the market place. Elements of fairness, reciprocity, and equal sharing are present, but they are always...
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...the sauce he was so happy with it and declared it to be “A1.” It was brought to North America during the early 1900’s, and Kraft Foods later on in the 2000’s acquired Nabisco which also brought along A.1. Steak Sauce. A1 sauce is the leader in the steak sauce category, and it ties into their high awareness with consumers. Although they are the leader in the category and sales have grown over the last couple of years, their unit and volume sales have become flat. They tried to reestablish the brand by broadening outside of just steak sauce. They had a horizontal extension in their product line by launching a line of marinates in 2002, and acquired 10% of the fast growing marinates market. The launching of the new marinate line for A.1. should create a future edge against the mature and slow growing steak market by becoming more diverse and offering a new product for the needs of other customer segments (Chernev, p. 154). During the infancy stage of the A.1. marinate line, the profitability will be limited because the market is not as aware of the product. Once the product reaches all of the levels in the adoption process, the sales will increase, and the profit will be more relevant. B. Problem to be solved A.1. is now facing considerable pressure by the industry and its competition. First, the 2003 budget is calling for an increase of 10 percent for profit on the A.1. portfolio. They are also experiencing this pressure due to the fact...
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...managers manage their workforce more effectively. One of the theories that will be addressed in this paper is Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, because one believes that moral development of people is related the success of the organization. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development The main concept of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is that it “extended Piaget’s theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan” (Cherry, n.d.). Indeed, learning never ends, especially when people are trying to adapt to the changing environment of the workforce. Kohlberg’s theory used the Heinz dilemma of the “drug stealing” scenario to see how young children use their moral judgment and reasoning to respond to the dilemma. The dilemma was that a sick woman’s husband had no choice but to steal the drug from the druggist in order to save his wife. The experiment was not about whether the stealing was wrong, but to see how participants use their...
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