...PROJECT REPORT “WORKING MODEL OF MECHANICAL ELBOW UNIT” SUBMITTED BY Gautam M. Dobariya A PROJECT REPORT On “Working Model of Mechanical Elbow unit” Submitted by GAUTAM M. DOBARIYA -110210125040 In fulfillment for the award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad DECEMBER- 2014. Page | 2 GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BHAVNAGAR PRODUCTION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DECEMBER 2014 CERTIFICATE Date: This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “WORKING MODEL OF MECHENICAL ELBOW UNIT” has been carried out by GAUTAM M. DOBARIYA (110210125040) under my guidance in fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in PRODUCTION ENGINEERING (7th semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2014-15. GUIDE (Prof. C.D. DOKAL) Department of Production Engineering, Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat-364002. HEAD OF DEPARTMENT (Prof. A.G. KUNTE) Department of Production Engineering, Government Engineering College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat-364002. 3|Page IDP/ UDP Project Statement Form (This is a sample format and departments can modify it if they need as per required scenario and sector) TITLE OF PROBLEM/PROJECT “WORKING MODEL OF MECHENICAL ELBOW UNIT” DICIPLINARY DICIPLINARY | INTER-DICIPLINARY SR.NO. DISCIPLINE/S Production...
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...Rehabilitation of Acromioclavicular Joint Separations: Operative and Nonoperative Considerations Mark P. Cote, PT, DPTa, Karen E. Wojcik, MSPT, ATCb, Gregg Gomlinski, MSPT, CSCSb, Augustus D. Mazzocca, MS, MDa,* Acromioclavicular joint (AC) separations are one of the most common injuries seen in orthopedic and sports medicine practices, accounting for 9% of all injuries to the shoulder girdle.1–3 Various operative and nonoperative treatment schemes have been described for the management of AC joint injuries.4–33 Although considerable controversy exists over the efficacy of surgical reconstruction versus nonoperative intervention for grade III type injuries, grade I and II separations seem to respond favorably to conservative management. Conversely, grades IV, V, and VI often require surgical reconstruction. Regardless of the type of injury, rehabilitation as a part of conservative management and postoperative care plays an important role in the management of these injuries. This article presents the authors’ rehabilitation approach to treatment of acromioclavicular separations pre- and postoperatively. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK To provide instruction and insight for rehabilitation clinicians, protocols are often provided for a specific injury or procedure. A protocol is a system of rules or procedures for a given situation. Although intended to be informative, protocols often result in a restrictive list of exercises and arbitrary time frames that a clinician...
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...VACUUMING INTRODUCTION Vacuuming: nearly everyone is doing it! Unlike jumping a horse or throwing a curve-ball, vacuuming does not discriminate or limit itself to highly trained individuals or athletes. A vacuum cleaner, or commonly known as a vacuum, is typically an electric device that by means of suction collects dirt and small particles from a variety of surfaces. All it functionally requires is electricity, a vacuum cleaner appliance and a willing and able individual. This common invention is everywhere; household closets, hotels, general workplaces, restaurants and just about any other place that has carpeting or accumulates dust. 700 B.C. was the first noted appearance of woven forms of floor coverings and one could debate that primitive cleaning methods were developed thereafter (carpetandrugpedia.com). A cleaning method other than the traditional “carpet beater” was born in the mid-1800s. This time is known as the industrial revolution and was a critical in the invention of the vacuum cleaner. Factories were producing thousands of manufactured items and with it came an overwhelming amount of dust, soot and industrial pollution. This was also during the same time that infectious disease was being linked to germs. The need for hygiene and cleanliness was born and gave birth to the idea of the vacuum cleaner. By a patent issue date in 1860, Daniel Hess appears to have invented the first device to have the some of the basic principles of the modern vacuum. The...
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...Muscles of the Shoulder/Upper Arm Movements of the Humerus (upper arm at the shoulder) • Movements of the humerus: – – – – – Flexion and Extension Abduction and Adduction External and Internal Rotation Horizontal flexion or Horizontal adduction Horizontal extension or Horizontal abduction Flexion and Extension Abduction and Adduction External and Internal Rotation Horizonal flexion or adduction Horizontal extension or abduction Muscles of the Shoulder/Upper Arm • Anterior: – Pectoralis major, Coracobrachialis, Subscapularis Pectoralis major • Origin: – Clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilage of ribs • Insertion: – Near the intertubercular groove of the humerus • Actions: – Flexion, horizontal flexion, internal rotation, adduction • Used in bench press, pushup, pull-ups, throwing, tennis serves Pectoralis Major Coracobrachialis • Origin: – Coracoid process of scapula • Insertion: – Humerus (medial) • Actions: – Flexion, adduction, horizontal flexion – Primarily an assisting muscle Coracobrachialis Subscapularis • Origin: – Subscapular fossa of scapula • Insertion: – Lesser tubercle of humerus • Actions: – Internal rotation, extension and adduction Subscapularis Muscles of the Shoulder/Upper Arm • Superior: – Deltoid, Supraspinatus Deltoid • Origin: – Clavicle, scapula • Insertion: – Deltoid tuberosity of humerus • Actions: – Abduction – Anterior deltoid: horizontal flexion...
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...%20volleyball%20basics/Image%206%20underhand%20serving.JPG?la=en&h=199&w=300 The main muscles used while underhand serving a volleyball are the pectorals, anterior and posterior deltoid, and the latissimus. 4. Ankle Movement Plantar Flexion- Plantar flexion is when the toes point down, flexing the arch of the foot. This is used in most ballet moves or exercises, such as a tendu or a grande battement. https://balletclassroom.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/ballet-pointed-foot.jpg http://www.functionalballetpedagogy.com/content/sketches/img/8.jpg The main muscles used are the shin muscles, calf muscles, adductor hallucis and your quadriceps. 5. Shoulder Movement Protraction- Protraction is the posterior movement of the arms at the shoulders. This movement is used, in addition to others, when...
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...limitation of movements of the left shoulder. Indeed, this is a patient who would have dislocated the same shoulder several times During the meetings of volleyball and / or during seizures (according the héteroanamnèse) and each time a spontaneous reduction occurred. Six months ago, he felt the same effect without spontaneous improvement, it would minimized the facts and since then the pain never stopped, followed by progressively of the installation of a restricting the movement of the shoulder. In our review, we noted, an asymmetry of the shoulders, the sign of the shoulder, an emptiness of the glenoid and limitation of movement of the shoulder, especially abduction of the arm. The patient had radiographs made an weeks prior to our consultation that showed the glenoid uninhabited. We found an old or neglected dislocation of the left shoulder. as attitude, we decided to try in vain for a reduction (after a re- Another recent x-ray) under general anesthesia despite the time elapsed. Faced with this therapeutic impasse due to the formation of a néoarthose one hand and the filling of the glenoid by fibrous tissue on the other hand, solutions treatment remaining: Abstention when the pain is simply tolerated by the patient; In our environment resected humeral head (shoulder dangling) that will solve the problem of pain but not functional; when pain gene the patient; Or a total hip replacement (arthroplasty of the shoulder) achievable under other skies ...
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...Dance Injuries and Prevention By Katrina Thompson Kin 380, Thomson April 20, 2011 Dance Injuries and Prevention Next to stage fright, the biggest nightmare for a dancer is to become injured. Injuries, depending on the severity, can mean the end of a career in dance and an end to something that you enjoy doing. According to a survey conducted on the injuries obtained by Broadway dancers, the most common injuries occurred on the lower extremities of the body at fifty two percent, followed by the back at twenty two percent, and the neck at twelve percent. The least frequent injuries occurred in the upper extremities with the shoulder consisting of only six percent of the dancers. Of the lower extremities the knee (29%), ankle (25%), foot (20%), and the hip (12%) were the more frequent sites of injury (Evans, Evans, Carvajal, Perry). In order to prevent these types of injuries from occurring it’s imperative that dancers follow the proper precautions such as stretching, proper warm-up techniques and general care for their bodies. After acquiring an injury you must follow proper treatments in order to recover effectively. Your spine is made up of three sections; the top portion or the cervical, the middle portion or the thoracic, and the lower portion or the lumbar (Anderson, Parr, and Hall). When it comes to back injuries, dancers tend to get injured in their thoracic or lumbar regions. The most common injury is frozen back. Frozen back is when the muscles in the back...
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...Running head: Hassan's Story- The Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton Hassan's Story A- Which clue would tell Stefan which scapular surface was anterior and which was posterior? What is the name of the shallow, oval socket of the scapula that Stefan placed next to the humerus? The clue that Stefan could use is that there is a prominent ridge called the spine that runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula. Or he could use the medial border of the scapula, it's the longest of three borders and extends from the superior to the inferior angle. This border presents an anterior and posterior lip and an intermediate narrow area. Stefan would have also placed the glenoid cavity next to the humerus while aligning the scapula. B- Which bone is Stefan referring to as the "collarbone"? The bone that Stefan is referring to as the "collarbone" is the clavicle. It is a long bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum. C- Which surface markings could Stefan use to distinguish the right humerus from the left? Stefan can hold the bone so that the capitulum and trochlea face him, which would indicate it was the anterior. This would...
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...SLAP Lesion Tear A SLAP lesion tear is an injury to the shoulder. This can cause painful symptoms and difficulty with overhead activities whether they be athletic or those of daily living. In 1985, Andrews et al were the first to describe the superior labrum tear. In their experience, they identified tears of the labrum from throwing athletes located anterosuperor near the origin of the bicep tendon. The cause of the lesion to tear was the bicep tendon being pulled off the labrum from the force generated during the throwing motion. As time went on, the labral tears got categorized into four different types of classifications called SLAP lesions by Snyder in 1990. A SLAP lesion, as described by Snyder involves tears of the superior aspect of the glenoid labrum that extend anteriorly and posteriorly to the biceps insertion. As an examiner, in order to detect a SLAP lesion, there needs to be an investigation of patients activities, any previous shoulder injuries, and or any factors that could lead up to this injury. The highest incidence of SLAP lesions is seen in the 20 to 29 and 40 to 49 years of age. In order to understand the mechanism of a SLAP lesion it is best to understand the anatomy of the shoulder. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint made up of three bones: humerus that is the upper arm bone, shoulder blade of the scapula, and the clavicle. The humerus bone fits into the rounded socket of the scapula, which is called the glenoid fossa. Surrounding the outside...
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...through the process of intramembranous ossification, via connective tissue. Its largest portion the body has 3 borders the medial, lateral, and superior borders. The apices of the scapular triangle are called angles the superior, inferior and lateral angles. On the posterior side or the dorsal side of the scapula there is a ridge of bone and this is called the scapular spine. It crosses from medial to lateral along its superior border. The area superior to the spine is the supraspinous fossa, the area inferior is the infraspinous fossa. The spine terminates at this bony knob here called the acromion process which articulates with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. A common injury to this joint is a separated shoulder. Across from that is another bony knob, on the anterior surface of the scapula is a hook shaped projection called the coracoid process (corac=crow). The other side, the smooth side is called the ventral surface Inferior to the coracoid process is a broad indentation, called the subscapular fossa, the subscapularis muscle attaches to this. In-between the two is the glenoid fossa, which is this shallow flat indentation right here. (Glen=pit/cavity) this along with the humerus form the...
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...and also complement each other. Arm circles is a workout in which you spread your arms out and move them in a circular motion. Arm circles are also a mobility and stability exercise for the shoulder girdle. The shoulder joint have the weakest and least amount of connective tissue surrounding it. These smaller tendons and muscles often get neglected, which may lead to shoulder injury and pain of varying degrees. Performing arm circles is a good way to develop awareness of the shoulder girdle. This will not only help with stabilizing the shoulders, but it will also help improve the posture. Pros There are many benefits you can get from doing arm circles on a regular basis. They are easy to do and you can do them anywhere. This workout does not require any equipment such as weights, restraints, or mats. In addition, arm circles require little to no concentration so you can watch television or listen to music while doing this workout. You can do arm circles bare footed, in sneakers, or in heels. The only key factor you must remember when doing this workout is you must stand for this workout to actually work properly. According to the website LIVESTRONG.com, you must spread your feet about the width Of your shoulders and raise your arms straight sideways creating a T shape. You must hold your Arms stiff and push your muscles out tight. The good thing about this workout is that you get Resistance exercise without...
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...Khanthee Thao Anatomy & Physiology Dr. Maridy Troy April 17, 2009 Volleyball Spike The deltoids or shoulders consist of three heads. The anterior heads are on the front of the arm. The medial heads are the sides of the arm, and the posterior heads are on the rear or back side of the arm. All three heads of the deltoids are attached to the humerus. Two of the muscles are attached to the humerus by the collar bone. They are the anterior deltoids and the medial deltoids. The posterior is attached to the humerus by the scapula (Marieb, 2006). Each head of the deltoids are responsible for different movements. The anterior deltoids move the arms out front, in a position called flexion. The medial deltoids move the arms out to the sides of the body which is known as lateral. And the posterior deltoids help move the arms to the dorsal side of the body. This is known as hyper-extension (Marieb, 2006). These movements, such as hyperextension, flexion, and lateral are important to volleyball spikes. The flexion position moves the arm upwards to help assist the vertical jump. The medial helps assist the anterior deltoids. The muscle that helps the prime mover is known as synergist (Marieb, 2006, p.196). During this position the posterior deltoids are known as the antagonist, because it is the opposing muscle of the prime mover. The posterior deltoids is responsible for moving the arms downwards during the swing. During...
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...Sports Injury Assignment Moira Ijzerman Georgetown District High School Patellar Dislocation What is a Patellar Dislocation? The patella rests in a groove on the anterior aspect of the femur, called the patellofemoral groove (American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 2011). Patellar dislocation occurs when the patella (kneecap) slides laterally out of the patella femoral groove where it normally rests (Ebraheim, 2011). Anatomy The patella bone protects the largest joint in the body, the knee (Temertzoglou & Challen, 2003). The knee is made through the union of 3 bones; the femur, tibia and the patella. (Physio Advisor, n.d.). The patella is situated at the anterior aspect of the knee and lies within the patellofemoral groove (Ebraheim, 2011) which, according to Physio Advisor (n.d.) is located on anterior of the femur. The patella is enveloped by the tendon of the quadriceps muscle, and then goes on to attach to the anterior surface of the tibia (Physio Advisor, n.d.). This relationship forms a joint designed to give the quadriceps muscle leverage when extending the knee (Sports Injury Clinic, n.d.). Each of the bones involved is lined with cartilage to allow cushioning between the bones. The patella also has connective tissue known as the patella retinaculum which attaches it on either side of the femur. This joint is known as the patellofemoral joint (Physio Advisor, n.d.). The patella normally lies in the patellofemoral grove and is only designed...
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...Running Title: Acute posterior sternoclavicular fracture-dislocation in a 10-year-old boy Authors: Joseph Y. Choi, MD, PhD, Devin P. McFadden, MD, Vipul N. Nanavati, MD Corresponding Author: Francis G. O’Connor, MD Introduction A 10-year-old male was referred to the office after falling onto his left shoulder while playing football. At presentation, he denied any numbness, tingling or loss of sensation of his left upper extremity. Examination of his shoulder girdles revealed an internally rotated left shoulder and shortened clavicular distance. He did have a visible deformation of his left clavicle when compared to the contralateral, uninjured side and had excruciating pain to palpation of the clavicular and sternoclavicular area. The patient had full flexion and extension at the elbow. Shoulder deltoid was intact as were internal and external rotation of his shoulder. Furthermore, the patient denied being short of breath, feeling dizzy, or with difficulty swallowing. Radiographs of the left clavicle and sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) at the initial visit were remarkable for a posterior dislocation of the clavicle. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of the left clavicle and SCJ revealed that it was posteriorly displaced and edema was present at the fracture site. The physeal attachment to the manubrium was intact. Furthermore, the anterior portion of the clavicle was abutting the brachiocephalic and left subclavian vein (Figure 1). ...
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...Different types of treatments include resting the shoulder, icing, limiting the use of the shoulder in activities that would cause pain, and pain medications. Other kinds of treatment are electrical muscle stimulation, ultrasound, heat, interferential therapy, and physical therapy. Specific rehab would include exercises to strengthen your shoulder and help with range of motion and flexibility. Different types of exercises would include pendulum, T-bar, and rope-and-pulley exercises that should be done early in the rehabilitation process (Anderson & Parr, 2013). Strengthening the other muscles that help support the shoulder can help prevent the injury from getting worse and relieve some of the pain. Injections or surgery are also an option for more severe cases. The different types of surgery would be arthroscopic tendon repair, tendon transfer, open tendon repair, bone spur removal, and should replacement. Not having surgery when you have a rotator cuff tear can limit the activities that you can do, the tear can get worse, and your strength in your shoulder will stay the same or decrease...
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