...Perspectives on Sibling Relationships: Advancing Child Development Research University of Phoenix Essentials of Psychology PSY/211 Sharlyn Moore January 4, 2012 Perspectives on Sibling Relationships: Advancing Child Development Research The reason for chosen this article article I chose to write about is called “Perspectives on Sibling Relationships: Advancing Child Development Research. This article I definitely can relate to: being the youngest of six (6) siblings is tough. Throughout my childhood it was just me and my brother who were closer in age, which really didn’t give me a sense of wholeness. He had his friends and I had my friends. As I got older there was a division among the sisters which caused me to feel left out and not feeling accepted by two of my older siblings. KEY POINTS Sibling research has expanded into a vibrant field that encompasses a broad range of societally relevant topics, including the role of siblings as agents of socialization and support; the effects of parents’ differential treatment of siblings and of non-shared environments on child and family well-being; the cross-cultural differences and similarities of sibling roles, responsibilities, and relationships; the development of strategies for promoting sibling relationship quality and conflict management; and the interplay between genetic and environmental effects on individual behaviors and social processes (see Dunn, 2007; Kramer & Bank, 2005; Kramer & Conger...
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...Middle Adulthood Jamika Golden Mercer University Middle Adulthood According to Rathus (2016), Middle Adulthood spans from ages 40 to 65. Although we may mature at different rates, our physical rates can be reversed in some cases with diet and exercise. In this stage, people go through many physical changes such as hearing and hair loss graying of hair, vision changes, and wrinkling of skin just to name a few. Middle-agers are more susceptible to diseases such as cancer, heart disease, hypertension, arthritis, and diabetes. In mid-life there is a decline in vision, many gain weight, and reduce in height. Some men develop sexual dysfunctions while women go through menopause or what is also called the change in life. The menopause transition commonly takes place between 46 and 50 years old. Symptoms vary from person to person and/or region to region. According to a study conducted on menopause in Australia and Japan, the women menopausal symptoms had many differences. Most of the Australians had symptoms of night sweats while the Japanese women reported anxiety and nervousness as their main issues. On the other hand, the regional studies showed a significant increase in depression and hot flashes across the board. Meanwhile, both regions did not show major differences in being excitable, difficulty in concentration, feeling tired or lacking energy.(Anderson, D .J, Yoshizawa, T, Gollshewski S.E, Sara E.A, Fumi.C Mary D;2004) Although this may be true studying middle age...
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...Sibling rivalry and behaviors Perhaps, almost parents want their children to live in harmony and get along well with each others. However, sibling rivalry, or competitive feelings and actions occurring among the children, seems to be something unavoidable in family life. Many people says that sibling rivalry is harmful and has a lot of cons while a number of people believe that it has positive impacts on children’s development and social relationships. Actually, sibling rivalry has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, sibling rivalry can be beneficial for children by boosting their emotional development and reinforcing their social skills. Based on five-year research which examined children's cognitive and social development between the ages of two and six, Dr Claire Hughes has point out that the more the children upset each other, the more they learn about regulating their emotions and how they can affect the emotions of others. Thus, sibling rivalry is really a safe environment where children can learn to deal with negative emotions such as jealousy. Besides, sibling rivalry also improves problem-solving skills. Children spend a lot of time playing together; they argue, tease, fight each others, and then try to compromise. After resolving the disagreements, children can gain a lot of useful lessons about negotiation. Furthermore, there are a number of others valued skills kids can learn from competition such as positive engagement, conflict management and...
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...Early and Middle Adulthood Marianne Williamson said, “In our society, as people pass out of young adulthood, they tend to relate to themselves more in terms of what they are no longer than what they are now, and that’s psychologically low-grade devastating”. As we age, we tend to look at the future, that growth with fear or trepidation. We mourn the loss of our “youth” rather than embrace the new changes we are heading toward. These changes we will experience are vast and necessary for each stage of development. As we grow become adults we will experience a variety of psychological changes as we adjust to aging and any changes that will happen to our lifestyle. These changes should not be feared, they simply mark the growth and experience that we will go through. During early and middle adulthood these changes are the most apparent. These changes can affect our relationships, the roles we play, and our later life. The way that people adjust to the changes of growing older and how this affects the rest of their life is what we will examine here. Social and Intimate Relationships During early and middle adulthood the way people view and interact within their relationships will be affected by a variety of factors. During middle to late adulthood, people will enter the fifth stage of Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development. During this stage people will face a crisis where they will face being alone or being involved in meaningful relationships, called intimacy versus...
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...Aging This paper will cover the ongoing changes one makes from early adulthood to middle adulthood. Early adulthood spans from the ages of 20 and 40 and middle adulthood spans between 41 and 60. All the trials and tribulations that ensue when taking that next journey into adulthood will be addressed. They can include emotional and personal development; physical changes; decision to marry and raise a family or do you put your career first. The realization that you are no longer a young spring chicken hits some people in middle adulthood. In your mind you feel the same way you did when you were in your twenties, but the body tell you a different story. There are two different stages of love during early and middle adulthood described by. Psychologist Elaine Hatfield: there is compassionate love and passionate love. Compassionate love involves feelings of mutual respect, trust and affection, while passionate love involves intense feelings and sexual attraction. The Evolution of Social and Intimate Relationships Relationships during early adulthood can be a series of emotional and social changes. It often involves balancing intimacy and commitment with independence and freedom. According to Erikson, young adults face the controversy between intimacy and isolation. To solve this conflict, the individual wants to maintain a sense of independence while still having intimacy. A major task in early adulthood is to find a partner that is similar in age, ethnicity, socioeconomic...
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...Friendship and Emerging Adulthood Emerging adulthood is a unique period in a person’s lifespan around age 18 to 25. Individuals within this age bracket do not perceive themselves as adolescents or adults but as individuals in extensive identity exploration (Shurts & Myers, 2008). Barry et al. (2009) determined that identity development and achieved adulthood criteria were related positively to romantic relationships but not friendships. This indicates a stronger focus on romantic relationships during emerging adulthood than friendships. Friends serve as allies in assisting each other in achieving adult criteria. The more criteria achieved, the less a friend is needed (Barry et al, 2009). This study concluded that as emerging adults take on adult roles and responsibilities they also experience a developmental need to shift focus from friendship to romantic relationship. As a result quality of friendships is impacted (Barry et al., 2009). Ledbetter, Griffin, and Sparks conducted a study of best friend pairs beginning in 1983.They collected data over a period of 19 years focusing on long-term friendship predictors over years of life course changes. Several variables were examined the closeness of the friendship: expressed intimacy, perceived difference, and Manifest Similarity (months of friendship and communication). Expression of intimacy did not predict future relational closeness between friends. Perceived difference did not predict future closeness suggesting...
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...Early and Middle Adulthood Over the course of the lifespan people change daily and change at different paces. Where we come from as well as who we come from, molds us into adults. We just discussed the middle childhood and adolescence phase. In this paper, we will examine the psychological adjustments to aging and the lifestyle that occur within individuals during early and middle adulthood (emerging adulthood), which can be looked at as a separate developmental stage. Social and Intimate Relationships The social and intimate relationships that people experience during early and middle adulthood can change greatly. As I will explain later in this paper, role changes affect these relationships as well. As Erikson has stated in his intimacy versus isolation phase, humans are “social creatures.” The social relationships that people have at 18 will likely be different from those they have at 25. As emerging adulthood takes place, personality changes are evident. Many early and middle adults seek a mixture of education, friendship, and achievement. If this combination is attained, self-esteem will surely improve. For example, I was 19 when I enlisted in the Marine Corps. I had grown up in a small town in Wisconsin and was living in my own “bubble.” I received my first set of station orders and was sent to Iwakuni, Japan. It was exciting but also scary for me to think about being so far away from my hometown friends as well as my family. After I had gotten to Japan...
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...Megan Jones Radford University Developmental Perspective Paper The life-span perspective views development as lifelong, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual, and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss. Development is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span. Late adulthood is the longest developmental period. It starts from ages sixty to seventy and lasts until death. Age can be described biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions. Erikson’s Integrity versus Despair is the final developmental stage experienced in late adulthood. An older person will reflect on their life during these years of their lives. They will reflect and evaluate whether their life was meaningful, integrity is achieved and if not the person will go through despair. Erickson proposed that individuals go through distinct stages throughout development of the life span. For...
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...physical, cognitive and psychosocial realms and can be influenced by heredity, environment and maturation (Papalia et al., 2009). During childhood, typical physical development involves the acquisition of the fine and gross motor skills including coordination, control, movement and manipulation. Typical physical development during adolescence involves pubescent changes as the body develops and matures sexually. During young adulthood, physical development involves one’s organs and systems operating at peak efficiency. As an individual moves through to late adulthood, these systems slowly deteriorate along with overall health, stamina and strength. In terms of cognition, thinking and problem solving skills, conceptual understandings, information processing ability and overall intelligence develop throughout an individual’s lifespan. With respect to psychosocial, this includes how a person’s mind, emotions, and maturity levels evolve. In terms of this assignment, the purpose is to present a profile of a typical thirty-two year old male and to analyse his development through theoretical perspectives. My individual is named Andrew; he is single but dates regularly, Caucasian from North America, is university educated and works as an accountant for a bank. Andrew grew up in the suburbs of a medium sized city in a family with three siblings, one older brother and two older sisters. He was involved in sports as a boy, did well academically, and has lots of friends. Andrew’s...
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...Gilbert Grape: A Look at Various Life Stages Writer COUN5004- Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors Abstract The life stages for an individual changes as a person grows older and has various experiences in life. There is a change in the physical, intellectual, social, and emotional growth as an individual age. “The process of development is linked to internal conflicts, changing self-awareness, and a dynamic social environment” (Newman & Newman, 2012). Understanding the current stage, assist the counselor in therapeutically preparing for treatment. This paper will view the members of the Gilbert family including Gilbert, Arnie, and Bonnie Grape through various life stages from school age to middle adulthood. As the individual grows, the family dynamics are changing and will need to adjust to the current life stressors. A struggle that often presents through the various life stages is a need to further develop personal identify. This may not always be easily achieved if depression, caregiver stress, or mental illness hinders a person from achieving it. Title of Paper What’s Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) is the story of a family living in Endora, Iowa. The narrator, Gilbert Grape, describes the story of his family and the trials of the Grape family. The story centers on preparing for Arnie Grape, Gilbert’s youngest brother, 18th birthday party. The story follows as the family prepares for Arnie’s birthday while viewing the struggle the family...
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...Population on several variables such as their lifestyle, access to healthcare, diet, economical status and the relevant mortality and morbidity data. However, as life expectancy is calculated based on averages, a person may live for many years more or less than expected. P.I.E.S this is the breakdown of the Physical, Intellectual, Emotional and Social developments through all the life stages Life coursethis is a course it is culturally defined sequence of age categories that people are normally expected to pass through as they develop from birth to death. This Includes the cultural conceptions of the life course is some idea of how long people are expected to live. Growth A gradual process which occurs from birth until a point in early adulthood when you reach your maximum height. It involves both height and weight gain Development this is a change in a person's skills and capabilities, for instance an individual’s development intellectually, emotionally etc. Maturation this is the gradual process of becoming physically mature or fully developed this is part of adolescent when a male and female go through changes as they are going through puberty. For example females in adolescence will start to grow breast however males will start to grow facial hair. Development norms this is the process of human growth and development follows a fairly predictable pattern, for instance at certain ages of a child they would start developing and doing certain stuff, such as at the age of 6-9...
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...across the lifespan, “when [infants] are in unusually stressful circumstances, most infants prefer to be soothed by their mother rather than by their father. One reason for qualitative differences in attachment involves the differences in what fathers and mothers do with their children. Mother’s spend a greater proportion of their time feeding and directly nurturing their children. In contrast, fathers spend more time proportionally, playing with infants (Feldman, 2011, p. 182). After consideration of the differences in rearing tendencies between mother and father, the relationship between mother and son is going to be explored by interviewing three men; one in adolescence, one in early adulthood and one in middle adulthood. In Raising Caine, the author illustrates the unique complexities between mother and son and how they must evolve in order to survive: This is the fundamental pattern of the relationship between a boy and his mother. He is the explorer; she is the home-base. Emotionally as well as physically, throughout his childhood, as a boy explores, he carries the safety and familiarity of his...
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...AGE | PHYSICAL | COGNITIVE | LANGUAGE | EMOTIONAL/ SOCIAL | Birth -6 Months | Rapid height & weight gain. | Engages in immediate imitation and deferred imitation of adults facial expressions. | Engages in cooing and babbling. | Shows signs of almost all basic emotions (happiness, interest, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust). | | Reflexes decline. | Repeats chance behaviors leading to pleasurable and interesting results. | Establishes joint attention with caregiver, who labels objects and events. | Social smile and laughter emerge. | | Sleep organized into a day-night schedule. | Aware of object permanence and other object properties in habituation-dishabituation tasks. | | Matches adults emotional expressions during face-to-face interaction. | | Holds head up, rolls over, and reaches for object. | Attention becomes more efficient. | | Emotional expressions become better organized and clearly tied to social events. | | Can be classically and operantly conditioned. | Recognition memory for people, places, and objects improves. | | I-self emerges. | | Habituates to unchanging stimuli; dishabituates to novel stimuli. | Forms perceptual categories based on objects and similar features. | | | | Hearing well developed; by the end of this period, displays greater sensitivity to speech sounds of own language. | | | | | Depth and pattern perception emerge and improve. | | | | 7 -12 Months | Sits alone, crawls, and...
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...Personal Perspective On Changes in Adulthood Lisa North BSHS/342 September 3, 2012 Stephanie Haywood Personal Perspective on Changes in Adulthood The Early Years My perspectives on lifestyle changes in all phases of adulthood have changed drastically over the years. Different choices, influences, and situations play a part in adult’s choices that they make throughout their early, middle, and late adulthood years. Some of the issues that play a part in the lifestyle changes for adults are married, divorced or single, kids or childless, addictions, jobs, siblings, and childhood experiences. All of the issues help to explain many of the lifestyle changes that adults make over the years. Early adulthood is the years from 20-40 years of age. They can bring many changes in a person’s life. Some may choose to get married, have children, and go to either work or college or attempt to do while others may choose a different route. At this stage of their lives he or she is still attempting to find themselves and to adjust to the “real world.” This is also the time when they move out of their parent’s house and into their own or share a place with their friends. By the age of 40 they should be settled down and have grown up and have become responsible members of society. At this stage relationships between friends and romantic relationships may begin to change also. Friendships from childhood and adolescence could become less important and he or she may begin to pull...
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...Youth in the foster care system repeatedly undergo multiple transitions before they reach adulthood. These transitions often create substantial amounts of stress and can intensify emotional and behavioral problems. With more than 29,000 young people exiting the foster care system each year, research has shown that these young people are frequently unprepared for their lives after foster care through findings of high rate homelessness, incarceration, unemployment and school failure (Greenen & Powers, 2007; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Furthermore, research also shows that less than 55% of youth who had exited foster care obtained jobs in the future that paid above the poverty line. Unfortunately, the young people aging...
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