...determined, either by what you have genetically inherited or by your social environment and experience. The alternative to determinism is choice and interaction this is the belief that people can take control of their own lives through the choices they make. It is sometimes referred to as the ‘free will’ viewpoint. Genetic factors and disorders. Each cell in the body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome from each pair is inherited from your mother and one is inherited from your father. The chromosomes contain the genes you inherit from your parents. There may be different forms of the same gene. These different forms are called alleles. There are different genes that determine your eye colour and your hair colour. The different forms of genes are caused by mutations in the DNA code. Genetic disorders are depending on certain factors these are; what genes you inherit of your parents, whether the gene for that condition is dominant or recessive and their environment, including any treatment they may receive. An example of a genetic disorder is Sickle Cell Anaemia; Sickle cell anaemia is a disease where your body produces abnormally shaped red blood cells. The cells are shaped like a crescent or sickle used to cut wheat. Sickle cell anaemia is caused by a genetic mutation that affects normal development of red blood cells. Symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can have a significant impact on quality of life. Potential complications can be life-threatening. Biological Biological...
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...Microevolutionary Process Notes * 1) Natural selection works on individuals * 2) Individuals do not evolve, populations do * Insecticide application didn’t result in insecticide resistance: some insects carry trait of resistance in their genes * Processes in Microevolution -Mutation -Non-random mating -Genetic Drift -Natural Selection -Gene Flow * Hardy-Weinburg Theorem: Frequencies of alleles and genotypes are preserved from generation to generation in populations that are not evolving -p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 * Hardy-Weinburg tells us that we will never get rid of bad genes and it’s used to figure how gene populations change over time * The Hardy-Weinberg theorem describes a pop’n that is not evolving. It has 5 assumptions: 1. Genetic Drift: This represents random changes in small gene pools due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles. The bottleneck effect and founder effect are prime examples of genetic drift. In either case the number of individuals in a population is drastically reduced distorting the original allelic frequencies. (H-W assumes large population) 2. Gene Flow: The movement of alleles into and out of a gene pool. Migration of an organism into different areas can cause the allelic frequencies of that population to increase. Most populations are not isolated, which is contrary to the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem. (H-W assumes the population isolated from others) 3. Mutations: These changes in the genome of an organism are...
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...supply for the body is not replaced with nutrient rich foods Amy has a higher likely hood of being anemic. Amy is also a picky eater, so given the choice she may not make wise eating choices. Amy’s eating habits need to be redirected to healthier foods that would give her the proper amount of iron. Amy could also take an iron supplement; but should really see her doctor, iron is important to the body because it helps get enough oxygen throughout the body. Diagnosis is done through a physical exam, as well as a complete blood count; and an iron test to see how much iron is in the blood. Treatment is usually an iron supplement that is monitored by your doctor. Prevention can be through a healthy diet with foods rich in iron such as; meat, eggs, whole grain, and iron-fortified foods. (Web MD) Marcus is getting ready for kindergarten. His mother is concerned, and wants Marcus to be screened, because she carries the “trait”. Being that Marcus is African-American, he has a high likely hood of inheriting this trait from his parents if they have the disorder. I believe that the trait that Marcus’ mother is speaking of is sickle cell anemia; this disorder affects approximately 100,000 people in the United States. Sickle cell disease causes red blood cells to form into a crescent shape, like a sickle; The sickle-shaped red blood cells...
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...P1 Public Health Strategies in the UK and their origins. In this article I am going to describe the key features of public health strategies as they relate to current times in the UK. -Monitoring the health status of the population. This strategy involves keeping track of people’s health/keeping an eye on everyone though statics. By tracking changes in the health of the population health professionals are able to alert people to potential problems, for example regular check-ups, at doctors for asthma or Dentist to check up on teeth and make sure they are in good condition plus Orthodontic. Also the NHS provide a free midlife MOT to check people aged between 40-74, to make sure they are in good health and to help reduce the number of elderly who suffer with high blood pressure. Also for HIV, they monitor the health of the population with HIV tracking the number of people with HIV within the population. This helps the NHS find out the population of people with HIV in order for them to take further actions. -Identifying the health needs of the population. This strategy involves identifying health needs, including those that are common problems/ illness that are considered a major problem. For example identifying the illness and providing support through services or medicine, advert are a great way that can get you aware, and provide you with health awareness that is common in the population. Doctors for example monitor the health status of...
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...Disease Addisonian Anemia Albright’s Syndrome Alport’s Syndrome Alzheimer’s Argyll-Robertson Pupil Arnold-Chiari Malformation Barrett’s Bartter’s Syndrome Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy Bell’s Palsy Berger’s Disease Bernard-Soulier Disease Berry Aneurysm Bowen’s Disease Brill-Zinsser Disease Briquet’s Syndrome Broca’s Aphasia Brown-Sequard Bruton’s Disease Budd-Chiari Buerger’s Disease Burkitt’s Lymphoma Caisson Disease Chagas’ Disease Chediak-Higashi Disease Conn’s Syndrome Cori’s Disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Crohn’s Curling’s Ulcer Cushing’s Cushing’s Ulcer de Quervain’s Thyroiditis Primary adrenocortical deficiency Pernicious anemia (antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells → ↓IF → ↓Vit B12 → megaloblastic anemia) Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, short stature, young girls Hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness Progressive dementia • Loss of light reflex constriction (contralateral or bilateral) • “Prostitute’s Eye” – accommodates but does not react • Pathognomonic for 3°Syphilis • Lesion pretectal region of superior colliculus Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum = see thoracolumbar meningomyelocele Columnar metaplasia of lower esophagus (↑ risk of adenocarcinoma)- constant gastroesophageal reflux Hyperreninemia Similar to Duchenne, but less severe (mutation, not a deficiency, in dystrophin protein) CNVII palsy (entire face; recall that...
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...Sickle cell anemia primarily affects people with African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Indian ancestry (Learn genetics, 2010; NHLBI, n.d.; Vorvick et al., 2010). Sickle cell anemia occurs when a person inherits two sickle cell gene, one from each parent, that cause the red blood cells to change and become crescent shaped. The underlying problem involves hemoglobin, a component of the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is a protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs (Nabili, 2008, para. 1). In sickle cell anemia, the hemoglobin is flawed. As a result, the cells become sickle shaped and can’t travel as easily through blood vessels. Sickle cell anemia is an illness which has one primary cause, but a variety of symptoms and treatments. Like most illnesses, sickle cell anemia has one primary cause. In order for sickle cell anemia to occur, a sickle cell gene must be inherited from both the mother and the father, so that the child has two sickle cell genes (Shiel, 2006, para. 3). The sickle cell gene causes the body to make abnormal hemoglobin. As mentioned above, hemoglobin is a protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs (Nabili, 2008, para. 1). A person with normal red blood cell will have hemoglobin A, however a person with sickle cell disease will have hemoglobin S (Sickle...
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...Lasell College Athletic Training--Sickle Cell Disclosure Form I, , affirm that I have been informed by my family physician as to my Sickle Cell Trait Status and have read this from in its entirety. 1. Sickle Cell Trait Positive 2. Sickle Cell Trait Negative About Sickle Cell Trait • Sickle Cell Trait is the inheritance of one gene for sickle hemoglobin and one for normal hemoglobin. Sickle Cell Trait will not turn into the disease; it is a life-long condition that will not change over time. During periods of intense exercise, red blood cells containing the sickle hemoglobin can change shape from round to quarter-moon, or “sickle.” Sickled red cells may accumulate in the bloodstream during periods of intense exercise (2-3 minutes), blocking normal blood flow to the tissues and muscles. During periods of intense exercise, athletes with sickle cell trait have experienced significant physical distress, collapsed, and even died. Heat, dehydration, altitude, and asthma and other medical conditions may increase the risk for and worsen complications associated with sickle cell trait, even when exercise is not intense. Common signs and symptoms of sickle cell emergencies include but are not limited to: increased pain and weakness in the working muscles (especially legs/buttocks/low back); cramping type pain of muscles; soft, flaccid muscle tone; and/or immediate symptoms with no warning signs. Initial Initial Facts about Sickle Cell Trait • • • • • • Those at high risk are, ancestors...
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...SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN B Gibson SOC313 Social Implications of Medical Issues Instructor: Betsey Morthland July 23, 2012 SICKLE CELL AND THE PAIN Living with pain. What is sickle cell disease? Are you a carrier or do you have sickle cell disease? We will look at what is sickle cell disease and how do you know if you are a carrier. How many people have sickle cell disease, what challenges they face personally and socially? Are there programs to help people with sickle cell disease deal with pain management? This is just a peek at sickle cell disease. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder of the red blood cells. If you have sickle cell disease you have an abnormal type of hemoglobin. Sickle cell disease contains mostly hemoglobin*s. Blood cells become sickle and crescent shape, which causes them to have trouble passing through small round blood vessels. “When sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels, less blood can each that part of the body. Tissue that does not receive a normal blood flow eventually becomes damaged. This is what causes the complications of sickle cell disease.” (Florida Transition Project) There are several types of sickle cell disease – (SS) Sickle Cell Anemia, (SC) Sickle Hemoglobin C Disease, Sickle Beta-Plus, and Sickle Betz-Zero Thalassemia. Sickle Cell trait (AS) is an inherited condition and this condition is not sickle cell disease. People that have the trait are normally healthy and they are only carriers...
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...A Report on Sickle Cell Disease Name: Professor: Course: Date: Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a life threatening illness passed down from parents to children through the genes (Piel & Weatherall, 2015). The disease therefore, is present at birth but the signs come to the fore after the fourth month. The disease has been recognized as a major public health concern by international agencies and is common among many people in Africa, the Arabian Gulf, Turkey, India; the Mediterranean and their descendants spread around the world. For instance, in United States one in 400 African-American infants is born with sickle cell disease annually (Ibid). Description of Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease comprises of red blood cell disorders whose main feature is abnormal hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying protein in the red blood cells (Peterson, 2008). The abnormality of the hemoglobin is caused by a mutation in a gene of the hemoglobin protein. This abnormality hinders the proper formation globin genes of the hemoglobin molecules resulting in abnormal hemoglobin that may take the forms of “S” hemoglobin or “SC” hemoglobin or “beta-thalassemia” hemoglobin as noted by (Rees, Williams & Gladwin, 2010). Types of Sickle Cell Disease The disorders; sickle cell anemia disease (caused by “S” hemoglobin), “SC” disease (caused...
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...Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease has been discovered for several hundred years. The first case reported in America was by Dr. James Herrick with a 20-year-old student patient from West Indies (Desai, 2004). The prevalence of this disease in the United State is around 1 in 5,000. Most patients are descendents of Sub-Saharan Africans. Every 1 out of 500 African Americans is born with this disease. Sickle cell is caused by hemoglobin S – an abnormal type of hemoglobin. This hemoglobin is a protein that carrying oxygen inside the red blood cells. However, hemoglobin S is abnormal and can change the shape of the red blood cell to a crescent- or sickle-like shape. Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and can move easily through blood vessels. The normal red blood cells’ function is to transfer oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body (“What Is Sickle Cell Anemia?”). Sickle-shaped red blood cells, on the other hand, are stiff and sticky; they move very slowly and difficultly through the blood vessels. These troubled cells can cause pain, infection and organ damages because they cannot perform the basic functions as do by the normal red blood cells (“What Is Sickle Cell Anemia?”). Sickle cell disease is a recessive genetic disease inherited from parents. However, only both parents with sickle cell genes can produce a child with sickle cell disease. A sickle cell disease patient must inherited two sickle cell genes from each parent. A person has only one sickle cell...
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...Sickle Cell Disease Charlie Wilson HHC/220 March 13, 2014 Mark Perry Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell anemia or SCD is a condition that is inherited genetically by abnormal, red blood cells (erythrocytes) that has a form of sickle-shape. According to the Sickle Cell Society (2005), the beginning stage of this disease can begin as early as four months of age but are more common between one and two years of age. Symptoms while in childhood stage to adulthood consist of the following: * Breathlessness * Fatigue * Paleness * Painful aches throughout the body. * Swelling of feet and hands. * If you’re a male with this disease, you can experience painful erections. ( http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/midorcas/animalphysiology/websites/2005/Eppolifo/into.htm) Sickle cell can cause strokes in children as young as eight years of age. An individual who inherits this disease usually has a life span up to the middle 40’s. (SCDAA, 2005) PERI Model Utilization Sickle cell is a disease that is lifelong and inherited. This disease affects millions of individuals around the globe. Sickle cell is inherited from other family members that are carrying the sickle cell trait without having the disease itself. Most individuals who genetically inherited sickle cell has both parents with the gene or if one parent has the gene and the other do not, the child is likely to receive the sickle cell trait. The disease is very serious when the red blood cells form into a...
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... Breanna Jordan Alpha Beta Beta Alpha Oxygen Iron Atoms Heme Groups Oxygenated Hemoglobin * Formed via transportation of O2 to cells in tissue * O2 adheres to heme protein in Hgb * T (taut state) R (relaxed state) makes binding easier or releases De-oxygenated Hemoglobin * is not bound to oxygen molecule * Higher absorption * Blue-ish in color Bohr’s Effect CO2 produced through citric acid cycle, Hg carries oxygen from lungs to body's tissues. Hg releases oxygen for CO2 and affects pH levels. Normal pH range is 7.2 - 7.4 ↓ pH causes ↑ in the amount of oxygen being released in hemoglobin. An elevated pH will cause the oxygen to bind the hemoglobin proteins in RBCs. ("Hemoglobin," n.d.) RBCs are round cells that have concaved centers. They are flexible making it easy to move through blood vessels. Sickle cell RBC's are developed from mutations in DNA - mRNA transcriptions. They are crescent shape and become fibrous. This causes them to stick to one another. Once they begin to stick, the deoxygenated cells are unable to travel to the lungs to receive oxygen. As the CO2 builds up this causes lack of oxygen to the tissues causing pain. Sickle Cell cells also cause anemia due to the fact cells die faster than normal RBCs. Sickle cell disease is an inherited autosomal recessive pattern disorder. For a child to inherit the disease both parents must have the trait and pass down a defective copy of...
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...estimated number of haemophilia patients in India would be around 48,407. Thus, India may have over 70,000 patients with haemophilia A and B. Fig. 4 shows the observed number of cases (calculated at a prevalence of 0.9 per 1,00,000 population) and estimated number of patients (calculated at 4 per 1,00,000 population) with hemophilia A in States/Union Territories of the country. The large patient burden indicates the need for a public health intervention for prevention and care. Dharmarajan, et al (2012) discusses that Subsidised treatment is unavailable; there is no policy in most low-income countries for the import of clotting factor concentrate, and genetic counselling services are unavailable through maternal and child health programmes. The choice for families lies between out-of-pocket, often catastrophic, expenditure on treatment or suboptimal treatment. Ghosh.K (2009) discusses that being a low volume high cost disease, in most developing countries haemophilia is utterly neglected. In all the developed countries of the world the government and the medical insurance companies have been involved in the delivery of comprehensive hemophilia care. But not so in most developing countries including India. Kanjaksha Ghosh (2013-2014) argues that treating Hemophilia is a costly affair and in every developed country PwH is either treated free through Government health care programmes or by the insurance companies through their universal health insurance. In contrast to other developed...
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...This paper will describe what sickle cell anemia is, how it effects the human body; as well as the oral cavity. Sickle cell anemia is a hereditary disease caused by abnormal hemoglobin, which causes the red blood cells to have low oxygen levels (National Heart, Lungs and Blood Institute, 2015). Sickle cell anemia is inherited only if both parents have the disorder because it is caused by the genetic abnormality of hemoglobin (webMD, 2015). When there is abnormal hemoglobin it can produce sickle hemoglobin (webMD, 2015). This causes the red blood cells to stick together and create long rod shaped red blood cells when oxygen leaves the cell (webMD, 2015). When this happens it causes the symptoms of sickle cell anemia (webMD, 2015). In people...
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...Josiah Hicks Genetic (Or Not) Disorders There are many diseases and disorders in the world, they all have different causes and effects. Some of the causes may be genetic, some might be the result of the surrounding environments, and some even remain unexplained. Today, I’m going to cover some of them, I’m going to explain the causes of the disorders, the resulting effects of the disorder, and if there is a cure. Sickle cell anemia or SCD is a hereditary disorder (meaning that it is acquired through the parents) and is categorized by the most prominent effect on the body’s production and storage of the a molecule in...
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