...Introduction to Research Paper Writing The purpose of research writing is to collect, present, and interact with what is known about a topic. Primary research is “firsthand”—original research that generates new knowledge, such as scientific studies, social science surveys or case studies, and so on. Most college papers do not involve this kind of research. Secondary research is much more common. This is done by reading and organizing materials generated by others’ studies. (Most lower division college research papers are secondary research; primary research writing always begins with a survey of already-published research, often called a “review of related literature” or “lit review.”) Since this kind of writing is using materials that others have developed and published, it is very important to document and cite the sources of material used in writing. If sources are not documented and given proper credit, the result is plagiarism. Plagiarism may not be intentional, but it is still a serious problem. Passing off ideas, concepts, and data as one’s own is a violation of intellectual integrity. It amounts to theft of intellectual property. For many reasons, then, it is critically important to learn how to properly use material collected in research. The appropriate presentation of research content uses proper format. The format, or style, of a paper refers to the systematic way in which research materials are documented and cited. The documentation of sources used in a paper is commonly known...
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...Components of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality Sunny Pilkington PSY/250 October 15, 2012 Dr. Alisa Cortez . Psychologists Alfred Alder, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Jung are prominent founders and contributors in the components of psychoanalytic approach to personality. Alder, Freud, and Jung formulated separate theories worth comparing and contrasting. “Although their theories were at least as distinct as the four men were, they were passionate about their endeavors, and never settled with conclusion - their entire lives were spent in earnest search for better understanding of the human psychological frailties and their betterment” (Psychological-Musings.blogspot.com, n.d.).. Nevertheless, critical thinking and disagreements coexists among the theories founded by each to explain personality and improve quality of life and understanding. These three psychologists have different stances on the manner psychology functions in humans. In the components of psychoanalytic approach to personality, each of the psychologists seems to be striving to be unique. In this, many disagreement publications are brought about and many mirror similarities among the three. Following are the components of psychoanalytic approach to personality per psychologist. Alfred Alder’s theory holds that” basic psychological element of neurosis was a sense of inferiority and that individuals suffering with symptoms of this phenomenon spent their lives...
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...at the human mind emerges. These events and people would really change cultures around the world. Beliefs in the Enlightenment would never be the same and modern day societies are still influenced at what was achieved and destroyed during this time. I am going to highlight the life of Sigmund Freud’s and how his theories impacted how we look at the human mind today. Then I will go over World War 1 and how it completely changed cultures of the west. Finally I will explain how WW1 and Sigmund Freud connected and changed western societies forever. Sigmund Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia in 1856. There is not a lot of information on Sigmund Freud’s early life because he chose to keep it out of the public’s eye. “Little is known of Freud’s early life as he twice destroyed his personal paper, once in 1885 and again in 1907” (Psychologist, World). His personal papers were closely guarded in Sigmund Freud’s archives and only available to Ernest Jones his official biographer. Freud published countless theories that created a lot of controversy in his time and still in our modern world today. Sigmund published many works but most of them if not all of them go back to his theory on psychoanalysis, a term he first used in 1896. He explained that you can use therapy as a way to help people emotionally by talking it out which would later be characterized as the “talking cure”. In 1900 he published The Interpretation of Dreams a book about his theory on the unconscious. This would be one...
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...dream what we dream, and how, and where dreams come from. There have been many different theories on where dreams come from and how to interpret the dreams of different people. I will be exploring the similarities and differences of those theories along with speculating which theories are the most accurate, taking into consideration recent research on the psychology of dreams and dream interpretation. My main focus will be the world-renowned psychologist, Sigmund Freud. His theories on dreams and the interpretation of dreams are the most widely known and socially accepted theories, but are those theories the most accurate? That is what my research paper will be discussing and examining. This paper will be objective, simply providing the facts about dreams and the different theories regarding dreams and the interpretation of them. I will go in depth with why we dream what we dream, some of the most common dreams that people have, and what the most popular theories are behind the psychology of dreams. My purpose of this paper is to inform my audience of the theories behind dreams and where they come from. I will provide information on the different interpretations of common dreams, the history of dreams, and the basics of the sleeping cycle. My readers are my class peers as well as my instructor. I think that many people know the basics of how we sleep but I think that the general public remains oblivious as to why we dream what we dream, as well as where our dreams come from...
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...contrasted in relationship to their basic assumptions, deterministic versus free-will positions, and conscious versus unconscious motives for behavior. Personality Theories Analyzed In the field of psychology, there is currently no agreed-upon definition of personality among psychologists (Feist & Feist, 2009). Each person is unique and so is his or her personality. Since many personalities are vastly different from one another, exploring various theories allows for different views on personality to be considered. Each person is unique and so is his or her personality. Therefore, taking a thorough look at two major personality theories and comparing them together is one way to increase our understanding about personality. Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory and Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychological Theory are the two particular theories...
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...point of view); that memory exists without interest, that the energetics, indeed, the structure of psychic processes is determined, on the whole, beyond consciousness (the economic point of view); and that finally inaccessibility to consciousness is undeniable (the descriptive point of view). Freud transformed philosophical and psychiatric tradition with these ideas and his refinement of the terms (Hartmann, 1931; Whithe, 1961). When he advanced the theory of repression and the psychoneurosis of defense in 1894, Freud managed without the word unconscious. Thus ideas (or representations) that were intolerable, irreconcilable, repressed, durable, and pathogenic were beyond association, forgotten, outside of consciousness. Freud then made use of the term unconscious three times in Studies on Hysteria and called for research: "The ideas which are derived from the greatest depth and which form the nucleus of the pathogenic organization are also those which are acknowledged as memories by the patient with greatest difficulty. Even when [. . .] the patients themselves accept the fact that they thought this or that, they often add: 'But I can't remember having thought it.' It is easy to come to terms with them by telling them that the thoughts were unconscious. But how is this state of affairs...
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...basically theory discipline on a certain matter which a position is chosen. In this paper team “B” will be taking a look into the basic theoretical positions of four important individuals related to psychology; who are Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James. As well as the basic theoretical positions of the individuals we also will be comparing and contrasting the four individual’s positions. Concerning the causes and nature of human psychological functioning Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and William James share their differences, which team “B” will discuss. Sigmund Freud considered being the father of psychoanalysis. The main theory that Freud focused the majority of his research was the psychoanalytic theory of learning. Freud is most known for his research and contribution in this field of therapy. Freud is of the first Westerners to recognize and work with the unconscious processes. Psychoanalysis is educational process in which unconscious conflicts are consciously confronted. Freud’s theory is based on the conscious mind and the unconscious mind. Freud was not the one who invented it, but he was responsible for making it highly popular in the psychoanalytic field of research. Freud applied the deterministic principles systematically to the sphere of the mental, and to hold the broad spectrum of human behavior is explicable on in the terms of the mental processes that determine it. The conscious mind occurs when he is aware...
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...Psychology 1 Reaction Paper on Sigmund Freud works Heroically, Freud dominated the 20 the century. Indeed from his birth in 1856 to his death in 1939, Freud’s contribution to psychology and a host of other areas of human endeavor has been so outstanding and far reaching that it may be very difficult to envision several aspects of popular culture without a Freudian perspective. Moreover, while it has been said that if God did not exist it would have been necessary to invent him, the world in a similar manner would have had to invent Freud had he not existed. Sigmund Freud played an extraordinary role in the broadening and deepening of psychological analysis. In social sciences, the signs of his influence are instantly recognizable. In psychiatry, as everyone knows, he affected a resolution. Problems of ethics have been reviewed in the light of his theories, and the implications of his doctrines have by no means escaped the attention of students of philosophy and religion. Even such general disciplines such as common sense, arithmetic, and physical sciences took on significant challenges when seen from his point of view, but the most remarkable of all is his effect on the thought in everyday life. Most of the Freudian terminology has found its way into common speech and in a general views. His interpretation of human nature is part of the common thought of the ages. Sigmund Freud is undeniably one of the most controversial figures in...
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...Life doesn’t stand still. We are in a state of constant change throughout our lives. When we ask ourselves who we are, we think of ourselves in terms of who we are now. But we have been and will be many different people in our lifetime; an infant, a child, a teenager, a young adult, a mature person, and an aged person. Young children understand their worlds in ways that are so different from adults. To understand ourselves fully, we must understand the process of development, the more-or-less predictable changes in behavior associated with increasing age. Both nature and nurture work together in development. Without getting some advice (nurture), a child can’t use a baseball glove correctly. But the child must be physically developed enough to use the glove (nature). You cannot effectively teach children to do much with a glove until age 4 or so, after considerable physical development has taken place (nature). We are creatures of complex combinations of both our nature and nurture (Lahey (2007) page 316, 317 para 1). It is very important to understand that it’s normal for child development to be highly variable, even when they are raised in typical conditions. This is true in two senses: a) There are differences between children in their development b) Children vary in the rate of their own development from one period to the next Parents must make important decisions about raising children that can have a major impact on their child’s emotional and intellectual development...
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...Overview “Personality” is the term used to define or describe the traits and characteristics of an individual. At one point in life, almost every person has been asked to describe someone else. When doing this, the person is describing another’s personality. Over the years, there have been many theories created to assist in the in the understanding of humanistic behaviors. In the following paragraphs, the researchers who created two of these personality theories will be discussed, compared, and contrasted. The first theory was authored by Sigmund Freud and is the most popular. However, it seems most people have a distinct opinion of him. They either love or hate him. Freud’s personality theory seems to be ingrained in many people’s minds, whether they are informed about psychology or not. The author of the second personality theory is Alfred Adler. At one time, Adler was an invited guest to Freud’s house on Wednesday evenings. Adler and Freud, along with other respected colleagues, discussed their theories during these gatherings. Adler did not like the idea of people considering him a Freudian follower. He continually stated that his theory was very different from Freud’s studies. When comparing the two theories, the underlying assumptions each will be reviewed: deterministic vs. free will and awareness of self (conscious and unconscious). In addition, this paper will show that the two men were very different in their concept of humanity. Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic...
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...: 104 Child and Adolescent Development Karen Williams 9/17/12 Page One Development Theories In this paper I will talk about three of the development theories which are personality structure, psychosexual development and psychosocial development. All three of these developments are very important in a child’s life and helps them become who they are and I will explain how and why in this paper. According to Sigmund Freud in our text, there are three essential components: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id stage is more of a selfish state where everything is about you and only you. For an example when you are an infant everything is about you and only you. According to Simply Psychology, “The id consists of all the inherited (i.e. biological) components of personality, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and aggressive (death) instinct – Thanatos.” In an infant, their personality is nothing but Id and then when they become older is when the other two stages fall into place. You cry for a reason and most of the time it is either because you are hungry, dirty, sleepy or even just need to be comforted. So there for you cry because you want your caregiver to feed you, clean you, or even snuggle with you so you can fall asleep. The ego state comes around the age of two or three when as Freud states, “the job of the ego to satisfy the demands of the id and to have realistic plans for obtaining what the id wants...
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...longstanding difficulties in the ways that they think and feel about themselves, the world, and their relationships with others(1). For centuries great minds such as, Sigmund Freud, Erick Erickson, Carl Jung, and Alfred Alder have explored and experimented their theory’s against human behavior. In this paper we will discuss the influences of frueds work and how his prodecssor viewpoints expanded his thougts into the present view point of todays culture. Dr. Sigmund Freud “Sigmund Freud was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. As the originator of Psychoanalysis, Freud distinguished himself as an intellectual giant. He pioneered new techniques for understanding human behavior, and his efforts resulted in the most comprehensive theory of personality and psychotherapy ever developed”(3). “Dr. Sigmund Freud explored the human mind more thoroughly than any other who became before him. His contributions to psychology are vast. Freud was one of the most influential people of the twentieth century and his enduring legacy has influenced not only psychology, but art, literature and even the way people bring up their children”(2). Dr. Freud’s theories became highly influential to the field of pyschoanlysis. His work was unparrel and his theories have foreve changed physconlaues to this very day. “Freud (1900, 1905) developed a topographical model of the mind, whereby he described the features of mind’s structure and function. In this model the conscious mind (everything...
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...Week One Psychology Theories Comparison and Contrast SSCI206-1205B-32: Aspects of Psychology Brittany Shalice Herrig Abstract The purpose of this paper is to define, compare and contrast three perspectives of psychology. In detail this paper will define and examine the theories of; behaviorism, psychodynamic, and cognitive. This paper will include a description of each perspective and provide an example for each. Included in this paper will be a comparison of the three perspectives. This paper will conclude with an example of how each perspective influences psychology today. Psychology Theories Psychology is the word that is used to define the science of mind and behavior. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word psyche, which means “breathe, spirit, soul” and the Greek word logia, which means the study of something (Nordqvist, 2009). By derivative definition psychology is the study of every aspect of human function and behavior. The human being is extremely complex, evolutionary individual, and new discoveries regarding human development are discovered often. Because of constant stream of new discoveries regarding human psyche, there are many different perspectives that when combined in an eclectic manner provide a unique insight into what makes us, as human beings, so special. The behaviorist perspective is an approach in psychology that proposes that learning comes from either rewards or punishment in association with specific behaviors (Editorial...
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...2010) Human sexuality; different from that of force driven animal instinct, is directed by a variety of different complex factors. Due to the complexity of human sexuality there has been much done by the way of research, theory and model development from past researchers such as Sigmund Freud, Henry Havelock Ellis, Alfred Kinsey, and the team of Masters and Johnson (King, 2012). This paper will explore some of the current contributors of research as well as factors leading to the development of human sexuality based upon: the biological perspective, gender identity and roles, sexual orientation, as well as the relation between these terms. Development of Human Sexuality Human sexuality is indeed the way in which we experience as well as express ourselves as sexual beings (Rathus, Nevid, & Fichner-Rathus, 2010). Many theories have been developed regarding the development one’s gender identity and human sexuality; however it is argued that the most important factor to consider is our actual gender (DeLamater & Friedrich, 2002). Sigmund Freud’s “Freudian Theory” is based on the fact that each stage in life brings new milestones for human sexual development (King, 2012, p. 207). In the first year of life Freud believed that due to the occurrence of gratification from oral stimulation through sucking, the mouth was the primary erogenous zone (King, 2012). The second stage was believed to be the anal phase as infants age 11/2 to 3 would gain pleasure from holding and expelling feces...
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...FREUDIANISM VERSUS BEHAVIORISM This paper will compare the psychological worldviews of Freudianism and Behaviorism. The Freudian perspective stems from the work of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the founder of psychoanalysis. The origin of Behaviorism is found in the work of B. F. Skinner (1904-1990). Both of these men had “scientific” worldviews and they both believed that there are forces that influence the lives of human beings. However, they differed in their view on what the most important influences are Freud emphasized the role of the unconscious mind, which cannot be directly observed. In contrast, Skinner emphasized the role of environmental reinforcements and their impact on observable behaviors. The worldview of Freudianism is based in part on Freud’s scientific orientation and his rejection of religious and metaphysical assumptions (Stevenson 72). Freud claimed that the mind is divided into two major parts, the conscious and the unconscious. According to Freud, the conscious part of the mind is merely “the surface of the mental apparatus” (Freud 11). Although people interact with the world through the use of their conscious minds, their unconscious minds have a powerful influence on their feelings and actions. In his book Seven Theories of Human Nature, Leslie Stevenson claims that Freudianism sees the mind as being like an iceberg, “with only a small proportion of it visible above the surface, but a vast hidden bulk exerting its influence on the...
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