...Signal and system are the two major components in Signal Processing. The term signal refers to a physical quantity having the characteristic of varying with respect to time and space. Signal may be either continuous-time or discrete-time, with either analog or digital values [1]. The signals which are represented by a continuous function are called continuous signals and those which are described by number sequences are called discrete signals [2]. We have seen about a signal in brief. The second component in signal processing is a system which is a process whose input and output are signals. Signal processing is a vast area comprising the concepts of electrical engineering, systems engineering and applied mathematics that deals with both the analog and discrete time signals, represented by variation in time or spatial physical quantities. Precise statistical depiction is required for the development of improved signal processing algorithms of natural signals [3]. The major operations of Signal processing includes 1) signal acquisition and reconstruction, 2) Quality improvement including filtering, smoothing and digitization, 3) feature extraction 4) signal compression and 5) prediction [4] [5]. Analog signal processing, Discrete-time signal processing, Non-linear signal processing and Digital signal processing are the four major categories of signal processing. The signal processing performed over analog signals for the purpose of any of the major operations of signal processing...
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...Introduction The signal in communication system is constitute a basic ingredient, but it plays a major role in achieving communication between sender and receiver. The transmitted signal carries one or other form of information, to achieve successful communication we have to obtain and interpret the signal. By examining the transmitted signal we get to learn about the source of the signal and the medium through which the signal was travelled. it can be elaborated by understanding this example: The mobile communication is achieved by using GSM technology in which the signal used for communication purpose carries voice information (conversation between mobile users). The signal In communication system to achieve successful communication between sender and receiver we have to obtain and interpret the signal. By examining the “signal”, we hope how to learn something about the source of the source of the signal or the medium through which the signal travelled. We always want to get the most “bang for the buck” ' i.e. we therefore want to be able to pull the most usable information from a signal we are measuring. Thus, the signal processing is an attempt to extract the information of interest out of a signal, i.e. from the results of measurement and analysis. 1.1 Definition of Signal A signal is formally defined as a function of one or more variables, which conveys information on the nature of a physical phenomenon. Analytical frame work Signals may describe a wide...
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...TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 1 Combating Congestion Utilizing Adaptive Traffic Signal Systems Gregory Blazina University of St Francis MBAD 656 – Transportation Management & Economics Donald Maier PH.D. August 10, 2007 TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 2 Abstract Traffic congestion is an inescapable problem in large and growing metropolitan areas across the country. With 88% of America’s daily commuters using private vehicles, eliminating traffic congestion is practically impossible. The challenge then becomes finding the best methods to manage congestion as to minimize its impact on commuters, the environment, and the economy. The field of transportation engineering continues to grow and expand with an increasing use of advanced technologies to reduce congestion within our nation’s roadways. One set of technologies, which has evolved over the past 30 years and shows excellent potential for improving traffic conditions in urban areas is advanced traffic signal systems. These systems are the focus of this paper. TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 3 Congestion has traditionally been labeled as a problem to be solved. Between 1980 and 1999, vehicle miles of travel on U.S. roadways grew by 76 percent, while lane miles increased by only 3 percent. Average daily vehicle volumes in urban areas rose by 43...
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...waveforms or signals are extremely important as their applications exist in a broad variety of fields. The processes and ideas related to waveforms play a vital role in different areas of science and technology such as communications, optics, quantum mechanics, aeronautics, image processing to name a few. Even though the physical nature of signals might be completely different in various disciplines, all waveforms follow one fundamental principle; they can be represented by functions of one or more independent variables. This paper would focus on the concept of Fourier Transform, the technique through which signals can be deconstructed and represented as sum of various elementary signals. It briefly describes Linear Time Invariant systems and their response to superimposed signals. Fourier transform has many applications in physics and Engineering. This paper would also cover some of Fourier Transform applications in telecommunication and its impact on society. Introduction Some of the basic signals that exist in the world and are useful in various technology fields are continuous and discrete time signals. These signals depend on a single independent variable. Generally the independent variable is considered to be time (though it is not universally true).We will focus our discussion on the signals which are considered to be a function of a single independent variable. With the use of transformation techniques, a signal can be deconstructed...
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...Demo 2 Patient Monitoring System Through Internet Patient Monitoring System through Internet is system used to track off the patient’s health statue. For example some this system will inform the doctor with patient’s heart’s pumping rate, blood’s pressure rate, and many other necessary things. Each activity in the body have different signal in this system so the doctor can differentiate each activity for what it belongs for. For instance if the activity was for brain’s signals it will be (ECG), for the heart (EEG), and for muscles (EMG). These signals called biological signals and made as a form of electrical signals. Bioelectrical signals show various biological activities. This system needs electrodes to extract signals from the body. This system works by attaching devices on special places on the patient body and each part in the body represents a special kind of signals. This system has several parts and one of these parts is Isolation Amplifier. Isolation Amplifier is made to transfer signals to system but also it’s a main reason for patient’s safety because it prevents signals from going back. Imagine that these amplifiers don’t prevent signals from going back. What would happen? Simply the system will cause the patient and electric shock. The second part is called Bio-potential amplifier, which it acts on bioelectric signals. Signal from patient is gone to increase level of signal by the bio-potential amplifier. All the amplifiers are made to recommend the...
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...Introduction: A signal is the most amazing phenomenon created by this nature which helps each and every not only humans but also every living thing on this earth to covey some information by means of gesture, action or sound. Considering the perspective of engineering, the signal can be either analog or a digital signal. And the processing can be done on these signals which are known as analog signal processing and digital signal processing. “An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal.”[1] The speech signal is the best example of an analog signal as the signal varies...
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...APPLICATION OF ABRUPT CHANGE DETECTION-BASED SIGNAL SEGMENTATION IN POWER SYSTEM OSCILLATION ANALYSIS A Ukil*, R Živanović* *Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa. Abstract. Abrupt change detection-based signal segmentation has significant role to play in automatic segmentation of signal. The segmented signal can be used for automated analysis and effective further processing. Abrupt change detection-based automatic signal segmentation has been effectively utilized for automatic disturbance recognition in South Africa. In this paper, we describe the application of the abrupt change detectionbased automatic signal segmentation for the analysis of the inter-area power oscillation signals obtained from the Mexican Interconnected System (MZD-DGD). We have utilized the wavelet transform-based method and the adjusted Haar wavelet method for performing the segmentation. Effective comparison of our segmentation application results to the original segmentation by the Mexican research team is presented in this paper Key Words. Abrupt change detection; Signal segmentation; Inter-area oscillation analysis. 1. INTRODUCTION Detection of abrupt changes in the signal characteristics has significant role to play in automatic segmentation of signal. The segmented signal can be used for automated analysis and effective further processing. Abrupt change detection-based automatic signal segmentation has been effectively utilized,...
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...ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL 1.1 Analog signal An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analog to another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which a continuous quantity is represented by a discrete function which can only take on one of a finite number of values. The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey analog signals. An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information. For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. In an electrical signal, the voltage, current, or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information. Any information may be conveyed by an analog signal; often such a signal is a measured response to changes in physical phenomena, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure. The physical variable is converted to an analog signal by a transducer. For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure (that is to say, sound) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic...
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...people don't respond to alarm signals People often fail to respond quickly to fire alarm signals. A common example: In a hotel, a fire alarm sounds late at night. Only a handful of people actually dress and leave (often using the elevators). A few people call the front desk. Many people periodically poke their heads out their doors to see what's going on. But mostly, people simply wait for the alarm signal to stop. Eventually, the alarm either shuts off, or someone (hopefully) comes to tell them that there is a real emergency and they must leave. This problem has aggravated and perplexed fire safety professionals over the years. Some denounce the public for their stupidity in failing to recognize the potential danger indicated by a fire alarm signal. Their concern is valid: in many fire emergencies, a rapid response is critical to survival. But attributing the problem to public stupidity is inaccurate and of no value in correcting the problem. In reality, people are simply exhibiting natural tendencies. Why don't people respond to alarm systems? There are several reasons. In this essay, these reasons are divided into two main categories: Alarm signals as sources of information. Other reasons why people do and don't respond apart from the information-value of alarm signals. Alarm signals as a source of information. In order to understand why people fail to respond to alarm signals, we need to look at the information-value of alarm signals. By information-value, we mean...
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...DESCRIPTION Autopilot is an automatic flight control system that keeps an aircraft in level flight or on a set course. It can be directed by the pilot, or it may be coupled to a radio navigation signal. Autopilot reduces the physical and mental demands on a pilot and increases safety. The common features available on an autopilot are altitude and heading hold. The simplest systems use gyroscopic attitude indicators and magnetic compasses to control servos connected to the flight control system. The number and location of these servos depends on the complexity of the system. For example, a single-axis autopilot controls the aircraft about the longitudinal axis and a servo actuates the ailerons. A three-axis autopilot controls the aircraft about the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical axes. Three different servos actuate ailerons, elevator, and rudder. More advanced systems often include a vertical speed and/or indicated airspeed hold mode. Advanced autopilot systems are coupled to navigational aids through a flight director. The autopilot system also incorporates a disconnect safety feature to disengage the system automatically or manually. These autopilots work with inertial navigation systems, global positioning systems (GPS), and flight computers to control the aircraft. In fly-by-wire systems, the autopilot is an integrated component. Additionally, autopilots can be manually overridden. Because autopilot systems differ widely in their operation, refer to the autopilot...
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...ABSTRACT GPS and GSM is used to locate and track traffic vehicles as they transverse there route. By using satellites and towers the system is able to monitor the vehicles direction and location within a few feet. This paper will explore the problem of tracking vehicles, in real time, from one point to another. Improving latency and software calculations to be more precise with time accuracy. The paper will include hardware that utilize the technology and software that enables the system to work as designed. Function within the software will make allowance for any latency that is produce from the hardware. INTRODUCTION With the increase of wireless technology transportation companies are taking advantage of the possibilities to improve their efficiency of real timed supervision. Therefore the need to implement GPS and GSM has become an important part of their operation. Before the system can be operational certain problems need to be addressed. 1) The system's data has to be in real time. 2) Interference has to be eliminated, such as mountains, tall buildings, other RFs, etc. 3) System alerts received when a vehicle is ahead of time or off route. Global Positioning System satellites (GPS) and Global System for mobile (GSM) are used to determine precise location of a vehicle. GPS and GSM tracking are accomplished by a receiver collecting data from at least 4 satellites in order to determine precise...
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...LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Abstract: Laser communication is one of the key areas in wireless Communications. They work only under clear line-of-sight conditions between each unit, but they eliminate the need for securing right of ways, buried cable installations and no government licensing is necessary. Free space laser communications systems can be quickly deployed since they are small and do not need any radio interference calculations. Additionally, no spectrum fees have to be paid. This paper includes analysis, optimization, design and system level development of signal transformation between satellites or any two sources. Which work similarly to fibre optic links, except the beam is transmitted through free space. The carrier used for the transmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are needed, one for transmission and one for reception. INTRUDUCTION: Laser Communication is one of the emerging areas of wireless communication system. Due to its low noise ratio makes its one of the well suited communication medium for exchange of information. Currently laser commutation is adopted in satellite communication for space research activities and due to its efficiency on low noise ratio, inexpensive, low power and its flexibility and its resistance to the radio interferences makes laser communication as one of research area in wireless communication. In this process, this paper comprises...
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...CENTRAL TYRE INFLATION SYSTEM (CTIS) • CTIS SYSTEM IS A MECHANICAL SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS DRIVER TO ADJUST VEHICLE’S TYRE PRESSURE WHILE THE VEHICLE IS IN MOTION i.e. BY INFLATING AND DEFLECTING THE TYRE PRESSURE. •USING CTIS A VEHICLE CAN BE OPERATED WITH TYRE PRESSURE APPROPRIATE TO THE SPEED AND STRENGTH OF THE ROAD SECTION BEING NEGOTIATED AND THE LOAD BEING CARRIED WITH INCREASED VEHICLE MOBILITY. This system is used to inflate/deflate tyres in order to adapt the vehicle's rolling capabilities to terrain conditions, in accordance with several pre-set categories: EMERGENCY, SOFT GROUND, TRACK and HIGHWAY. This function is controlled from the driving position by a special instrument panel •which activates a logic box to inflate/deflate the tyres, sending compressed air to the wheels via a rotary joint on the hub reducer of each wheel. • •MAJOR COMPONENETS IN THE SYSTEM •OCP (OPREATOR CONTROL PANEL) •PCU (PRESSUE CONTROL UNIT) •CTIS VALVES Central tyre inflation system (CTIS) vehicle Know your User Instruction Centralized tyre inflation Central tyre inflation system (CTIS) vehicle Press ON/OFF button to switch the device ON Know your At power up of system, the empty load signal will first fast blinking and will steady on when ECU is correctly initialized. If Load signal continuously blinks, the ECU initialization fails. The process initialization starts by blinking successively all panel signals (auto-test). After the initialization sequence...
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...LASER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Naveen, Shreyas A S, Ravi Ghael, Najashree Department of electronics and communication, IEEE Abstract— Laser communications systems are wireless connections through the atmosphere. They work similarly to fiber optic links, except the beam is transmitted through free space. While the transmitter and receiver must require line-ofsight conditions, they have the benefit of eliminating the need for broadcast rights and buried cables. Laser communications systems can be easily deployed since they are inexpensive, small, low power and do not require any radio interference studies. The carrier used for the transmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are needed, one for transmission and one for reception. Due to budget restrictions, the system implemented in this project is only one way. event, disaster scenes, communications). conventions or space band I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1) Laser communication is one of the emerging area of wireless communication system. Due to its low noise ratio makes its one of the well suited communication medium for exchanging of information. Currently laser communication is adopted in satellite communication for space research activities and due to its efficiency on low noise ratio, inexpensive, low power, flexibility and its resistance to the radio interference makes laser communication as one of the research area in wireless communication. In this process...
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...contributed in his own way and also to school for bringing out the seminar format which guided us well and made our work easier. And to our most beloved parents, guardians which God used in providing the financial resources for us. We say a very big thank you to them all and pray that God bless us all. THANKS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS OF SOME TERMS A DIGITAL SYSTEM is a data technology that uses discrete (discontinuous) values. By contrast, non-digital (or analog) systems represent information using a continuous function. Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers and letters or continuous, such as sounds, images, and other measurements. The word digital comes from the same source as the words digit and digitus (the Latin word for finger), as fingers are used for discrete counting. It is most commonly used in computing and electronics, especially where real-world information is converted to binary numeric form as in digital audio and digital photography. DIGITAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM is a transmission system in which (a)...
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