...mean for achievement. Analysis a writing style can help us discovering the language to express what we read. Three Secrets to Academic Success was written by Elana Peled, Ed.D. She is the founder of Academic Success for All. She started writing to help people who struggle to achieve academic success. This book reveals the powerful secrets that underlie academic success. The second secret is the learning creativity. It is about that every single person on the planet has the capacity to be creative. Our creativity is involved in how we make sense of the world and is intimately connected with our ability to learn. Based on my analysis in her writing style, she had written this chapter in grammatical correct English. One of the most important factors is that sentences were not formed by words alone but by structural units. The author had conformed her words, phrases, and sentences to specific pattern determined by the syntactic rules of the language. She utilized different types of sentences, passive voice, relative clause, and pronoun to emphasize some facts, attract our attention, and make effective writing. The author used a variety of sentence types at varying lengths to express more strong statements, reasonable ideas, interesting and dynamic energy....
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...The world is not a Rube Goldberg: The complex causal chain argument Rube Goldberg, a cartoonist, engineer, and inventor, gave us cartoons of many machines that illustrate the complexity of cause/effect events in the real world yet are still simple. His machines and cartoons, known as Rube Goldbergs, often contain complicated steps that a machine will go through to do something very simple. An example of this is the “self-operating napkin” (Goldberg): [pic][pic] In this Rube Goldberg, one can see that as he lifts the spoon to eat (A), it pulls the cord (B) that flicks the spoon (C). The spoon tosses the bread (D) that the bird (E) goes for and so the stuff on the other side of the balance (F) falls into the bucket (G). As the bucket drops (H), it pulls the string (I) that opens the box that lets out the fire (J). The fire ignites the fire-cracker (K), which pulls the scythe (L). The scythe cuts the cord (M), which lets the napkin move according to the ticking of the clock and wipes the man’s mouth. The plethora of events and cause/effect connections in this description seem complex compared to the simple act of picking up the napkin oneself and doing it. As complex as these events seem, they are still simple compared to any real set of events in the world. In this Rube Goldberg, the causal chain is that A causes B which causes C and so on. This is a linear chain of events where A and only A causes B which only causes C and so on. Even though the explanation of what happens...
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...Soccer Essay Soccer is the number one sport in the world, people do not realize this, because they do not think of the third world countries that do not necessarily have enough money to have more then something simple as a soccer ball. In this essay I will talk about the rules of offside, the game of soccer, and the rule of slide tackling. First, there are many rules in soccer, because it is a very complex game. One of the most important rules is offside. Offiside is the rule that comes into play when the Ball is kicked by and offensive player. If the other offensive player is past the last defender on there half of the field. Then the AR will throw up his flag signaling to the center ref. that there has been an offside offense. In this time the opposing team will get a free kick. Next, the game of soccer is played in most countries around the world. Whether or not these countries are poor or stable it is still a big sport. There are two sides to soccer, the offence and the defense. The offence is trying to get down the filed, and put the ball past the keeper into the opposing teams net. The defenses side is to try and prevent the offence from netting the ball. Finally, one of the biggest, and most important ways of tackling is slide tackling. There is an illegal way of slide tackling, which is when you either do not touch the ball, or you slide in with your cleat facing up. Slide tackling in this form will resort in a red card, which suspends you from the present...
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...Mulla's friend did. As long as it is there, we are happy, even if it is lying unutilised and idle. Our obsession with the protection of our capital is harmful for our health . The returns from money can come only when it is made to work. When we use the money , we spend it; when we let someone use of money , we invest it. It would be easy for all of us if investment choices were simple, straightforward, and came with that one factor that pleases us - no damage to the invested capital. Many investors confidently declare that they are not asking for too much when they insist on one basic criterion - that they get back their invested money, the principal. It is not possible to put the money to use and protect it as well, and if we place it in a bag in our backyard like mulla's friend, it will lose value over time. Anyone who uses our money will build assets with it. The return from these assets will be used to provide us return on our invested capital . Any asset building activity is fraught with risk. If the finance textbooks tells us that there is no return without risk, it is not mere theory , but a simple statement of investing reality. Anybody who uses our money, including the bank is using it to build assets. And this creates that activity that cannot be done without taking risks. The students who went to an engineering college and found that the promised...
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...harnessingquanta COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Simple Rules for a Complex Quantum World An exciting new fundamental discipline of research combines information science and quantum mechanics By Michael A. Nielsen Updated from the November 2002 issue 25 COPYRIGHT 2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Over the past few decades, scientists have learned that simple rules can give rise to very rich behavior. A good example is chess. Imagine you’re an experienced chess player introduced to someone claiming to know the game. You play a few times and realize that although this person knows the rules of chess, he has no idea how to play well. He makes absurd moves, sacrificing his queen for a pawn and losing a rook for no reason at all. He does not truly understand chess: he is ignorant of the high-level principles and heuristics familiar to any knowledgeable player. These principles are collective or emergent properties of chess, features not immediately evident from the rules but arising from interactions among the pieces on the chessboard. Scientists’ current understanding of quantum mechanics is like that of a slowlearning student of chess. We’ve known the rules for more than 70 years, and we have a few clever moves that work in some special situations, but we’re only gradually learning the high-level principles that are needed to play a skillful overall game. The discovery of these principles is the goal of quantum information science, a fundamental field...
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...delays and cancellations. Even projects with sound initial estimates are doomed to overrun cost and schedule budgets if they are not guided by rules of thumb and rigorous estimates-to-complete. Therefore, project managers must be armed with simple metrics and rigorous estimating models to be successful. Simple or complex, there are five questions project managers should ask about every estimate as they define and manage their projects. This paper stresses the value of accurate estimating, the project management discipline developing estimating rules-of-thumb and the application of those metrics to aid successful decision-making. Project Managers must be Accurate Estimators The key to successful project completion is an accurate estimate and a realistic risk assessment. Capers Jones, in a study of two hundred and fifty complex, software-intensive projects identified only twenty-five as successful in achieving their initial cost, schedule and performance objectives. Jones defines a failed project as one that is six months over schedule and fifteen percent over its cost estimate (p.5). Cost estimating was revealed as one of the six best practices utilized by the successful projects. How to be an Accurate Estimator Successful project managers make daily use of three powerful tools to become accurate estimators: simple rules-of-thumb, rigorous predictive mathematical models, and the project management triangle. They create an accurate estimating discipline...
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...experiencing delays and cancellations. Even projects with sound initial estimates are doomed to overrun cost and schedule budgets if they are not guided by rules of thumb and rigorous estimates-to-complete. Therefore, project managers must be armed with simple metrics and rigorous estimating models to be successful. Simple or complex, there are five questions project managers should ask about every estimate as they define and manage their projects. This paper stresses the value of accurate estimating, the project management discipline developing estimating rules-of-thumb and the application of those metrics to aid successful decision-making. Project Managers must be Accurate Estimators The key to successful project completion is an accurate estimate and a realistic risk assessment. Capers Jones, in a study of two hundred and fifty complex, software-intensive projects identified only twenty-five as successful in achieving their initial cost, schedule and performance objectives. Jones defines a failed project as one that is six months over schedule and fifteen percent over its cost estimate (p.5). Cost estimating was revealed as one of the six best practices utilized by the successful projects. How to be an Accurate Estimator Successful project managers make daily use of three powerful tools to become accurate estimators: simple rules-of-thumb, rigorous predictive mathematical models, and the project management triangle. They create an accurate estimating discipline in their organizations...
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...organization that may not need a human intervention. “Decision automation is a deceptively simple and intriguingly complex concept. On the surface, the idea is that a computer program is making decisions. A decision automation system is not a decision support system. Rather a decision automation system eliminates the need for a human decision maker in a programmed decision situation. Business rules and programmed instructions are triggered by events and contingent choices are made. The greatly expanded and evolving computing infrastructure makes it increasingly cost effective to apply decision automation in situations where that had been prohibitively costly” (Dan Power, 2011). Automated decision support (ADS) systems are basically rule-based systems that automatically provide solutions to repetitive managerial problems. In implementing the ADS systems, organizations use business analytic models to create business rules that are used to trigger the automatic decisions. Business rules are the criteria used for taking a decision. For example, in a simple inventory control system, the application is programmed to trigger a re-order for any specific item once the in-stock level of that item drops to a certain level. Similarly, many business rules are captured from the managers’ day-to-day routines and then some of them are used for building an automated decision system. These business rules can be part of expert systems or other...
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...‘artificial’ societies in which individuals and collective actors such as organisations could be directly represented and the effect of their interactions observed. This provided for the first time the possibility of using experimental methods with social phenomena, or at least with their computer representations; of directly studying the emergence of social institutions from individual interaction; and of using computer code as a way of formalising dynamic social theories. In this chapter, these advances in the application of computer simulation to the social sciences will be illustrated with a number of examples of recent work, showing how this new methodology is appropriate for analysing social phenomena that are inherently complex, and how it encourages experimentation and the study of emergence. Social simulation The construction of computer programs that simulate aspects of social behaviour can contribute to the understanding of social processes. Most social science research either develops or uses some kind of theory or model, for instance, a theory of cognition or a model of the class system. Generally, such theories are stated in textual form, although sometimes the theory is represented as an equation (for example, in structural equation modelling). A third way is to express theories as...
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...predictions or judgments, we want a theory that gives consistent instructions Coherence Description: a theory is coherent if it does not contain logically incompatible parts, such as standards, principles, rules, or concepts ► The utilitarianism act had one principle (the greatest happiness principle) which made consistency and coherence fairly simple. ► The ethics of respect for persons, however, uses two principles, which might cause problems. ▪ Kant thinks both principles are just versions of the same idea, the categorical imperative, but we’ve seen it’s not that easy. ► But it doesn’t seem like these two principles will ever conflict with one another, so consistency isn’t an issue. ▪ And since the basic idea is the same for both, all people are equal and deserve to be treated as such, coherence isn’t much of an issue either. 2. Justification Justification Description: Calculation of reasons for believing a moral standard. What certifies or justifies our belief in one moral standard over another? ► The universalization principle can be seen as an extension of the basic requirement of equality that lies at the very heart of morality. ▪ If morality means anything it means that everyone has to play by the same rules. This is what universalization is all about. ► The means-end principle relies on the idea that morality is all about making free choices. ▪ Our moral autonomy is what makes ethics possible in...
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...components are ‘coupled’ together and how tight these bonds are. * Modularity is important today because of the increased complexity of modern technology. * The driving normative basis for the investigation is that increased modularity enables the parts of a system to be separated and combined with much greater flexibility, and that such flexibility is desirable. * What is new is the application of the idea of modularity not only to technological design but also to organizational design. * A complex modern society might be made more productive through a modular design of social and economic institutions. * In a world of change, modularity is generally worth the costs. The goal is to find the modularization that minimizes interdependencies and most cleanly decomposes the system. * Innovation that takes place through change in the modules we can call modular innovation. * Handling complex systems become easier if break them up into sub-systems. * Complex product or process composed of smaller sub-systems that can be designed independently and function together as a whole * Existing modularity in processes and products * Extension of modularity to cope with complexity or to manage costs * Modularity’s Technological dimension : design of technological object * Modularity’s Managerial dimension * Allows collaboration without trust * Allows flexible collaboration *...
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...As Americans, it is easy forget that the world does not revolve around us. There is an infinite amount of different cultures from around the world, each as valuable and complex as mainstream American culture. An easy way to be reminded of this significance is through the arts; film being an extremely successful method. The reason for film’s success in this area is that they are able to transport the viewer into a whole new world, with complex cultures and different experiences. Films featuring gender from various foreign cultures are vital as they off a higher level of understanding of the diversity of cultural norms. A struggle that can be universally understood is the theme of having no place of belonging in a male dominated society. This...
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...(a) Compute the Entropy for the overall collection of training examples. Answer: Entropy(t)= -∑ p( j | t)log p( j | t) =-[1020log21020+1020log21020] =1 (b) Compute the Entropy for the Movie ID attribute. Answer: The movie id is unique to each movie. The Entropy for each Movie ID value is 0, hence the entropy for the Movie ID attribute is 0. (c) Compute the Entropy for the Format attribute. Answer: It has two types: DVD and Online. Entropy can be calculated in the following manner: Entropy(t)= -∑ p( j | t)log p( j | t) Entropy for DVD= -68log268+28log228=0.811 In similar way, Entropy for Online= 0.915 Weighted average = 820x0.811+1220x0.915=0.8734 (d) Compute the Entropy for the Movie Category attribute using multiway split. Answer: Entropy(t)= -∑ p( j | t)log p( j | t) Entropy for Entertainment= -14log214+34log234=0.8112 Similarly, Entropy for comedy= 0.5435 Entropy for Documentaries= 0.8112 Weighted Average=420x0.8112+820x0.5435+820x0.8112=0.70412 (e) Which of the three attributes has the lowest Entropy? Answer: Movie ID has the lowest Entropy. (f) Which of the three attributes will you use for splitting at the root node? Brief explain your choice. Answer: We will use Movie Category to split the root nodes even though the entropy for Movie ID is lowest it is just an identification attribute and a decision tree using this attribute would not generalize at all. Movie ID value is unique for each record. The number of records for each...
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...Overview of Data Mining Techniques Page 1 of 48 An Overview of Data Mining Techniques Excerpted from the book Building Data Mining Applications for CRM by Alex Berson, Stephen Smith, and Kurt Thearling Introduction This overview provides a description of some of the most common data mining algorithms in use today. We have broken the discussion into two sections, each with a specific theme: Classical Techniques: Statistics, Neighborhoods and Clustering Next Generation Techniques: Trees, Networks and Rules Each section will describe a number of data mining algorithms at a high level, focusing on the "big picture" so that the reader will be able to understand how each algorithm fits into the landscape of data mining techniques. Overall, six broad classes of data mining algorithms are covered. Although there are a number of other algorithms and many variations of the techniques described, one of the algorithms from this group of six is almost always used in real world deployments of data mining systems. I. Classical Techniques: Statistics, Neighborhoods and Clustering 1.1. The Classics These two sections have been broken up based on when the data mining technique was developed and when it became technically mature enough to be used for business, especially for aiding in the optimization of customer relationship management systems. Thus this section contains descriptions of techniques that have classically been used for decades the next section represents techniques that...
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...INTELLIGENT AGENTS In which we discuss what an intelligent agent does, how it is related to its environment, how it is evaluated, and how we might go about building one. 2.1 INTRODUCTION An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors. A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs for sensors, and hands, legs, mouth, and other body parts for effectors. A robotic agent substitutes cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors and various motors for the effectors. A software agent has encoded bit strings as its percepts and actions. A generic agent is diagrammed in Figure 2.1. Our aim in this book is to design agents that do a good job of acting on their environment. First, we will be a little more precise about what we mean by a good job. Then we will talk about different designs for successful agents—filling in the question mark in Figure 2.1. We discuss some of the general principles used in the design of agents throughout the book, chief among which is the principle that agents should know things. Finally, we show how to couple an agent to an environment and describe several kinds of environments. 2.2 HOW AGENTS SHOULD ACT RATIONAL AGENT A rational agent is one that does the right thing. Obviously, this is better than doing the wrong thing, but what does it mean? As a first approximation, we will say that the right action is the one that will cause the agent to be most successful...
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