Free Essay

Singer

In:

Submitted By conchu
Words 1165
Pages 5
Filosofía

Mirada crítica a la visión de la dignidad humana de Singer

En este curso se ha discutido, principalmente, sobre la dignidad de los seres vivos, de la cual se desprende el derecho o no a la vida de estos mismos, específicamente de los seres humanos.
Ante la posición de Singer, la cual defiende la idea de que no todos los seres humanos tienen derecho a la vida, ya que no todos éstos son considerados personas, y solo aquellos que ejercen la facultad de conciencia y pueden defender sus intereses, lo son y por ende tienen derecho a la vida, no así, aquellos que queden fuera de esta descripción. Mi postura es de discrepar con esto y pienso que todos los seres tienen derecho a la vida.
Como primer argumento debo decir que no me parece sensato, sino más bien arbitrario reducir el valor o la dignidad de un ser a su capacidad de conciencia, y menos sensato aún, a partir de esto, deducir que un ser de ésta naturaleza no tenga derecho a la vida. Una cosa es definir lo que es una persona, otra es derivar necesariamente que los que no entran en esta definición no tienen derecho a vivir ya que esto último no es lógico.
Por lo demás, ser persona (entendida como ser racional, consciente, como lo entiende Singer) está presente potencialmente también en un embrión o niño pequeño, si bien aun no ejerce ciertas facultades, las ejercerá en un futuro y será igual de capacitado o quizás más aun que cualquier otra persona existente. También así, estas facultades están presentes en los seres humanos discapacitados, pero presentes de una forma defectuosa, lo cual no debe ser determinante en su dignidad como ser ya que en el mundo las llamadas personas, que ejercen estas características de manera plena, también presentan distintos niveles de conciencia y racionalidad y no podemos empezar a juzgar este nivel para definir su derecho a la vida.
“Lo que el hombre es debido a su esencia se muestra en un hombre adulto normal. En él vemos que el hombre es alguien, que es esencialmente persona. Así, no existe razón alguna para no considerar también como personas y tratar como personas a quienes poseen la misma naturaleza, sólo que en una forma todavía no desarrollada o defectuosa. Ser persona no es una determinación cualitativa, sino que la persona es aquél que tiene esas determinaciones. A la naturaleza humana le es esencial que la tenga una persona, es decir, alguien.”

Por lo que, aún, en la tesis de Singer los embriones y discapacitados zafarían de su destino fatal, aunque no queda del todo resuelto la justificación de por qué un ser consciente tiene mayor dignidad que aquel que no lo es.
Como contraargumento se podría criticar ésta posición en el sentido que la realidad muestre que exista gran crueldad en seres inconscientes como en animales o incluso en animales que presenten cierta conciencia y que son, según Singer, las “personas no humanas” y podrían ser fácilmente comparados con aquellos, según éste mismo, como los “animales humanos”. Entonces, es dudoso plantear una frontera que limite a nuestra especie y que al mismo tiempo lo distinga moralmente del resto de los animales, si esto no es así, entonces no habría ningún impedimento ético en matar a un cerdo o una vaca que a un ser humano sin conciencia.
El punto es que no se trata de rebajar la dignidad humana (y el derecho a la vida) a los niveles con los que se tratan a los animales (sin conciencia) sino por el contrario: elevar el nivel de dignidad de los animales acercándolos a los de los humanos. Porque aunque acordáramos que una vida consciente que puede defender sus intereses es preferible, de allá no se deduce que otro tipo de ser no tiene derecho a la vida o pueda aniquilarse sin ningún remordimiento moral.
Si tomamos como principio básico de dignidad y derecho a la vida el concepto de persona basado en la conciencia, tendremos que aceptar que es peor matar a un chimpancé que a un ser humano intelectualmente discapacitado, lo cual es difícil de aceptar y no por un tema de especismo, sino más bien por el hecho que se estaría rebajando la dignidad humana haciendo un retroceso más que elevar la dignidad de los animales en forma de progreso.
“…como hemos visto, existen argumentos de peso para pensar que quitar la vida a una persona resulta, por sí mismo, más grave que quitar la vida a alguien que no sea persona. Por lo tanto, parece que matar a un ser humano que, debido a una discapacidad intelectual congénita, no es ni podrá ser nunca persona.”
Por otro lado, y como segundo argumento, el sentido común (el criterio) nos dice que no sería bueno matar a un ser que carece de conciencia de sí mismo y que no pueda defender sus intereses como un niño pequeño o un hombre con retardo mental.
Con Aristóteles podemos decir que debemos actuar con prudencia y esto significa actuar de acuerdo a los valores que hemos heredado a través de la historia de la humanidad, éstos nos guiarían a respetar la vida de los pertenecientes a nuestra especie por sobre el resto, sin significar que se puede pasar a llevar los otros tipos de seres.
Contra esta posición Singer podría decir que es tan solo un especismo pensar que hay que proteger nuestra especie antes que cualquier otra y que es este pensamiento el mismo que se tenía antiguamente cuando se trataba a los de piel oscura como una especie inferior a los de raza blanca y que por esta razón no tenían dignidad.
Si bien no estoy de acuerdo con este término de especismo, ni mucho menos con el trato que se le daba a los negros en el pasado, creo que sí es fundamental primero lograr tener un respeto y poder defender a nuestra propia especie para, luego así, poder mantener este mismo respeto por las otras especies. Es decir, está bien, según mi pensamiento, hacer una diferencia entre las especies, pero esto no implica que por esta razón vayamos a negarle el derecho a la vida a aquellos que no pertenezcan a la nuestra.
“Privilegiar a los hombres porque son hombres es denominado por Singer, en paralelismo con el racismo, especismo. El especismo es la parcialidad a favor de la especie a la que casualmente pertenecemos. Para esa parcialidad no hay fundamento racional alguno. Antes bien, solamente deberíamos conceder derechos a los seres que posean determinadas propiedades y capacidades, a saber, conciencia del yo y racionalidad”

Bibliografía: 1) Singer, Peter. “Ética práctica”, Segunda Edición. 2) Spaemann, Robert. “Límites acerca de la dimensión ética del actuar”, Eiunsa, Madrid, 2003.

--------------------------------------------
[ 1 ]. Spaemann, Robert. “Límites acerca de la dimensión ética del actuar”, Eiunsa, Madrid, 2003. Pp, 401.
[ 2 ]. Singer, Peter. “Ética práctica”, Segunda Edición. Pp, 147.
[ 3 ]. Spaemann, Robert. “Límites acerca de la dimensión ética del actuar”, Eiunsa, Madrid, 2003. Pp, 401.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Singer Bangladesh

...BUSINESS STRATEGY TERM PAPER ON STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF SINGER BANGLADESH LTD Submitted to Mr. A.K.M. Saiful Majid Course Instructor & Professor Strategic Management Submitted by Quazi Asaduzzaman, Roll # 14, MBA 44E B M Hasan Mahmud, Roll # 36, MBA 44E Submitted on June 13 2013 Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka June 13, 2013 Mr. A.K.M. Saiful Majid Professor Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka. Subject: Submission of Term Paper. Dear Sir, It gives us enormous pleasure in presenting herewith the Term Paper on “Strategic Analysis of Singer Bangladesh Ltd” which was assigned to us as partial fulfillment of Strategic Management course. While preparing the term paper we got an opportunity to have an insight on Singer Bangladesh Ltd. An attempt has been made in this report to get an insight of Singer Bangladesh Ltd. We have tried heart and soul to make the report effective and useful. We are grateful to you for providing us this opportunity of gaining such practical experiences. If you need any assistance for further interpretation, please call us up. Sincerely Yours, (Quazi Asaduzzaman) ID#14, 44th(E) batch (Quazi Asaduzzaman) ID#14, 44th(E) batch (B M Hasan Mahmud) ID#36, 44th(E) batch (B M Hasan Mahmud) ID#36, 44th(E) batch ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives us immense pleasure to thank few individuals for their cordial cooperation and encouragement, who have contributed directly or indirectly...

Words: 7584 - Pages: 31

Free Essay

Singer Group

...1 Introduction Singer (Sri Lanka) PLC is a conglomerate engaged in trading of consumer durables. It dates back its origins to 1877 where it started its first shop in Pettah. The Company was focused on selling sewing machines and as a step towards backward integration in 1963 Singer Industries (Ceylon) PLC was incorporated to assemble sewing machines. However the market for Sewing machines declined over the past years and the Company facing a financial downturn, took a critical decision to diversify into trading of consumer durables under its brand name Singer and as well as other brands which included Philips, TCL . This move enabled the Company to thrive in an era where its parent Company the Singer Corporation and subsidiaries across 100 countries collapsed due to its inability to change. Further to support the diversification Singer strategically entered into the manufacture of consumer durables thus ensuring a stable supply of products at a lower cost. Regnis (Lanka) PLC was incorporated to manufacture refrigerators, Television assembly was commenced at Singer Industries (Ceylon) PLC and a new factory in Piliyandala was constructed to manufacture furniture. With the evolvement of easy payment schemes and Hire Purchase payment systems for consumer durables the Company further took a decision to form a finance company Singer Finance Lanka Ltd. Today Singer Sri Lanka is a conglomerate with revenue in excess of Rs 11 billion and a market capitalisation of Rs 4.6 bn. It has...

Words: 6197 - Pages: 25

Premium Essay

John Singer Sargent Research Paper

...John Singer Sargent was born on January 12, 1856, in Florence, Italy. At a young age, Sargent displayed his artistic talents and during his late teens, he enrolled at the Academia delle Belle Arti (A&E Networks Television). Sargent continued his studies in Paris, the “art capital of Europe,” where he was mentored by Carolus-Duran. Sargent’s mentor had an immense impact on him as he learned to adapt Carolus-Duran’s methods and techniques for painting. Instead of making detailed sketches prior to painting, Carolus-Duran encouraged him to immediately paint on canvas. Under Carolus-Duran’s tutelage, Sargent became an incredibly successful painter whose works were cherished and recognized for their “immediacy, emotional depth, and refined technique”...

Words: 307 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Research Paper On John Singer Sargent

...John Singer Sargent was known as a portrait painter. This American-born artist charmed the hearts of many in Europe as well as America. Painting for the Salon in Europe ad he also painted two American presidents. I believe his use of many different medias allows him to paint the exact picture that comes to mind. There are many different textures, lights, and other details that not all medias can express. He quickly became a star with his painting Madame X which was painted in 1884. This painting was done by request and did not make any commission. I believe that Sargent created this piece using oil on canvas to fully bring the woman to life. By using such a pale color for her skin tone, he could create a dramatic effect of the dress was. Other...

Words: 422 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Singer

...of "Don't Cry Out Loud". It also includes her own cover version of Selena's "Dreaming of You". Since then, she has headlined concerts locally and internationally, recorded seven albums, which became certified gold and double platinum records. Go is recognized as an international award singer, having won the Silver Prize award for her song, From The Start, at the Shanghai Music Festival 2005 and Best Own song, Isang Lahi, at the Astana International Song Festival 2005 in Kazakhstan. Go has performed in musicals as well: her debut in The Little Mermaid, playing as the role of Ariel during 2011 - where she won a Best Actress award from Broadway World Philippine Awards; and another in 2013 for Tarzan, playing as the role of Jane Porter. Go's theater career continues as she was cast for the 2014 West End revival of the hit musical Miss Saigon, for the role of Gigi Van Tranh.[2] Following this, She was cast for the 30th anniversary staging of "Les Miserables" to play the role of Fantine.[3] Birth name Rachelle Ann Villalobos Go Also known as Shin Born August 31, 1986 (age 29) Pasig City, Metro Manila, Philippines Origin Manila, Philippines Genres Pop R&B broadway Occupation(s) Singer actress model Instruments Vocals Drums Rachelle Ann Go was born on August 31, 1986. She is the daughter of Mr. Oscar Go and Mrs. Russel Villalobos-Go. She is the eldest of four children. She studied Pre-school level to Secondary level...

Words: 423 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

An Evaluation of Singer

...Logic: Peter Singer An Evaluation of Singer Peter Singer questions our conception of equality as it relates to the human species and other animal species. He fundamentally argues that, “The principle of the equality of human beings is not a description of an alleged actual equality among humans: it is a prescription of how we should treat humans.” The statement, revealing Singer’s essential argument, also comprises two approaches we might take towards establishing equality among living things. Let’s trace Singer’s claims surrounding these two approaches and finally consider his fundamental, philosophical assumption. One approach to equality stems from philosophers, who determine a base-line set of attributes or functions that constitute human beings. Typical treatises attribute humans with rational, linguistic, or emotional capacities that differentiate them from “brutes.” However, Singer culls evidence from the medical field, not research but simple observations of medical disabilities, where a human with born defects actually functions at a lower level than certain animal species. For example, someone with severe cognitive paralysis may be less rational or “able” than a normal-functioning dolphin. Thus, Singer points out that if we wish to establish equality based upon attributes, we have a hard time excluding many species of non-humans. As a corollary, the standard of equality by a typical set of characteristics must be set lower and lower to encompass all humans when...

Words: 1333 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Peter Singer

...In Peter Singer’s essay “The Singer Solution to World Poverty,” he explores the possibilities of each and every American giving up about 2/3 of his/her income. However, rather than simply talking of his own solution as another theory, he tells the reader in so many words (literally) that he/she is wrong. A large chunk of the essay is basically a big middle finger to everyone reading it. It is almost as though Singer wanted to invoke anger out of the reader so that he/she would then go and donate money to charity, so as to say something along the lines of “You lookie here, Singer, I’m not who you say I am.” Some people might think that Singer is just out of his mind, but I think he was angering the reader by making harsh accusations on purpose. Singer opens his essay with a ridiculous story from a film about a fictional woman named Dora. In the story, Dora is a “retired schoolteacher who makes ends meet by sitting at the station writing letters for illiterate people.” First off, how could anyone make enough money to live comfortably like that? She ends up selling a homeless boy to what she is told to be a “wealthy family.” Her neighbor somehow knows that this is not the case, that the boy will be put to death and his organs sold. Second of all, how does the neighbor know this? This accusation is not explained. Dora then goes home with her brand new television, feels guilty, and takes the boy back. Why would Dora do this without further research? She has no proof other than passing...

Words: 1248 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Singer In Beowulf

...In the end, the song on page 61, the singer sings about the Sigemund downfall. This downfall is not appropriate Beowulf. Beowulf explains that he has conquered all that has either came his way or willing to conquer for. Because he has defeated before, Beowulf is willing to fight, defeated Grendel and his mother. His character in the story illustrates a young warrior who does not need the qualification to become the next King in Geat. Furthermore, he is loyal and gains the trust of the Danes. Beowulf fights in a battle that is not his but is willing too. It was even special for King Hygelac to recognize Beowulf and be the best candidate for securing Heorot, and keep his word! I believe the singer in this part of the story brings suspicion...

Words: 253 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Peter Singer

...coincides with the view of Peter Singer, a moral theorist, who states we should help those in absolute poverty before helping those in relative poverty. To state his view clearly and simply, he believes that even though our brothers and sisters at home are suffering, we need to help those in foreign countries first because they have a greater suffering due to lack of resources, money, etc. He states that we see the limits of human existence are seen in death, lack of shelter and malnourishment. We should in turn send aid to those who are in greater need rather than those in a smaller distance. This view can be compared to Singer’s problem with the boy drowning in the pond. The problem states if you are wearing a ball gown and you see a little boy drowning in a pond, you have the duty to jump in and save him, even though you will ruin your expensive ball gown. This relates to the problem of poverty in other countries, because...

Words: 1804 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Singer Paper

...In his essay “All Animals are Equal,” Peter Singer argues that there is no moral justification behind our refusal to extend some form of equality to animals. He states that because attitudes such as racism and sexism are fundamentally wrong, so too is the premise that one species is more deserving of ethical treatment based solely on the idea that one is more capable of thought or suffering than the other. The idea of treating animals as our equals is one that has been mocked in the past, but only because many have taken that idea to mean that animals are equal to humans in the most literal sense possible. As far as we can tell, most animals do not invent, think deeply, or create culture, and therefore are not equal solely in terms of rational behaviors. However, this is not the kind of equality Singer advocates for in his essay. First, he argues, we should not be equating moral equality with that particular kind of factual equality. If we were to base moral equality on factual equality, then we would be justified in discriminating against fellow humans based on ideas of inequality in regards to sex, race, or intelligence. The only way to fight this type of discrimination would be to prove that the feature or capacity we have chosen as a marker for factual equality is arbitrary, and can provide qualifiers from some other feature or capacity instead. The African-American and women’s liberation movements took this approach. They argued that skin color and sex were only arbitrary...

Words: 769 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Du Singer

...Syftet med projektet är att lansera ett nytt antiseptiskt medel. Företaget har redan kommit en bra bit på vägen när det gäller framtagningen men det återstår dock ett antal kritiska moment för att nå hela vägen fram. Det handlar exempelvis om att utveckla produktions, förpackning och marknadsföringsprocesser men också om att få viktiga godkännanden ifrån olika myndigheter. Projektets uppgift blir mer konkret alltså att se till att produkten kan produceras rutinmässigt och integreras i företagets ordinarie verksamhet. Det är dock viktigt att poängtera att det här projektet inte skall hantera den rutinmässiga produktionen utan endast lösa problem och frågor fram tills dess. Företaget har ett eget mått för att avgöra ifall detta är uppnått och har definierat det som att när företaget kan producera 80 % av full kapacitet.   För att enkelt kunna följa projektet och avgöra ifall syftet är uppfyllt bör man bryta ner syftet till ett antal mål och delmål. Här handlar det om att vara tydlig men också om att sätta upp milstolpar projektet kan förhålla sig till. Vi anser att projektet skall uppfylla följande mål. - Fastställa slutdatum för projektet - Säkerställa att korrekt dokumentation (innehållsförteckning och forskningsresultat) är myndigheterna tillhanda och godkända samt säkerställa att FDA, EPA och OSHAs krav är tillgodosedda. - Utveckla en förpackning för produkten - Säkerställa att produktionen sker i enlighet med företagets policy och standard Som vi ser handlar detta...

Words: 1649 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Lallala

...Mohammed Rafi 1 Mohammed Rafi Mohammad Rafi Background information Born Origin 24 December 1924 Kotla Sultan Singh, Punjab, British India Indian Died 31 July 1980 (aged 55) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Genres Indian classical, ghazal, playback singing Occupations Hindi and Punjabi playback singer Instruments Vocalist Years active 1944–1980 Mohammad Rafi (Urdu: ‫ ,عیفر دمحم‬Hindi: मोहम्मद रफ़ी; 24 December 1924 – 31 July 1980), was an Indian playback singer whose career spanned four decades.[1] He won a National Award and 6 Filmfare Awards. In 1967, he was honoured with the Padma Shri by the Government of India.[2] In a career spanning about 40 years, Rafi sang over 26,000 film songs.[3] His songs ranged from classical numbers to patriotic songs, sad lamentations to highly romantic numbers, qawwalis to ghazals and bhajans, and from slow melancholic tunes to fast and melodious fun filled songs. He had a strong command of Hindi and Urdu and a powerful range that could accommodate this variety.[4] He sang in many Indian languages including Hindi, Konkani, Urdu, Bhojpuri, Oriya, Punjabi, Bengali, Marathi, Sindhi, Kannada, Gujarati, Telugu, Maghi, Maithili and Assamese. He also recorded a few English, Persian, Spanish and Dutch songs. An article in Times of India, published on 24 July 2010 sums up his voice as, "If there are 101 ways of saying "I love you" in a song, Mohammed Rafi knew them all. The awkwardness of puppy love, the friskiness of teen romance, the philosophy of...

Words: 6669 - Pages: 27

Premium Essay

Phi 208 Week 2 Quiz 85% Grade

...------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Grading Summary These are the automatically computed results of your exam. Grades for essay questions, and comments from your instructor, are in the "Details" section below. | Date Taken: | 1/30/2015 | Time Spent: | 3 h , 16 secs | Points Received: | 17 / 20  (85%) | Number of Attempts: | 1 | | Question Type: | # Of Questions: | # Correct: | Multiple Choice | 20 | 17 | | | Grade Details - All Questions | Question 1. | Question : | What is Peter Singer’s point about performing vivisection on mentally disabled human infants? | |   | Student Answer: | x | That if we say that it would be wrong to perform experiments on such humans but not on non-humans then we are showing bias based upon species alone |   | | | That a good speciesist would not perform experiments on any being |   | | | That we should test upon mentally disabled human infants because the results would be more reliable than tests on animals |   | | | That anyone who would consider testing on a human infant is a monster |   | Instructor Explanation: | The answer can be found on p. 6 of Peter Singer’s “All Animals are Equal.” | | |   | Points Received: | 1 of 1 |   | Comments: | | | | Question 2. | Question : | Peter Singer’s “basic principles of equality” applied to animals means: | |   | Student Answer: | | Animals should be given all the same rights as human beings....

Words: 1923 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

Arising from Poverty

...Kyle Steverson Ann Tatum- Caetano English 1A 13 March 2006 Arising form Poverty Consider these facts: an estimated 400 million people lack the necessary calories, vitamins and proteins needed for a normal life (Singer 50). Millions are constantly hungry, and others suffer from disease and infections. In some areas many children are not even expected to live past the ages of 5 years of age (Singer 51). The examples listed above are all effects of the type of impact that poverty has on society. Poverty can be classified into two major categories; “absolute Poverty” which is derived from Robert McNamara, meaning poverty by any standards compared to Relative Poverty meaning some citizens live in poverty while others enjoy wealth (Singer 36). When dealing with poverty there are many factors hat should be considered outside of just becoming poor; however, for many the two go hand and hand. Poverty is increasing quicker than ever before, due to factors such as over populating and less jobs. Peter Singer writes “ This is the background situation, the situation that prevails on our planet all the time and it does not make the headlines (Singer 160).” Yes, the factors listed are tough to combat; therefore, the issue of poverty should be taken more seriously. The constant debate between the rich and the poor are leaving many nauseated on an ethical roller coaster. Much of the Nation and the World are succumbing to poverty like a deadly plague devouring everything...

Words: 980 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Life

...not compulsory; here, the definition of "party" extends to all sentient beings, even those living solely in the present. Since what is good and right depends solely on individual preferences, there can be nothing that is in itself good or bad: for preference utilitarian’s, the source of both morality and ethics in general is subjective preference.[1] Preference utilitarianism therefore can be distinguished by its acknowledgement that every person's experience of satisfaction is unique. The theory, as outlined by R. M. Hare in 1981, is controversial, insofar as it presupposes some basis by which a conflict between A's preferences and B's preferences can be resolved (for example, by weighting them mathematically). In a similar vein, Peter Singer, a major proponent of preference utilitarianism and himself influenced by the views of Hare, has been criticised for giving priority to the views of beings capable of holding preferences (being able to actively contemplate the future and its interaction with the present) over those solely concerned with their immediate situation, a group that includes many animals and young children. Hence, in cases of abortion, the views of the parent (however selfish or not, as the case may be) are prioritised over those of the foetus, without recourse to any (perceived) rights (here, the "right to life"). There are, he writes in regard to killing in general, times when "the...

Words: 347 - Pages: 2