...The four situational leadership models Abstract In this paper the team was asked to discuss the similarities and differences of the four situational leadership models. In the following paper I will discuss the SLT models which are Fielder’s Contingency Model, Vroom, Yetton and Jago Model, House’s Path-Goal Model, and Hersey-Blanchard theory. I will define the theories as well as compare and contrast the SLT models. Introduction to Situational Leadership Styles The situational theory model addresses the fact that “one size does not fit all” in the realm of leadership styles. There is no single best approach to manage a workforce; rather it is about choosing the appropriate leadership style for the right people to maximize communication and performance. Employee’s motivation is driven by a manager’s capability to adapt to their workforce and culture. These four SLT models combine a range of managerial styles that are tailored to adapt to the different personalities within an organization. Some are more flexible than others. Overall, they seek to expand the knowledge base on leadership theories and provides a more modern approach to understanding effective leadership models compared to the traditional model that states the same leadership tactics will be effective across the entire organization (Irgens, O. M. 1995). The following sections will provide insight into each of the models. Based on Fiedler’s theory, a leader’s behavior is dependent...
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...inspired myself, the world and other leaders has been Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948). He became a great leader through using the concepts of love and truth to achieve his goals. Gandhi was a leader that challenged the most powerful nations by using peace, love, integrity as his method of change. He used the principle of non-violence protest to achieve political and social progress was powerful. Gandhi was influenced by Hinduism as well as Jainism and Christianity but also by great writers such as Tolstoy and Thoreau. He developed the belief of Satyagraha, a new non-violent way to restore wrongs. This was well demonstrated in the Salt March in 1930, where Gandhi and others were beaten, arrested and killed but no one fought back. Here his use to leadership behaviour was clearly illustrated. (Kouzes and Posner) Another example was he believed that Britain has a conscience that could appeal to, he used the teaching of the New Testament, “ one who enters into no dispute with his neighbor, he either attacks nor uses violence. On the contrary, he suffers himself without resistance and by his attitude towards evil not only sets himself free but helps to free the world at large from all outward authority.” This was Tolstoy’s version of a Christian man in his book, The Kingdom of God is within you, using this Gandhi fought for independence for India. Gandhi exemplified a number of characteristics of a great leader, he made an effort to understand his people and spoke from their point of view, which...
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...2 A contingency theory that contains mediating variables is o leadership substitutes theory o situational leadership theory o cognitive resource theory XXX multiple-linkage model Correct • 3 Which of the following is a characteristic of a positive charismatic? o Dependency on the leader o Centralized decision making by the leader XXX Devotion to ideology not personal identification o Information is restricted Correct • 4 One unique characteristic of followers in leadership theory is o skills and expertise o traits XXX task commitment and effort o confidence and optimism Correct • 5 Ideological leaders will develop when the leader o makes a rational appeal to followers XXX appeals to shared values o appeals to emotion o has particular expertise Correct • 6 Effective transformational leaders o select subordinates who will be loyal and uncritical o delegate most decisions to individuals or self-managed teams XXX use a combination of transformational and transactional behaviors o challenge strongly held values of followers to get their attention Correct • 7 Which statement about transformational and charismatic leadership is most accurate? o Charismatic leaders are more effective in business organizations o Both types of leadership are effective in any situation XXX Charisma is a necessary ingredient in transformational leadership o Both types of leadership involve the same underlying processes Correct • 8 Contingency...
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...Learning Outcomes – Leadership • Discuss the trait theories of leadership • Explain the behavioral theories for understanding leadership • Describe Fiedler’s contingency model for leading • Outline the Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership theory • Describe the characteristics of the charismatic leader • Contrast the differences between transactional and transformational leaders • Gain a greater understanding of one’s own leadership style through self-assessment Leadership is the art and science of getting the job done through the willing efforts of others. The essence of leadership is to influence behavior. Overview We will be looking at the leadership phenomenon from four areas of theory and research. • Trait theory of leadership • Behavioral theories of leadership • Contingency model of leadership • Contemporary models of leadership Leadership can be explained by exploring these four different approaches. Trait Theory – Trait theory is based on an individual’s personal attributes as a leader. Trait theories seek to identify such traits such as personality, social, physical or intellectual traits that will identify leaders. Six traits have been identified as a requirement for leadership. They are: • energy, ambition, and drive • the desire to lead • honesty and integrity • self-confidence • intelligence – cognitive ability • job related knowledge Behavioral Theories...
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...The Situational Leadership model is based on the assumption that leadership behavior should be guided by the elements affecting the situation. The three primary elements affecting the of the Situational Leadership model as identified by Changingminds.org are follower readiness, factors affecting the situation, and factors affecting the leader (as cited in Tannenbaum & Schmitt, 1958 pp.95-101) Follower readiness is the most important element. Where there is no readiness to follow, there exists no leadership. Readiness is how ready a person is to accomplish a particular task. Readiness is measured in respect to a specific objective or task. Thus, a marketing vice president may be very adept at devising new marketing strategies for the company, but may very inept at budgeting for the costs of supporting the programs. According to Hersey (2000), follower readiness is comprised of both follower willingness, the extent of motivation or confidence a follower has to complete a particular task, and follower ability, the “…knowledge, experience, and skill…” a follower brings to a particular situation (Hersey, 2000, p.176). At readiness level 1 (R1) the follower is described as both unable and unmotivated to accomplish the task. R1 can also be described as the follower is unable to accomplish the task and insecure in attempting the effort to accomplish the task. Readiness level 2 (R2) describes the follower as lacking the ability to accomplish the task but willing or confident in making...
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...American college basketball. They share a number of records that remained unbeatable for a long time and even now it is considered as a huge achievement. Following is a brief account of their leadership styles and how effective they were so that one can understand the list achievements they share for a period of 30 years. Discussion Coach Knight began his career in the Army as coach to west point team. Later on his career took him to Indiana where at Indiana University; he coached his way to stardom. His recorf of 31-1 wins-losses was a straight record for the 1975 and in 1976, his team won every game of the season. What made him such a successful coach were his principles on discipline and hard work. He had a reputation of cursing and shouting at his players and even man-handle them at few occasions which landed him into trouble as well. In February 2003, he earned his 800th victory and that placed him in the hall of fame for best coaches of all times. If we look at his leadership style, his ability to handle stress as well as to instil it in his players was a factor that put him on the top. He was task oriented according to the fielder’s contingency model and derived success out of players by putting them under high- stress conditions. If we talk about situational leadership model II, he has S1 Telling style that is described as communication via one-way and there is no emotional support of any kind. At the same time, he tell that what to perform, how to perform, when...
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...Abstract In leadership there are many methods to triumph over a task or challenge. In the first case study there is a significantly high failure rate among students. The leader is tasked by redesigning the curriculum, assessments, and participation. With this case study a situational leadership approach is done. This essay will describe the self assessment of the writer situational leadership style and the application of situational leadership theory. Situational leadership plays an important role for researchers in organizations to effectively evaluate at leader in a certain position. Jesuıno (2005) asserted that, "several definitions of leadership excess partly that in addition to the concept of leader leadership there should be understating the concept of power and authority", (as cited in Furtado, Batista, & Francisco, 2011, p.1048) In a situational leadership model there are four leadership styles that are defined; telling, selling, participating, and delegating. For the writer is important to understand what type of leader he is so that he will be able to lead effectively and provide the best leadership possible. For the writer, by understanding the different situational leadership roles the writer will be able to incorporate different skills and knowledge to any task and or challenge that is needed by the organization or company. This essay will describe the self assessment of the writer's situational leadership style and application of situational leadership theory...
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...Leadership Models Essay Abstract It is not possible to reflect every aspect of each theory, due to the complexities of the models and the wide-ranging opinions of scholars that have studied each concept over many years. However, the purpose of this paper is to discuss four leadership models that are not only interesting but will support growth to those aspiring to become scholars, practitioners and leaders in a particular field of study. These theories were selected to provide information and to offer a review of the characteristics and main points of significance of each theory. The following models will be examined: Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, Situational leadership and Charismatic leadership. It is important to look at each model separately to understand and define the uniqueness of each of the theories. In addition, to providing definitions for each model, a brief summary will state general similarities. The summation will also indicate that each of the leadership theories is unique with a particular purpose and outcome. Leadership Models Essay Many leadership models have accumulated for as long as there have been leaders. To determine the characteristic associated with leadership styles and the relationship to the zeitgeist some theorists have defined leadership into attribute approaches and periods. “The scientific study of leadership can be roughly divided into three periods: the trait period from around...
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...“Andy’s Recipe” Daifallah Alshaikhi MGT-560: Leadership Development Colorado State University-Global Campus Saudi Electronic University Dr. Steven Westlund Date 21- Feb-2014 Food is a basic need for everyone. Although many people prefer eating at home, many others will look for new places to dine in for a change. It is usually hard to find a table in famous restaurants unless you have a previous reservation. Famous restaurants owners enjoy a deluxe existence by having a better chance to meet important customers. The success of a restaurant depends on providing quality food and friendly atmosphere. Once customers like a certain restaurant they will usually revisit. Customers’ satisfaction is also an important element of success. Therefore, responding to customers’ needs could lead to outstanding results. Consequently, an efficient managerial approach could help a restaurant to provide both the high quality of food and the customer satisfaction. In this paper, “Andy’s Recipe” a case study which talks about an Italian restaurant owned by Andy Garafallo shall be analyzed. “Andy” is an owner and a leader with confident approach. He does not try different fads to get people into his restaurant. He believes that his restaurant provides delicious food and a friendly environment for socializing. Currently, “Andy” employs three managers: Kelly, Danielle, and Patrick. Each of them has a different strengths and weakness. In order to keep their strengths and improve their...
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..."A leader needs to be connected to the ultimate goal, as well as to those seeking the goal, and situational leadership validates that connection (Hersey & Blanchard, 1993). Situational leadership is all about meeting and individual at their level. Situational leadership requires an individual to have the ability to: direct, coach, support and delegate task (s) to the intended party. I see this as a fair and equal balance between management and leadership. “Leadership implies change, and Situational Leadership is based on adaptation to the change”, (Costanzo, p. 2). I believe this adaptation and change can be achieved by employing the “eight discernible characteristics of people who are principle- centered leaders” (Covey, p. 33). The characteristics consist of having the ability to continually learn, be service oriented, radiate positive energy, believe in other people, lead balance lives, see life as an adventure, be synergistic and exercise self-renewal (Covey, p. 33-39). For me, this is the solid foundation to an effective situational leader. Discovering the leadership lens that best suites one's true identity is a process that involves internal and external review of personal and professional accolades; which align to a particular area. Recently, I seem to have aligned my leadership style with a situational leader! This leadership style is a continually process of growth for me! My ability to lead has always been in my nature. Key words:empathy, compassion and action ...
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...Situational Leadership John Barry Organizational Leadership Situational Leadership The purpose of this paper is to identify the applications and effectiveness of the Situational Approach in Leadership. Leadership is a method by which one individual impacts others toward the achievement of group or organizational goals ("Leadership is a process," 2013, para. 1). A leader’s capability to affect others based on a diversity of factors other than his or her proper authority or position. Paul Hersey, a professor, developed situational Leadership in 1977 and Ken Blanchard, a leadership specialist who wrote "The One Minute Manager" focuses on more than the leader. Instead, a leader's actions depend on the condition and the subordinates. The model, which is considerably flexible to every condition or culture, provides a structure that leaders can use to evaluate an individual’s Performance Readiness Level to execute a specific task. The understanding behaviors are behaviors “to which a leader is likely to maintain personal relationships between himself and the members of his group by opening up channels of communication, delegating responsibility and giving subordinates an opportunity to use their potential” (Hersey & Blanchard, 1981, p. 35). In this approach, the leader should determine the circumstances and get used to his or her leadership approach to suit the specified task, accepting that the method may not essentially function in a dissimilar situation. Hersey...
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...1.0 Introduction A problem of leadership is clearly identified in the case study concerning the company OJuice. According to Bennis and Nanus (1985) a cited in Silverthorne and Wang (2001), in most of the case, a lack of leadership or an inefficient leadership model leads to high risks of failure for an organisation. The management problem relevant to OJuice is based on a leadership problem, which conducts to incomprehension between leader and employees, but also to an absence of creativity, which makes the company uncompetitive and outdated compare to the competitors. McLaurin (2006) defined the notion of leadership as the action of interact with minimum two people in a group to organise and fix a situation related to the wants and visions of the members. Daft and Noe (2001) as cited in McLaurin (2006) explained that this notion involves influence and guidance on members to reach objectives but only if the decision-making reflects the leader’s and members’ desire. If not, Anderson (1992) as cited in Silverthorne and Wang (2001) claimed that the leaders who do not understand their employees are called “non-adaptive leaders” and are less efficient in fast moving and growing structures than “highly adaptive leaders” (p.400). Hersey and Blanchard (1982) as cited in Blank, Weitzel and Green (1990) argued that “less adaptive leaders” don’t help to create an ambiance where members respect them and are able to work together, which, reported by Terry (1960) as cited in Hambleton and...
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...and the career plan (refer the Appendix 2), there are two leadership theories will be identified, situational leadership and transformational leadership; which can help Jiamin improve the lack skills of working as a employee and to obtain the personal and career goals. In 1969, Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard published the first edition situational leadership, named “life Cycle Theory of Leadership; and during the mid-1970s, it was renamed “situational leadership theory” (Graeff 1997). According to the task behavior and the relationship behavior that between leaders and followers, Hersey and Blanchard defined four styles in the situational leadership theory (Hersey & Blanchard, 1977). The first one is Telling; means the leaders has a high directive to underling, but offer a low support. The second one is Selling, which instead of the leader is high directive and high supportive. If leaders are low directive and high supportive, it is named “Participating”. “Delegating” means leaders are low directive and low supportive, thus employees can use their inventive powers. Meanwhile, in term of the ability and willing of employees, they also put forward the corresponding Maturity levels include four stages to the four leadership styles (Avery & Ryan, 2002). For instance, if employee who belong “able to do, and willing to do the task”, it will refer the “Delegating” leadership style. Applying the situational leadership to the facts, this theory will help Jiamin to fix the weakness...
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...Ashford University BUS 660 Dr. Dwight Reimer April 28, 2013 Big Changes for a Small Hospital The factors that Nicholas Jacobs and Windber Medical Center applied from the Situational Theory is that Jacobs considered his role as president at Windber Medical Center was the last hope in keeping the doors open (Hughes, Ginnett, & Curphy, 2012). As the Situational Leadership Model suggests the leader must make decisions to use developmental intervention such as telling, selling, participating and delegating (Hughes et.al, 2012). Jacobs did just this by realizing the problems such as the outdated furniture, leaking windows and pink walls. Jacobs took the problem at hand and came up with solutions such as community involvement and building community relationships. Jacobs used slogans such as “work out at our hospital so you can stay out of our hospital” (Hughes et.al, 2012), which encouraged a healthy lifestyle for the community as well as the employees. Jacobs interviewed employees to find out firsthand what they wanted for the Windber community and the medical center (Hughes et.al, 2012). This helped include the employees in the decisions of improvements, as well as gain information from those that knew the most about the patients, community and problems within the facility. This is what helped Jacobs learn that octogenarians made up a larger percentage of the population in Windber, Pennsylvania, than in all of the Dade County, Florida, and he made it a priority to provide...
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...between a theory and a model? I suppose this question is asking is the difference between a leadership theory and a leadership model. A leadership theory is an explanation of some aspect of leadership; explanation of the variables and leadership styles to be used in a given contingency situation. A leadership model is a short summary of the theory to be used when selecting the appropriate leadership style for a given situation. What contingency leadership variables are common to all of the theories? For Followers, capability and motivation, for leaders, personality traits, behavior and experience, for situation, task structure, and environment. I have no idea what this means but the chart in the book stated that exhibit 4.1 was the framework for contingency leadership variables. How does the global economy relate to contingency leadership? Contingency leadership style is based on the leader, follower and the situation. Taking someone from a country such as the United States, have him/her try to lead in China the way they would in the United States, could be disastrous. In Contingency leadership it is best to match the leader to the follower or situation. What are the two contingency leadership theory leadership styles? Task and Relationship are the two leadership styles under the contingency leadership theory. Task relates to the job and relationship relates to the employee. Do the three situational favorableness factors of the contingency leadership model fit in only one of...
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