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Skeletal System

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The Skeletal System
 Parts of the skeletal system
 Bones (skeleton)

 Joints
 Cartilages

 Ligaments

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Functions of Bones

 Support of the body
 Protection of soft organs  Movement due to attached skeletal muscles  Storage of minerals and fats

 Blood cell formation
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 Two basic types of bone tissue

 Compact bone
 Homogeneous

 Spongy bone
 Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
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Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

Figure 5.1
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Classification of Bones
 Long bones
 Typically longer than wide  Have a shaft with heads at both ends

 Contain mostly compact bone
 Examples: Femur, humerus

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Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
 Diaphysis
 Shaft

 Composed of compact bone  Epiphysis
 Ends of the bone

 Composed mostly of spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
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Structures of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of the diaphysis

 Fibrous connective tissue membrane
 Sharpey’s fibers  Secure periosteum to underlying bone

 Arteries
 Supply bone cells with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
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Structures of a Long Bone
 Medullary cavity
 Cavity of the shaft

 Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults
 Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

Figure 5.2a
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Classification of Bones
 Short bones  Generally cubeshape  Contain mostly spongy bone  Examples: Carpals, tarsals

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Classification of Bones
 Flat bones
 Thin and flattened

 Usually curved
 Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone  Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
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Classification of Bones
 Irregular bones
 Irregular shape

 Do not fit into other bone classification categories
 Example: Vertebrae and hip
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BONE MARKINGS – PROJECTIONS  Tuberosity
- large rounded

projection; maybe roughened ex. Radial tuberosity

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 Crest
- narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

ex. Iliac crest

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 Line
- narrow ridge of bone less prominent than a crest ex. Intertrochanteric

line

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 Trochanter

- very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

ex. Greater trochanter

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 Tubercle
- small rounded

projection or process ex. Greater and lesser tubercle of the humerus

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 Epicondyle
- raised area on or above a condyle ex. Medial epicondyle of radius

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 Spine
- sharp, slender, often pointed projection ex. Spinous process of the vertebrae

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 Head
- bony expansion

carried on a narrow neck ex. Head of femur

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 Facet
- smooth, nearly flat articular surface ex. Facet of vertebrae

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 Ramus
- arm like bar of bone

ex. Ramus of mandible

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BONE MARKINGS- DEPRESSIONS AND OPENINGS  Meatus
- canal-like passageway ex. External acoustic

meatus

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 Sinus
- cavity within a bone

- filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

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 Fossa
- Shallow basin-like

depression serving as articular surface

ex. Iliac fossa

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 Fissure
- Narrow slit-like

opening ex. Orbital fissure

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 Foramen
-Round or oval opening

ex. Foramen magnum

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Groove
- Furrow ex. Radial groove Intertubercular groove

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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Osteon (Haversian System)
 A unit of bone

 Central (Haversian) canal
 Opening in the center of an osteon

 Carries blood vessels and nerves
 Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

 Canal perpendicular to the central canal
 Carries blood vessels and nerves
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Lacunae
 Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in concentric rings

 Lamellae
 Rings around the central canal  Sites of lacunae
Detail of Figure 5.3
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Canaliculi
 Tiny canals

 Radiate from the central canal to lacunae

Detail of Figure 5.3
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Types of Bone Cells
 Osteocytes
 Mature bone cells  Osteoblasts  Bone-forming cells  Osteoclasts

 Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

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 Divided into two divisions  Axial skeleton

 Appendicular skeleton

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The Axial Skeleton (80 Bones)
 Forms the longitudinal part of the body
 Skull

 Vertebral column
 Bony thorax

 Auditory Ossicles

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The Axial Skeleton

Figure 5.6
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The Skull
 Two sets of bones
 Cranium

- encloses and protects the brain
 Facial bones - hold the eyes in an anterior position - allow facial muscles to show our feelings  Bones are joined by sutures  Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

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CRANIAL BONES
 8 Large Flatbones
- 1 Frontal

- 2 Parietal
- 2 Temporal - 1 Occipital - 1 Ethmoid - 1 Sphenoid

Figure 5.7
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Frontal bone  Forehead, bony projection of the eyebrows, and superior part of the orbit

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Parietal Bone
Superior and lateral walls of the cranium Sagittal sutures




Parietal bones meet at the center




Coronal sutures
Parietal bone meets the frontal bone

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 Temporal Bone
 

Inferior to parietal bone Squamous suture


Temporal bone joins parietal bone

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Bone Markings










External auditory meatus  Leads to eardrum and middle ear Styloid process  Attachment of neck muscles Zygomatic process  Bridge of bone that joins the cheekbones Mastoid process  Mastoid sinuses, attachment of neck muscles Jugular foramen  Passage of jugular vein, junction of occipital and temporal bones

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Human Skull, Inferior View  Occipital Bone
Floor and back wall of skull  Lambdoid suture



Occipital bone meets parietal bones Spinal cord connect with brain Rest on the first vertebra



Foramen magnum




Occipital condyles

Figure 5.9

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 Sphenoid Bone
Part of the floor and lateral portion of the cranium, and part of the eye orbit  Extends at the center of the skull, wings extend to the sides of the skull  Sella turcica or Turk’s saddle  Pituitary gland

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 Ethmoid Bone
 Roof of the nasal cavity, and medial wall of the orbit


Crista galli or cock’s comb  Attachment of covering of the brain  Cribriform plates  Passage of olfactory receptors

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FACIAL BONES
 14 facial bones
 12 paired

 Mandible and vomer (single)
 Maxillae

 Palatine Bones
 Zygomatic bones

 Lacrimal Bones
 Nasal Bones
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 Inferior Conchae Figure 5.11

 Maxilla/Maxillary bones
 



Upper jaw “Keystone”  Join all facial bones except mandible Palatine process  Anterior part of hard palate  Cleft palate

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 Palatine Bone


Posterior part of hard palate

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 Zygomatic Bone
 

Lateral walls of the orbit cheekbones

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 Lacrimal Bone
 forms the medial wall of the orbit




Fingernail-sized bone Lacrimal groove

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 Nasal Bone


Rectangular bones forming the bridge of the nose

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 Vomer




Single bone in the median line of the nasal cavity Nasal septum

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 Inferior Nasal Conchae


Thin curved bones projecting from the lateral walls of nasal cavity

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 Mandible




 

Largest and strongest bone of the face Forms the only movable joint in the face with temporal bone Horizontal part forms chin Upright bars called rami connect with temporal bone

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Hyoid Bone
Only bone not directly articulated with another bone  Suspended in the midneck region  Anchored by ligaments to the styloid process of temporal bone 1.Movable base of the tongue 2.Attachment point for neck muscles  Horseshoe-shaped  Body  Horns or cornua

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 Auditory Ossicles
 Malleus

or hammer  Incus or anvil  Stapes or stirrup

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The Vertebral Column
 Axial

support  Extends from skull to pelvis  Vertebrae
    

26
7 12 5 1 1

Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum (5 fused bones) Coccyx (4 fused bones)

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The Vertebral Column or Spine
 Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
 The spine has a normal curvature  Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

Figure 5.14
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Primary curvatures  Thoracic  Sacral Secondary curvatures  Cervical  Lumbar

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Thoracic and Sacral curves - termed Primary Curvatures - present during fetal life Cervical and Lumbar curves - termed Compensatory or Secondary Curvatures - developed after birth Cervical curve - formed when the child is able to hold up its head (at 3 or 4 months) and to sit upright (at 9 mos.) Lumbar Curve - formed at 12 or 18 mos. when the child begins to walk

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Common Features of Vertebrae
1. Body or centrum - disc like, weight bearing part 2. Vertebral foramen - canal through which the spinal cord passes 3. Transverse processes - two lateral projections

Figure 5.16
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4. Spinous process - single projection - arises from posterior aspect of vertebral arch 5. Superior and inferior articular processes - paired projections - allow vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

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Cervical Vertebrae – C7
C1-Atlas - superior surface of transverse processes with depression - no body , no spinous process  C2-Axis - Odontoid process/dens - Joint formed bet. C1 and C2 allows head to rotate


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C3 – C7 - Branched spinous process - Transverse processes contain opening (transverse foramen)

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Thoracic Vertebrae –T12
- with 2 demifacets (articulating surfaces) on each side - spinous process are long and hooks sharply downward

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Lumbar Vertebrae – L5



 

L1 – L5 Massive block-like body Hatchet-shaped spinous process Sturdiest of the vertebrae

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Sacrum – S1


formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae  Wing-like alae  Posterior wall of pelvis  Sacroiliac joint  Sacrum meets the iliac bone of the pelvis

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 Median

sacral

crest  Fused spinous processes  Sacral canal  Continuous with vertebral canal

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Coccyx – C1




Human “tailbone” Fusion of 4 bones or 3-5 bones

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The Bony Thorax
 Made-up of three parts
 Sternum  Ribs

 Thoracic vertebrae

Figure 5.19a
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Bony Thorax/Thoracic Cavity






Sternum (breastbone) 1  Manubrium  Body of the sternum  Xiphoid process  Attached to the first 7 pairs of ribs Ribs 24  True ribs first 7 pairs  attached to the sternum by costal cartilage  False ribs next 5 pairs  Attached indirectly to the sternum  Last two are floating ribs (lack sternal attachments) Thoracic vertebrae

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The Appendicular Skeleton  Limbs (appendages)  Pectoral girdle  Pelvic girdle

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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
 Composed of two bones
 Clavicle – collarbone

 Scapula – shoulder blade
 These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

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PECTORAL GIRDLE


Clavicle or collarbone  Slender, doubly curved bone  Articulates with manubrium of sternum medially o Sternoclavicular joint



Articulates with acromion of scapula laterally
Acromioclavicular joint

o

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Scapula/ Shoulder Blades
Triangular, wing-like bone  Spine  Acromion – articulates with clavicle laterally  Coracoid process – anchors muscles  Borders  Superior, vertebral (medial), and axillary (lateral)  Fossae • Supraspinous ,Infraspinous and Subscapular  Glenoid cavity or fossa – receives head of  humerus


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Bones of the Upper Limb
 The upper arm is formed by a single bone
 Humerus
 



Head – received by glenoid cavity Greater and lesser tubercle – muscle attachment Deltoid tuberosity – midpoint of shaft

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Bones of the Upper Limb
    

Trochlea – distal, medial end Capitulum – distal, lateral end (round) Coronoid fossa – anterior Olecranon fossa – posterior Medial and lateral epicondyle

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Bones of the Upper Limb  The forearm has two bones Limb Upper
 Ulna  Radius


Radius
  



Lateral bone Head – disk-shaped Radial tuberosity – attachment of tendon of biceps brachii Styloid process

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Bones of the Upper Limb


Ulna
   

Medial bone Coronoid process – anterior Olecranon process – posterior Trochlear notch – separates coronoid and olecranon processes


Articulates with trochlea – pliers-like manner
Figure 5.21a–b

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Bones of the Upper Limb
 The hand
 Carpals – wrist

 Metacarpals – palm  Phalanges – fingers

Figure 5.22
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Carpals – wrist
       

Scaphoid or navicular Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium or Greater multiangular Trapezoid or Lesser multiangular Capitate Hamate

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Metacarpals  Bones of the palm Phalanges  Proximal  Middle – absent in thumb  Distal

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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
 Hip bones (Coxal Bone/
Ossa Coxae)
 Composed of three bones fused bones  Ilium  Ischium

 Pubic bone
 The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis  Protects several organs  Reproductive organs  Urinary bladder  Part of the large intestine
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The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone


Ilium  Large flaring bones  Connects with sacrum – sacroiliac joint  Iliac crest  Anterior superior spine  Posterior superior spine
Figure 5.23b

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Ischium
Sitdown bone  Ischial tuberosity  Ischial spine  Superior to ischial tuberosity  Narrows the outlet of pelvis thru which the baby must pass  Greater sciatic notch

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 Pubis
 Most

anterior  Obturator foramen - serves as passageway of b.v and nerves  Pubic symphysis  Acetabulum
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Differences of Male and Female Pelvis


Female  Larger and more circular  Shallower, lighter and thinner  Flares more laterally  Sacrum is shorter and less curved  Ischial spines are shorter and farther apart

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Bones of the Lower Limbs
 Femur – thigh bone

 Tibia
 Fibula

 Tarsals
 Metatarsals

 Phalanges
Figure 5.24a–b
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Femur or thigh bone  Head  Greater and lesser trochanter  Intertrochanteric crest  Gluteal tuberosity  Lateral and medial condyles




Articulate with tibia and patellar surface Intercondylar fossa

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Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The leg has two bones
 Tibia

 Fibula

Figure 5.24c
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 Tibia  Larger and more medial   shinbone Medial and Lateral Condlyles  Tibial Tuberosity  Articulate with distal end of femur  Kneejoint  Medial Malleolus  Process forming inner bulge of the ankle

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 Fibula
Thin and sticklike

 no part in forming the kneejoint
 Lateral Malleolus

Process forming outer bulge of the ankle

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Bones of the Lower Limbs
 The foot
 Tarsus – ankle

 Metatarsals – sole
 Phalanges – toes

Figure 5.25
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
 Tarsal bones

Composed of 7 bones Talus and calcaneus are the largest tarsals

Figure 5.25
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Bones of the Lower Limbs




Metatarsals  Bones of the sole of the foot Phalanges  Proximal  Middle – absent in great toe  Distal  14 bones

Figure 5.25
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...Intro to the Skeletal System. Chap 6: Bones are composed of several different tissues working together * osseous tissue * cartilage * dense connective tissue * epithelium * adipose tissue * nervouse tissue All of the bones and the cartilages, Functions: * supports soft tissues and provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles * protects the most important internal organs * assists in movement by acting as levers for skeletal muscles * osseous tissue stores and releases minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus * red marrow within bones produces blood cells * yellow marrow within bones stores triglycerides, a source of potential energy reserve Classification: -longbones -- greater length than width - short bones -- nearly equal in l & w - flat bones -- thin - irregular bones -- complex shapes - sesamoid bones -- shaped like a sesame seed Long bone anatomy: * -Regions of a long bone * Diaphysis (Shaft) * Medullay cavity (inside shaft) * 2 Epiphyses (proximal and distal) * 2 Metaphyses (join diaphysis and epiphysis with epiphyseal plate, or line once growth stops) * -Surface tissues * Endosteum * Periosteum * Articular cartilage * Osseous Tissue * -Extra cellular matrix of connective tissue * Water * Collagen fibers- gives property of flexibility and tensile strength * Crystallized mineral salts of hydroxyapatities – gives property...

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Bones of the Skeletal System

...The skeletal system is considered the “framework” of the body. Individual bones and groups of bones provide structural support and placement for attachment of soft tissues and muscles. The skeletal system is an essential component of life; without them, the individual could not perform basic tasks or functions, could not walk, and could not exist in the form that it does today. The skeletal system offers protection for the body’s internal organs, produces blood cells, and acts as a storage container for calcium. Furthermore, delicate tissues and organs are often surrounded by skeletal structures for protection. The skeletal system is typically divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton runs along the median axis of the body and includes the skull, hyoid, auditory ossicles, 24 ribs, sternum and the vertebral column. The skull is comprised of 8 cranial bones, and 14 facial bones. The cranial bones are flat and consist of the frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 parietal bones and 2 temporal bones. These are connected by immovable, fibrous joints called sutures. The facial bones include the vomer, the mandible and two of each of the following: maxillary, palatine, nasal, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic and lacrimal bones. The vertebral column is composed of irregular bones called vertebrae, which are connected by cartilaginous joints known as intervertebral disks. There are seven cervical or neck vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and...

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How Arthritis Affects The Skeletal System

...The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. There are many conditions and diseases that can affect our bones, short term and long term, including; arthritis, osteoporosis and bone cancer just to name a few. “Bones, tendons, ligaments and cartilage make up the skeletal system. …The skeletal system protects the internal organs such as the brain and heart,” says Aubri John of the Live Strong organization. One disease that affects the skeletal system is arthritis. Arthritis is commonly found in elderly people because as the body ages the bones start to become more brittle. “The breakdown of cartilage in this form of arthritis leads to the bones rubbing together, causing stiffness, pain and eventual loss of movement in the joint…The cause of arthritis...

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Adult Skeletal System Essay

...tibia, fibulae, metatarsals and phalanges. The short bones include the carpal and tarsal bones, patellae, and sesamoid bones. The flat bones are made of the skull, mandible, scapulae, sternum, and ribs. And finally, irregular bones are composed of vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, and hyoid bone. The skeleton system provides structural support, protect vital internal organs and structures, provide maintenance of mineral homeostatic and acid-base balance, and permit movement and locomotion by providing levers for the muscles. Long bones in the skeleton system are composed of hollow shaft, or diaphysis; flared, cone-shaped metaphysis located below the growth plates; and rounded epiphysis located above the growth plates. The diaphysis is made primarily of dense cortical bone, the metaphysis and epiphysis in the other hand are mainly made of trabecular meshwork of bone surrounded by a relatively thin cortical bone.67...

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...The practice of yoga connects us to the muscular-skeletal system in a dynamic and fundamental manner. The muscular-skeletal system is comprised bones, cartilage, muscle, fascia, tendons, ligaments, and scar tissue. These connective tissues are key components to our flexibility, and connect to the other systems of our body in major and minor ways. Muscle includes both the central fleshy part and its surrounding tendons. The central/belly part of the muscle is composed of individual muscle fibers, which are surrounded by connective tissue that connect to a tendon. The tendon then connects the belly of the muscle to a bone. A muscle usually operates on a movable joint such as a hinge or ball and socket, and when a muscle is stimulated to...

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Sc121 Unit 8 Assignment

...and Physiology I Shemika Spraggins Kaplan University Introduction: Skeletal System and Digestive System The Human body is one the most complex organism that is made up of several systems that all work together to keep all of us alive. Amount these systems are: The skeletal System and Digestive System. The Skeletal System has two hundred and six bones that protect the body’s organs, provide central support and attachment for muscles movement throughout the body. This system plays an important function in the...

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My Story

...The Skeletal System Overview Can you imagine what the human body would be like if it were devoid of bones or some other form of supporting framework? Picture a "blob" utilizing amoeboid movement. Ugh! The skeletal system consists of bones and related connective tissues, which include cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is a living tissue and is functionally dynamic. It provides a supportive framework for vital body organs, serves as areas for muscle attachment, articulates at joints for stability and movement, and assists in respiratory movements. In addition, it provides areas of storage for substances such as calcium and lipids, and blood cell formation occurs within the cavities containing bone marrow. The skeletal system consists of 206 bones, 80 of which are found in the axial division, and 126 of which make up the appendicular division. Many of the bones of the body, especially those of the appendicular skeleton, provide a system of levers used in movement, and are utilized in numerous ways to control the environment that surrounds you every second of your life. Few people relate the importance of movement as one of the factors necessary for maintaining life, but the body doesn't survive very long without the ability to produce movements. The study and review for this chapter includes microscopic and macroscopic features of bone, bone development and growth, location and identification of bones, joint classification, and the structure of representa tive...

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...AP1 Fall 2014 Final Exam Take Home – Due at 5 pm on October 29th. • 1. Homeostasis is an important theme in studying the human body. Discuss homeostatic processes in each of the organ systems we covered this semester. Be sure to include discussion of negative feedback, set points, receptors and effectors. (7 points each) 2. Homeostasis- The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment. (Saladin, 2015) a. Integumentary System – Homeostasis is critical for our body function, in order to stay in homeostasis the body goes through a process called negative feedback. Negative feedback mechanism in the integumentary system goes through 4 steps in order to maintain homeostasis; 1. There is a stimulus or change in the body. Example. Change in the body temperature. a. If the body is too cold it will trigger shivering to warm your body. b. If your body is too hot it will trigger sweating to release heat. 2. The sensor or receptor (sensory neuron) detects change in your body. 3. The control center (brain) sends out signals and messages to the effector. 4. The effector (muscle or gland) is in charge of restoring the body back to homeostasis. (Saladin, 2015) The body must regulate its own body temperature. Our normal set point is 98.6.When we are overheating our body responds in numerous ways in an effort to cool itself, such as sweating. Alternatively, if our body temperature...

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Musculoskeletal and Aging

...We all know that the skeletal system provides structural support and the formation to the body while The Joints allow the skeleton to be supple for movements along with the support of the muscles providing the force and strength to move our body. Together, all these elements shape our musculoskeletal system and allow us to perform our everyday physical activities. Researchers know that both genes and the environment contribute to bone health. While genes largely decide some elements of bone wellness, outside factors, such as diet and physical activity, are critically very important to bone health throughout a person’s life. In the medical field it is a fact that the growth of our skeletal bones and the role it plays as a mineral reservoir, and a home for marrow, depends on the circulating hormones that travel throughout the human body and reacts to changes in blood calcium and phosphorus. If these two minerals are in diminutive supply, those regulating hormones will take them out of the bone to serve other vital functions in our body systems. Too many withdrawals can deteriorate the bone, and that’s why the maintenance of constant level of calcium in the blood as well as adequate supply of phosphorus and calcium in cells is critical for the function of all body organs. Genetic issues can produce thin weak bones, or ones that are thick, and the outcome of nutritional deficiencies can result in under mineralized and fragile bone. As I have mentioned earlier bones are a part...

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Chicken Leg Dissection Lab Report

...The beginning of the Chicken Leg Dissection Lab was a chicken leg placed on the tray. The fibula and the tibia bone of the chicken’s leg was dissected for this lab. On the outside of the leg, it had bumpy skin, had white spots which is probably the cartilage, ligament, and the fat. And the bone was also shown. The muscle was exposed on one of the sides. We soon begin the procedure. The skin and fascia was cuted by a scissor and pulled down gently to the bottom of the leg. We then examine the meat or also know as the muscle. It was smooth and was pink and red. Cutting through the meat, the tendons was shown. It was strong, white, and like a sturdy string. After all the meat was cut off and pulled down to the bottom of the bone, the bone was...

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