...of the brain, thus stimulating various functions, such as body temperature, hormone secretion, changes in blood pressure, etc. There are numerous external factors as well, that regulate a circadian rhythm among human beings. These external factors are called zeitgebers (Hawkins & Orlady, 1993). Most common zeitgebers are light and temperature. Others include meal times, various social and physical activities. The most common circadian rhythm known to mankind is the sleep cycle. Sleep is an extremely important physiological phenomenon, during which our body heals and recuperates. Let us begin with understanding what sleep is, and what are the various sleep patterns. Sleep is a revocable state, which is characterized by disconnection and unresponsiveness to the outside environment with closed eyes, reduced movements and recumbency (Smith, Comella, & Hogl, 2008). Normal sleep pattern is classified into two characteristic divisions: Non Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) and Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. These sleep stages are defined by neurophysiological...
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...* Treatment for Sleep Disorders * Attrian, Hrayr P. Sleep Disorders in Women. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2006. * Thorpy, Michael J. Handbook of Sleep Disorders. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1990. * Pascualy, Ralph. Snoring and Sleep Apnea. New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 2008. * Peters, Brandon. “Treatment of Sleep Disorders.” 16 July 2009. [on-line]. http://sleepdisorders.about.com/od/sleepdisorderstreatment/a/Treatment_Sleep_Disorders.htm. * “Treatment for Dysomnias.” [on-line]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/13378124/rest- and-sleep-. * Pauler, Melissa. Guide to Hepatitis and Liver Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1990. * “Parasomnias and Treatments.” http://www.depression-guide.com/parasomnia.htm. * Kryger, Meir H. “Treating Insomnia Without Pills.” A Woman’s Guide to Sleep Disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 2004. * Lyons, Douglas. “Good Night’s Sleep.” Ebony Magazine. March 1988. * Sleep Patterns * Epstein, Lawrence et al. Clinical Manual For Evaluation and Treatment of Sleep Disorders. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2009. * Pagel, James F. Primary Care Sleep Medicine: A Practical Guide. New Jersey: Humana Press, 2007. * “Rest and Sleep.” [on-line]. http://www.scribd.com/doc/13378124/Rest-and-Sleep-. * Sleep Stages * “NREM and REM.” [on-line]. http://www.cbn.com/health/nutrition/goldfarb_sleepstages...
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...Personal Health Assessment and Health Promotion Plan Abstract The purpose of this assignment is to gain a greater understanding of the health promotion concepts through self reflection. I plan to do this by identifying three self-assessment tools; a food journal, exercise log and sleep log, along with providing rationale for the chosen instruments. I will also address the Transtheoretical Model (TM), which stages I have gone through and which stage I am currently in. These tools and stages along with a wellness diagnosis will help me to develop a personal health plan. The outcomes of the interventions will be discussed and will include personal achievements and success. Personal Health Assessment and Health Promotion Plan The definition of health is very subjective; it can vary from person to person. What one person might consider healthy another might consider being average. I define good health as a complete circle of one’s physical, emotional, spiritual and mental well-bring. Personal health assessment is a key building block in understanding your own health. Once there is an understanding one can make plans for improvement. According to Pender “a thorough assessment of health and health behaviors is the foundation for tailoring a health promotion-prevention plan” (Pender, Murdaugh, & Parsons, 2011, p. 89). Once my definition of health was clearly defined, I took a closer look at my personal health beliefs by completing the Health Beliefs Survey (Appendix A)...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4 CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Interfacing between Human and Other Elements. 6 2.3 Factors Affecting Performances 6 2.3.1 Fitness and Health 5 2.3.2 Stress 7 2.3.3 Workload 10 2.3.4 Sleep 13 2.3.5 Circadian Rhythms 15 2.3.6 Fatigue & Shift Work 17 2.3.7 Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse 23 2.3 FACTOR AFFECTING PERFORMANCE 32 2.4 TYPES OF ERROR IN AVIATION 36 2.5 MANAGING ERROR IN AVIATION 36 CHAPTER 3 : CONTENTS 38 CHAPTER 4 : RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 42 REFRENCES 43 CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION Errors are the result of actions that fail to generate the intended outcomes. In common with most other complex technical activities, human error is implicated in the majority of aviation-maintenance-related quality lapses, incidents, and accidents. General estimates of this human error contribution have increased over the years, from a low of around 20% in the 1960s to values in excess of 80% in the 1990s. Human error in aviation is somewhat of a sensitive topic due to the recent tragic events of September 11, 2001. The goal of this research is to understand human error in aviation, in order to understand how designing better computer systems can assist in making the aviation industry safer for pilots and passengers, by reducing...
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...Week 5 DQs and Summary.doc POS 371 Week 5 Team Assignment Old West Animation.zip Deadline: ( ), Computer Science - General CS Assignment 4: Database Modeling and Normalization Imagine that you work for a consulting firm that offers information technology and database services. Part of its core services is to optimize and offer streamline solutions for efficiency. In this scenario, your firm has been awarded a contract to implement a new personnel system for a government agency. This government agency has requested an optimized data repository for its system which will enable the management staff to perform essential human resources (HR) duties along with the capability to produce ad hoc reporting features for various departments. They look forward to holding data that will allow them to perform HR core functions such as hiring, promotions, policy enforcement, benefits management, and training. Using this scenario, write a three to four (3-4) page paper in which you: Determine the steps in the development of an effective Entity Relationship Model (ERM) Diagram and determine the possible iterative steps / factors that one must consider in this process with consideration of the HR core functions and responsib...
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...Prader Willi Syndrome “Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare disorder present at birth that results in a number of physical, mental and behavioral problems. A key feature of Prader-Willi (prah-dur VIL-ee) syndrome is a constant sense of hunger that usually begins after the first year of life. People with Prader-Willi syndrome want to eat constantly and usually have trouble controlling their weight. Many complications of Prader-Willi syndrome are due to obesity. If your child has Prader-Willi syndrome, a team of specialists can work with you to manage your child's symptoms and reduce the risk of developing complications.” (Mayo Clinic Staff, 01 May 2013, page 1). “Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by a gene missing on part of chromosome 15. Normally, your parents each pass down a copy of this chromosome. Most patients with Prader-Willi syndrome are missing the genetic material on part of the father's chromosome. The rest of patients with this condition often have two copies of the mother's chromosome 15. The genetic changes occur randomly. Patients usually do not have a family history of the condition.” (Cooke DW, Divall SA, Radovick S, 07 May 2012, para. 2) “Metabolism is a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. Metabolism can be conveniently divided into two categories: * Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules to obtain energy * Anabolism - the synthesis of all compounds needed by the...
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...you are cutting your sleep short that you are making your day harder than it has to be and with the proper sleep you could get things done more efficiently. Sleep is something that we all depend on and when we cut it short it leads us to feel tired, moody, and very sluggish. If you continue to get less sleep and it becomes chronic, it can lead to things like weight gain, memory loss, and impairment of motor skills. (Smith, Robinson, Segal 2012) It’s estimated that twelve and a half billion dollars in total damage due to car crashes caused by driver fatigue and fifteen hundred people have died from the fatigue caused by lack of sleep. (Arams) The more sleep you miss out on can contribute to a thing called ‘Sleep debt.’ Just as any debt this is when you are missing out on a lot of sleep. Just how much sleep do we need? Adults need ideally eight to nine hours to feel fully rested and at our peak. (Schwartz, 2011) Teenagers need around eight to ten hours of sleep, and infants need fourteen to fifteen hours of sleep. (Smith, Robinson, Segal 2012) Three good tips to work towards paying off that sleep debt are: go to bed earlier, start winding down at least forty-five minutes before you turn out the light, and writing down what’s on your mind. It’s not just the quantity of sleep that we get it’s also about the quality. There are two forms of sleep, REM (Rapid Eye Movement) and Non-REM. (Chokroverty, 2010) There are three stages of Non-REM sleep. Non-REM sleep accounts for around...
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...Guide to preparing for examinations Nitin D Parekh, CA, CFA, MBA (IIM, A) CFO, Cadila Healthcare Ltd The preparation aspects for examinations can be divided into four sections like Substantive Preparation, Material Preparation, Physical Preparation and Mental Preparation. Substantive preparation refers to learning the material which is the subject matter of the exam. Material preparation refers to the physical items to be taken for the exam. Physical preparation refers to specific care about food, sleep and rest. Mental preparation refers to the attitude and self responsibility, avoidance of tension and stress and being motivated and charged to take up the exam. Substantive Preparation for examinations: 1. What to read?: There is so much to read on any subject like textbooks, study guides, reference books, suggested answers etc. Read all text books and prescribed reading. 2. How to read? How to read addresses issues of methodology of reading and various reading practices. One technique is that of faster reading by not reading word-to-word and not going for re-reading called regression. Faster reading saves a lot of time. Amongst many techniques aimed at better reading, SQ3R is one of the most powerful techniques. This technique is very effectively used by me from 12th standard to Chartered Accountant, IIM MBA and CFA course. This technique is the basic foundation of my academic success leading to consistent rank holding career and...
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...patterns consists of 11 categories that help nurses determine how each individual functions. An interview was conducted on a Caucasian family consisting of 4 individuals to determine their patterns of behavior. The family of four consisted of a 56 year old father, 54 year old mother, 21 year old son, and a 19 year old daughter. The father is currently employed by the United States Army where he has served his country for more than 20 years. The mother is a stay at home mom/wife. This couple has been married for 35 years. Both the son and the daughter attend the University of Texas at El Paso and currently live at home with their parents while attending school. When the family was asked about their overall health perception/health management they all agreed that they are in pretty good health. The father is an active military member and states that a healthy lifestyle is adamant for survival. No one in the family takes medications on a daily basis and they all rate their overall health as “good”. When the family was asked about their eating habits the children seemed to have a different style of eating than their parents. The father and mother stated they eat extremely healthy and rarely eat out. The children stated that due to their hectic school schedules they tend to “grab a bite to eat” on their way to school or in between classes. They also stated that they drink soft drinks on a regular basis. The family also had different answers regarding their elimination needs...
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...I get only 50 hours of sleep of week on a average. Our body needs food, water, and air to breathe as much as it also need sleep in our health and well-being. At our new generation, we don’t really get the right amount of sleep. I believe that sleep makes us feel better. It helps to maintain immune system, reduce our risk for cardiovascular disease, and improves motor tasks. Researches say that if we get 7 to 9 hours of sleep, we will be more alert, energetic, happier and able to work. I noticed that when I don’t get enough sleep, my eyes gets swollen and I felt dizzy Sometimes too much of sleep is also a problem you will be lazy all day and your body aches and can’t function. We usually pay attention only to short-term health consequences, but when you think about long-term health effects because of lack of sleep. Such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. To get enough sleep, I’ll try to sleep in complete darkness, avoid caffeine and water before your sleep time and drink enough water during the day. Try to set a time and follow same time to wake up and go to bed that will be your first step to be healthy. As we all know time and stress or related. Stress is a part of our life and with lack of time management our life will be stressful. Its our duty to manage and stress and time management effectively. As a student I need to give most of my time to assignment, exam, due papers, clubs activities and on campus work. Time management is a important part of life...
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...Theoretical Framework The study framework is not clearly identified; however, a tentative theory is proposed since a tentative theory “has had minimal exposure to critique by the discipline, and has had little testing, (Burns and Grove, 2009). The conceptual framework is limited to the model impaired sleep. The linking of the concept impaired sleep to independent variables of the fatigue countermeasures program for nurses (FCMPN). The FCMPN in this study was “modeled after the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center’s Fatigue Countermeasures Program and the Sleep, Alertness, and Fatigue Education in Residency Program” (Scott et al., 2010, p. 253). The major study concepts include: “sleep deprivation (inadequate sleep), sleep disruption (fragmented sleep), lifestyle situation, and health related issues” (p. 251). There is no map or model of the impaired sleep model purposed by Lee et al., 2004 (as cited in Scott et al., 2010) in the article; however, there is a diagram of the conceptual framework for the FCMPN. Variable Identification and Definitions The research variables that Scott et al. (2010) observed and measured were the FCMPN, sleep duration, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, drowsiness episodes, drowsy driving and motor vehicle crashes, and potential or actual errors. Research variables are used when a study occurs in an uncontrolled or field setting, without application of treatment to the subjects, to observe or measure variables (Burns...
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...Stress Are there times when you feel like there are too much pressure and demand on you? You’re losing sleep, worrying about tests and schoolwork? You’re eating on the run because your schedule is just too busy? Well, you’re not alone. Modern America has become a society overwhelmed by too much stress. According to Frances Cohen, a psychologist at the University of California, San Francisco, “stress is the body's reaction to too pressure; the body basically increases adrenaline levels to help improve reaction time and avoid any danger. Pressure comes from situations like heavy workloads, for example, worrying about final exam week, getting sick and so on. It can either be good or bad and everyone experiences stress at times — adults, teens, and even kids. But there are ways to minimize and manage the stress that’s why I’m going to tell you three simple ways to avoid stress. One solution to deal with stress is to set a schedule and manage your time. Time is such a precious thing, but only if you use it wisely. Most of us tend to top hanging out with friends over a big exam coming up. We cram notes and try to memorize it, and it’s causing too much stress on our shoulders and we don’t realize it until it actually happens. If you plan your schedule, it will simply help to not you to not forget important things. According to The University of Kansas, “effective time management can go a long way to increasing your productivity and reduce stress.” Let’s say you’re more of a night person...
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...Children’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment Functional Health Pattern Assessment (FHP) | Toddler Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Edelman & Mandle, 2010) | Preschool-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt (Edelman & Mandle, 2010) | School-Aged Erickson’s Developmental Stage: Industry vs. Inferiority. (Edelman & Mandle, 2010) | Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | They can vocalize when they are sick. Health management is dependent on caregivers. Brushing teeth and washing hands. | Preschoolers can verbalize pain and how they feel. Curiosity of their own body and its functions become present. Preschoolers tend to have more of an accurate perception of their own bodily parts and their function. They know what their bodily parts are responsible for doing. | School-age children have awareness of their bodily functions. Cultural influences may also add/give to the school-age child's perception of illness. They have more of an intellectual understanding of what health is and what can cause illness. | | No health history or screenings. Poor oral hygiene on the caregiver’s part can lead to further dental issues. Parental knowledge deficit can lead...
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...Community Assessment and Analysis of Tucson Estates Lizi Thomas, Sophyamma Roy, Lena Fincher, Julie Overland, & Camilla Okolo Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V September 30, 2012 Julie’s Intro The demographic boundaries of Tucson Estates are within the Tucson Mountain Park; mountains comprising of accessible hiking trails, and wildlife in which the retirees leave out food and water surround the community. Small areas of open desert are on either side of the retirement community. Adjacent to the retirement community are newer housing developments with retired residents, but is not a designated retirement community. This is both a geopolitical and phenomenological community. The geopolitical factors in the community are human made legal boundaries and retired people 55 years and older. “Geopolitical communities are formed by either natural or human-made boundaries. Human-made boundaries may be structural, political, or legal” (Smith, 2009, p. 400). This is also a phenomenological community because there are shared values within the group. “A sense of place emerges through the members' awareness of their experiences together. People in a phenomenological community have a group perspective that differentiates them from other groups” (Smith, 2009, p. 400). The people who live in this community share the same generation values, and have activities that caters to their age bracket. Additionally, they are all bound by the common goals of keeping their community safe and clean...
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...Canyon University: NRS-429 November 24, 2013 Family Health Assessment As nurses it is essential to use appropriate tools to assess individuals, families, and communities. Throughout this paper the writer used The Gordon’s 11 Functional Health Patterns as a guide to assess a family. This family included a mother, a father, one son, four daughters, and two grandsons. The writer developed two to three open minded, family focused questions for each of the 11 functional health patterns. In this paper the writer summarizes the findings of each functional health patterns of the family, and identifies three wellness nursing diagnoses based on the family assessment. The family being interviewed has a well pattern of health perception and health management. None of the family members have been hospitalized for long periods of time. The family members do not use drugs, or tobacco. Two of the older kids do drink alcohol occasionally, but the rest of the family does not. The family does not have the best nutritional-metabolic patterns. The family does not use vitamins or supplements, as well as the daily intake of food does not have a well balance of fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, and protein. Two of the family members have eczema, and multiple family members have dental problems such as cavities. Most family members do not have problems with bowel patterns or bladder control. The father of the family has colon cancer and his bowel pattern changes often. The mother and father of the family...
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